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??With the development of modern science and technology??digital technology and other advanced production technology gradually began to be applied in the oral medicine??such as digital diagnosis??digital design and digital treatment. For those reasons??digital technology has become an inevitable trend in the field of oral prosthetics. Intra-oral scanner is an important part of digital restoration and is also becoming more and more noticeable. This paper summarizes the classification of intraoral scanning digital impression systems and their current major applications.     

A comparison of digitally scanned radiographs with conventional film for the detection of small endodontic instruments

The use of computers in dentistry is becoming common as a practice tool for a diverse number of tasks, including the storage and enhancement of intra-oral radiographs. Several systems of digital radiography are available to produce a digital image including irradiation of a charged-couple device and scanning conventional radiographs. This study compared various digital images of scanned periapical radiographs with the original radiographs to determine whether the digitized images offered any advantage when viewing small files at the radiographic apex. Twenty extracted permanent molar teeth were prepared by gaining straight line access to the root canals and a ISO size 06 K-file was introduced into one of the canals until the tip was flush with the apical foramen. Using a standardized technique, radiographs were taken of the teeth using E-speed film. The radiographs were scanned and five digital images: original, enhanced, negative to positive conversion, zoom and zoom of negative to positive were produced. Three evaluators compared each of the images with the radiograph for clarity of the endodontic file in relation to the radiographic apex. Results were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Kappa (κ) test was used to measure the level of agreement between the three evaluators. The results revealed that all the digital images produced by this scanner were inferior to the radiograph ( P < 0.001) and that there was high agreement between evaluators.     

全口义齿数字化系统的比较及研究进展

计算机辅助设计与计算机辅助制造技术（CAD/CAM）在全口义齿制作中的应用逐渐成熟,已有多个商品化的全口义齿数字化系统广泛用于临床,但不同系统在使用装置、就诊次数、操作流程等方面有所差异,掌握不同系统的特点有利于临床医师做出合理的选择,提高诊疗的效率和疗效。因此,本文选择了几种临床常用的数字化系统,旨在对其专用装置和技术特点进行阐述和比较,并对数字化全口义齿的研究进展进行综述和展望。 [关键词]　全口义齿;数字化;数字化系统     

The effect of dental implant spacing on peri-implant bone using the rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) tibia model

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of implant proximity on inter-implant bone height, density, and osseointegration using digital radiography and histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After a feasibility study, a total of 80 endosteal implants were placed in 20 New Zealand White Rabbit tibias. With the aid of a surgical jig, four 8.5-mm implants were placed in the medial aspect of the tibial crest at inter-implant distances of approximately 1, 1.5, and 3 mm. Standardized digital radiographs using a paralleling device were made immediately after placement of implants. Implants were allowed to osseointegrate for 90 days. After this healing period, the animals were sacrificed, and the standardized radiographs were repeated. The tibias were harvested, processed, and invested in epoxy. Sagittal sections were made from each specimen for histologic evaluation. The initial and postmortem digital radiographs were evaluated for inter-implant distances, vertical bone height changes over time and between implant pairs, and bone density changes over time and between implant pairs using a computer image analysis program and computer statistics program. RESULTS: The actual inter-implant distances were consistent in a range of 0.2 mm. Bone height increased significantly from presurgical levels at all 3 locations (p < .0005). Repeated measures analysis of variance comparing change in bone height at the 3 implant pair distances showed significant differences among the 3 (p = .002). Paired t tests showed that the amount of bone growth at the 1-mm separation site was significantly greater than the 1.5-mm site (p = .026) and the 3-mm site (p = .001), whereas bone growth at the 1.5- and 3-mm sites did not show significant differences (p = .162). A repeated measures analysis of variance comparing change in bone density showed no significant differences (p > .05) among the 3 inter-implant distances for either the 8-mm position (approximately crestal bone height) or the 6-mm position (approximately 2 mm subcrestal). CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this study, it seems placing implants closely together does not adversely affect bone height or density. Conversely, it seems that placing implants closer together may increase bone growth.     

Ocular Defect Rehabilitation Using Photography and Digital Imaging: A Clinical Report

Ocular disorders occasionally necessitate surgical intervention that may lead to eye defects. The primary objective in restoring and rehabilitating such defects with an ocular prosthesis is to enable patients to cope better with associated psychological stress and to return to their accustomed lifestyle. A series of detailed steps for custom‐made ocular prosthesis fabrication using the advantages of digital photography to replace the conventional oil paint and monopoly iris painting technique are presented in this article. In the present case, a digital photograph of the patient's iris was captured using a digital camera and manipulated on a computer using graphic software to produce a replica of the natural iris. The described technique reduces treatment time, increases simplicity, and permits the patient's natural iris to be replicated without the need for iris painting and special artistic skills.     

