Assessment of blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes: comparison between home blood pressure monitoring, clinic blood pressure measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

AIMS: To compare a home blood pressure (BP) monitoring device and clinic BP measurement with 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Fifty-five patients with type 2 DM had BP measured at three consecutive visits to the DM clinic by nurses using a stethoscope and mercury sphygmomanometer (CBP). Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was measured using a Spacelabs 90207 automatic cuff-oscillometric device (ABPM). Subjects were then instructed in how to use a Boots HEM 732B semiautomatic cuff-oscillometric home BP monitoring device and measured BP at home on three specified occasions on each of 4 consecutive days at varying times (HBPM). RESULTS: Correlations between HBPM and ABPM were r = 0.88, P < 0.001 for systolic BP and r = 0.76, P < 0.001 for diastolic BP, with correlations between CBP and ABPM being systolic r = 0.59, P < 0.001, diastolic r = 0.47, P < 0.001. HBPM agreed with ABPM more closely compared with CBP (CBP +10.9/+3.8 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.9, 14.8/1.6, 6.1) vs. HBPM +8.2/+3.7 (95% CI 6.0, 10.3/2.0, 5.4)). The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of HBPM in detecting hypertension were 100%, 79% and 90%, respectively, compared with CBP (85%, 46% and 58%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Type 2 DM, home BP monitoring is superior to clinic BP measurement, when compared with 24-h ambulatory BP, and allows better detection of hypertension. It would be a rational addition to the annual review process. Diabet. Med. 18, 431-437 (2001)     

Impaired reduction of nocturnal systolic blood pressure and severity of diabetic retinopathy

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of elevated levels of nocturnal blood pressure (BP) on diabetic retinopathy (DR). A total of 88 diabetic hypertensive patients were divided according to the stage of DR. They underwent 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring and ophthalmological evaluation, and their average level of fasting blood glucose as well as their glycemic control index (percentage of fasting blood glucose higher than 11.2 mmol/L over the previous four years) were calculated. When diabetic patients with retinopathy (n=29) (group 1) were compared with patients without retinopathy (n=59) (group 2), a significant difference was observed in diabetes duration (124 months [range six to 460 months] versus 43 months [range six to 365 months], respectively; P<0.05). In addition, group 1 showed higher levels of nocturnal systolic BP (NSBP) (141 +/- 22 mmHg versus 132+/-18 mmHg; P<0.05). However, no significant differences were found between the two groups (group 1 and group 2) when diurnal pressoric levels were compared (diurnal systolic BP, 153+/-19 mmHg versus 146+/-19 mmHg, P not significant; and diurnal diastolic BP, 91+/-9 mmHg versus 91+/-13 mmHg, P not significant). DR correlated with diabetes duration (r=0.26; P<0.05) and with glycemic control index (r=0.24; P<0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed NSBP to be an independent predictor of DR (r(2)=0.12; P<0.01). Moreover, patients with severe stages of DR (preproliferative, proliferative or macular edema) showed a lower decrease of NSBP than the other patients (3.9+/-6.0 mmHg versus 9.2+/-6.0 mmHg; P<0.05). The present study suggests that the absence of 24 h normal pressoric rhythm can interfere with the prevalence and severity of DR.     

A nationwide assessment of blood pressure control and the associated factors in Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

A subgroup analysis of the nationwide, cross‐sectional 3B STUDY was performed to understand the current blood pressure (BP) control status and treatment patterns in Chinese diabetes patients as well as to identify factors associated with BP control. The demographic data, anthropometric parameters, and laboratory results were collected from 24 512 type 2 diabetes patients. The BP goal was a systolic BP <130 mm Hg and a diastolic BP <80 mm Hg regardless of a history of hypertension or current antihypertensive treatment. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 59.9% with geographical differences. Among the diabetes patients with hypertension, 76.9% received antihypertensive medicines. Calcium channel blockers (39.3%), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (26.6%), and then β‐blockers (14.0%) or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (13.6%) were frequently used for BP control. Only 17.5% (n = 2658) of diabetes patients with hypertension reached the recommended target BP. Body mass index <24 kg/m², urban resident, frequent physical activity, good adherence to medication, comorbidity with cardiovascular disease, achieving glycemic goal (HbA1c <7.0%), achieving lipid goal (low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <2.59 mmol/L) were independent factors that predicted achievement of target BP goal. On the contrary, comorbidity with chronic kidney disease predicted failure to achieve target BP goal. Patients who were treated in a cardiology department or lived in the North were more likely to achieve BP goals. A considerable proportion of diabetic patients failed to achieve guideline‐recommended BP targets. More aggressive efforts should be made to overcome the diverse barriers and facilitate the optimization of diabetes management.     

老年住院患者双上肢收缩压差异的危险因素

目的探讨影响老年住院患者双上肢收缩压差异(IASBPD)的相关因素。方法选取2016年1月至2017年6月咸阳市第一人民医院心血管内科住院老年患者1 542例,于病情平稳或相对平稳24 h后行无创血压检测,根据IASBPD值将患者分为0～5 mmHg组570例、6～15 mmHg组834例、≥16 mmHg组138例。收集并比较3组患者体质量指数(BMI)、其他合并疾病、C-反应蛋白(CRP)等。采用logistic回归分析探讨影响IASBPD的相关因素。结果患者总体IASBPD为(8.5±5.4)mmHg,高血压患者与无高血压患者的IASBPD分别为(10.6±5.2)mmHg和(4.3±2.6)mmHg,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。单因素方差分析及单因素logistic回归显示,女性、BMI及CRP水平、高血压、高血压家族史、降压药使用、糖尿病、高脂血症及其他合并疾病是影响IASBPD的相关因素(P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,女性(OR=2.286,95%CI 1.784～2.929)、BMI (OR=1.101,95%CI 1.054～1.150)、高血压(OR=7.726,95%CI 5.575～10.706)、糖尿病(OR=1.701,95%CI 1.125～2.570)、高脂血症(OR=2.182,95%CI 1.660～2.869)及CRP(OR=1.260,95%CI 1.190～1.333)是影响IASBPD的独立危险因素。结论老年住院患者IASBPD较大,高血压、女性、BMI、糖尿病、高脂血症、CRP是影响IASBPD的独立危险因素。     

Relationship between diurnal blood pressure variation and diurnal blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and hyperglycemia are established risk factors for progression of microangiopathies and macroangiopathies in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular risk is even more increased in diabetic patients with nocturnal nondipping or postprandial hyperglycemia. We therefore investigated the relationship between diurnal hyperglycemia and diurnal blood pressure (BP) variation in patients. METHODS: One hundred seven hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients received a 24-h ambulatory BP recording. In addition, a diurnal blood glucose profile was assessed under standardized conditions on the same day: before breakfast, 2 h after breakfast, before lunch, 2 h after lunch, before dinner, 2 h after dinner, at 10:00 pm, at midnight, and 3:00 am of the following day. Degrees of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia were calculated as area under the curve. RESULTS: Nocturnal nondipping occurred in 73% of our patients. Nondippers showed higher postprandial blood glucose excursions than dippers (59.5 +/- 29 v 40.7 +/- 33 mmol h/L), whereas fasting hyperglycemia or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) were not significantly different (56.6 +/- 49 v 54.1 +/- 44 mmol h/L and 8.8% +/- 1.9% v 8.2% +/- 1.8% for nondippers and dippers, respectively). Nocturnal nondipping was associated with a higher urinary protein excretion and lower day/night heart rate ratio. Multivariate analysis revealed postprandial hyperglycemia as an independent predictor for nondipping. CONCLUSIONS: Postprandial rather than fasting hyperglycemia was associated with abnormal diurnal BP variation. These observations might favor treatment regimes targeted on postprandial hyperglycemia, which could restore dipping pattern.     

Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pooled analysis of safety data from phase IIb/III clinical trials

Aim

To evaluate the safety and tolerability of dapagliflozin, a highly selective sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

Data were pooled from 13 placebo‐controlled trials of up to 24 weeks’ duration (dapagliflozin, n = 2360; placebo, n = 2295). Larger placebo‐/comparator‐controlled pools of 21 (≤208 weeks; dapagliflozin, n = 5936; control, n = 3403) and 30 trials (≥12 weeks; dapagliflozin, n = 9195; control, n = 4629) assessed the rare adverse events (AEs) of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and lower limb amputation, respectively.

Results

Over 24 weeks, the overall incidence of AEs and serious AEs (SAEs) was similar for dapagliflozin and placebo: 60.0% vs 55.7% and 5.1% vs 5.4%, respectively. Rates of hypoglycaemia, volume depletion AEs, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and fractures were balanced between the groups. Genital infections were more frequent with dapagliflozin (5.5%) vs placebo (0.6%) and renal function AEs occurred in 3.2% vs 1.8% of patients (the most common renal AE was decreased creatinine clearance: 1.1% vs 0.7%). In the 21‐study pool, 1 SAE of DKA and 3 AEs of ketonuria/metabolic acidosis occurred with dapagliflozin vs none with control; estimated combined incidence for these events was 0.03% (95% confidence interval 0.010‐0.089). In the 30‐study pool, lower limb amputation occurred in 8 (0.1%) and 7 (0.2%) patients receiving dapagliflozin and control, respectively.

Conclusion

The overall incidence rates of AEs and SAEs were similar in the dapagliflozin and placebo/control groups, including the incidence of hypoglycaemia, volume depletion, fractures, UTIs, amputations and DKA. Genital infections were more frequent with dapagliflozin than placebo.     

Association of low diastolic blood pressure with all-cause death among US adults with normal systolic blood pressure

Although the effect of intensive systolic blood pressure lowering is widely recognized, treatment-related low diastolic blood pressure still worrisome. This was a prospective cohort study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Adults (≥20 years old) with guideline-recommended blood pressure were included and pregnant women were excluded. Survey-weighted logistic regression and cox models were used for analysis. A total of 25 858 participants were included in this study. After weighted, the overall mean age of the participants was 43.17 (16.03) years, including 53.7% women and 68.1% non-Hispanic white. Numerous factors were associated with low DBP (<60 mmHg), including advanced age, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and diabetes. The use of antihypertensive drugs was also associated with lower DBP (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.26–1.83). DBP of less than 60 mmHg were associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12–1.51) and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00–1.79) compared to those with DBP between 70 and 80 mmHg. After regrouping, DBP <60 mmHg (no antihypertensive drugs) was associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.21–1.75). DBP <60 mmHg after taking antihypertensive drugs was not associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.73–1.36). Antihypertensive drug is an important factor contributing to DBP below 60 mmHg. But the pre-existing risk does not increase further with an additional reduction of DBP after antihypertensive drugs treatment.     

血压与2型糖尿病患者视网膜神经纤维层厚度的相关性

目的 探讨血压与2型糖尿病(T2DM)视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度的相关性.方法 选取2017年1月至2018年12月就诊于哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院内分泌科的123例T2DM患者,根据荧光素眼底血管造影结果,按糖尿病性视网膜病变新的国际临床分级标准(2002年),将患者分为无糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组65例和非...     