Maxillary and mandibular complete-arch implant rehabilitation using a complete digital workflow: A case report

This article summarizes the clinical steps involved in maxillary and mandibular complete-arch implant rehabilitation using a complete digital workflow. The maxillary arch was recorded using the double digital scan technique, and the mandibular arch using the triple digital scan technique. The digital protocol used in this case report allowed the recording of implant positions via scan bodies, soft tissues, and, most importantly, the interocclusal relationship in the same visit. A new technique for mandibular digital scan was described that uses soft tissue landmarks by creating windows in the patient's provisional prostheses to superimpose the three digital scans and consequently fabricate and verify the maxillary and mandibular prototype prostheses and definitive complete-arch zirconia prostheses.     

Current Products and Practices OrthoCAD™: digital models for a digital era

Abstract

This article describes the use of OrthoCAD?—a digital study model capture, assessment and storage system. It is estimated that approximately 10% of orthodontists in USA and Canada now utilize digital study models, and improving technology is making it increasingly popular worldwide. The technology behind digital study models is briefly reviewed. The OrthoCAD? system is described, and the advantages and disadvantages of using digital study models are highlighted.     

Students'' attitudes to digital radiography and measurement accuracy of two digital systems in connection with root canal treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate students' attitudes towards digital radiography and measurement accuracy in digital images recorded with a CCD-sensor and a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate radiography system in connection with root canal treatment. Thirty-one dental students participated in an endodontic course. Two single-rooted teeth were assigned at random to two receptors for digital radiographic examination, either (i) the RVG-ui CCD sensor or (ii) the Digora PSP plate system. After the endodontic treatment had been completed for the first tooth, the student filled in a questionnaire on their use of the digital system. Thereafter, the students switched radiography system and repeated the procedure for the second tooth. Eventually, the students completed the questionnaire by answering questions that directly compared the two digital systems. The gutta-percha filled tooth was measured using the system's own software. Two measurements of each tooth were performed: total tooth length (TTL) and root filling length (RFL). The teeth were dismounted from the plaster blocks and the true TTL and RFL was measured with an electronic slide calliper. The majority of the students had used the contrast enhancement facility (CCD sensor = 52%, PSP = 71%) and the zoom facility (65-68%) whilst some had used the density enhancement facility (CCD sensor = 39%, PSP = 55%). The students stated that they saved more time when they used the CCD sensor than when they used the PSP system (P < 0.001), and that it was easier to position the tooth with the PSP plate than with the sensor (P < 0.01). The lengths measured on the digital images from both digital systems were marginally larger than the true tooth lengths (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the two digital systems for the TTL/RFL ratio (P > 0.05).     

数字化三维诊疗技术在口腔正畸学中的应用

数字化三维诊疗技术有利于三维诊断、医患沟通、远程诊疗、辅助治疗,有助于提升正畸治疗的精确性、有效性和安全性。本文将从三维颜面成像、三维数字化牙颌模型、三维头影测量、锥形束计算机断层扫描三维重建、数字化三维手术模拟、颞下颌关节的三维诊断和评估等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

数字化口腔医学课程体系建设

 数字化口腔医学是口腔医学学科重要的发展方向之一，高水平的数字化口腔人才需求日益增长，相关专业人才的培养成为国内口腔医学院校面临的新任务，其核心问题是建立全新的数字化口腔医学课程体系。笔者团队多年坚持开展数字化口腔医学教学方法、教学模式的改革创新，并初步建立了一套相对系统、全面的数字化口腔医学课程体系，在国内口腔医学教学领域开创先河，文章就数字化口腔医学课程体系建设做一介绍。     

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??Application of digital technique in implant treatment is more and more popular recently. Many of treatment philosophy and procedures have gradually been changed by digital method. The objective of this paper is to explain how to combine digital techniques with fundamental theories in individualized implant treatment.      

A Technique for Fabrication of an Interim Ocular Prosthesis

Several ocular and orbital disorders require surgical intervention that may result in ocular defects. Immediate intervention is required to preserve the anophthalmic socket size and prevent scar tissue contractures that may follow surgery. Unfortunately, immediate fitting of an anophthalmic socket with an artificial eye may not always be possible, and a delayed prosthesis delivery may result in settling and sinking of the prosthesis into the socket, therefore requiring orbital cavity conformation. This article presents a short review of the most commonly used techniques for processing an ocular prosthesis, while suggesting a practical transition to the application of some of them. A technique for fabricating a custom‐made provisional ocular prosthesis using digital imaging technology is described. This technique may be considered in order to avoid costly procedures that might be required as a result of delayed artificial eye insertion. The technique described in this article provides a cost‐effective choice for optimal orbital cavity conformation and serves as a diagnostic aid for predicting the patient's compliance to ocular prosthetic treatment. The esthetic advantages and the relative ease of fabrication of this interim prosthesis allow it to be considered a first step in the management of untreated anophthalmic sockets.