Effects of exenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin,exenatide once weekly,or dapagliflozin,added to metformin monotherapy,on body weight,systolic blood pressure,and triglycerides in patients with type 2 diabetes in the DURATION‐8 study

This post hoc analysis assessed the effects on cardiovascular risk factors of body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and triglycerides after 28 weeks’ treatment with exenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin, as compared with exenatide once weekly or dapagliflozin, in patient subpopulations from the DURATION‐8 trial of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Subgroups of patients were stratified according to their baseline body weight, SBP and triglyceride levels. Body weight, SBP and triglyceride levels were reduced across most respective subgroups, with no significant subgroup‐by‐treatment interactions. For each treatment, weight loss was numerically greater as baseline body mass index increased. SBP reductions were greater among patients with SBP ≥140 vs <140 mm Hg for exenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin and exenatide once weekly. Reductions in triglyceride levels were greater among patients with baseline triglycerides <1.69 vs ≥1.69 mmol/L for each treatment. The combination of exenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin reduced cardiovascular risk factors across baseline subgroups for each variable to a greater extent than did either individual drug; the greatest effects were observed in the high baseline subgroups for body weight and SBP.     

Metformin attenuates the postprandial fall in blood pressure in type 2 diabetes

Metformin has been shown to modulate the cardiovascular response to intraduodenal glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and may have the capacity to regulate postprandial blood pressure (BP), which is often inadequately compensated in T2DM, resulting in postprandial hypotension. In the present study, we evaluated the acute effects of metformin on the BP and heart rate (HR) responses to oral glucose in patients with T2DM. Ten diet-controlled T2DM patients were evaluated on two occasions in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Participants received either metformin 1 g or saline (control) intraduodenally 60 minutes before ingesting a 50 g glucose drink labelled with 150 mg ¹³C-acetate. BP, HR, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric emptying (breath test) were evaluated over 180 minutes. Systolic and diastolic BP decreased and HR increased after oral glucose (P < 0.001 for all) on both days. Metformin attenuated the fall in systolic BP (P < 0.001), increased plasma GLP-1 concentrations (P < 0.05) and slowed gastric emptying (P < 0.05) without significantly affecting diastolic BP or HR. In conclusion, metformin acutely attenuates the hypotensive response to oral glucose, associated with augmented GLP-1 secretion and delayed gastric emptying, effects potentially relevant to its favourable cardiovascular profile.     

Melatonin reduces night blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension

Purpose

Nocturnal hypertension is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. A blunted nocturnal surge in melatonin excretion has been described in nondipping hypertensive patients. We therefore studied the potency of melatonin to reduce nighttime blood pressure (BP) in treated hypertensive patients with nocturnal hypertension.

Patients and Methods

Thirty-eight treated hypertensive patients (22 males, mean age 64 ± 11 years) with confirmed nocturnal hypertension (mean nighttime systolic BP >125 mm Hg), according to repeated 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either controlled release (CR)-melatonin 2 mg or placebo 2 hours before bedtime for 4 weeks. A 24-hour ABPM was then performed.

Results

Melatonin treatment reduced nocturnal systolic BP significantly from 136 ± 9 to 130 ± 10 mm Hg (P = .011), and diastolic BP from 72 ± 11 to 69 ± 9 mm Hg (P = .002), whereas placebo had no effect on nocturnal BP. The reduction in nocturnal systolic BP was significantly greater with melatonin than with placebo (P = .01), and was most prominent between 2:00 am and 5:00 am (P = .002).

Conclusions

Evening CR-melatonin 2 mg treatment for 4 weeks significantly reduced nocturnal systolic BP in patients with nocturnal hypertension. Thus, an addition of melatonin 2 mg at night to stable antihypertensive treatment may improve nocturnal BP control in treated patients with nocturnal hypertension.     

2型糖尿病患者动态血压特点及分析：附408例动态血压监测结果

了解２型糖尿病患者动态血压特点。方法按有无糖尿病和高血压分组,对４０８例受试者进行２４小时动态血压监测。结果糖尿病伴高血压组平均收缩及收缩压负荷大于平均舒张压及舒张压负荷略小于无糖尿病的原发性高血压组,糖尿病组无论是否伴有高血压,其昼夜血压差值均小于无糖尿病的二组。