Pseudarthrose nach vorderer Beckenringfraktur

It is rare for there to be healing problems after anterior pelvic fractures. An internet search produced only a small number of hits. This paper recounts the course in two patients who experienced symptomatic nonunion of anterior pelvic fractures after stable osteosynthesis with locking plates. Stable internal fixation with locking plates eventually led to successful healing after both nonunion of the ischial ramus and nonunion of the transitional zone between the inferior pubic ramus and the ischial ramus, and also of nonunion of the superior pubic ramus, in both patients. The study demonstrates that it is possible to stabilise nonunion of the superior pubic ramus by internal fixation of the ischial ramus and of the transitional zone between the inferior pubic ramus and the ischial ramus with locking plates.     

Pseudoarthrosis of anterior pelvic ring fracture

It is rare for there to be healing problems after anterior pelvic fractures. An internet search produced only a small number of hits. This paper recounts the course in two patients who experienced symptomatic nonunion of anterior pelvic fractures after stable osteosynthesis with locking plates. Stable internal fixation with locking plates eventually led to successful healing after both nonunion of the ischial ramus and nonunion of the transitional zone between the inferior pubic ramus and the ischial ramus, and also of nonunion of the superior pubic ramus, in both patients. The study demonstrates that it is possible to stabilise nonunion of the superior pubic ramus by internal fixation of the ischial ramus and of the transitional zone between the inferior pubic ramus and the ischial ramus with locking plates.     

Superior pubic ramus fractures fixed with percutaneous screws: what predicts fixation failure?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to present the early complications of percutaneous screw fixation of superior pubic ramus fractures and to present a new classification scheme for superior pubic ramus fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: One hundred and twelve patients with pelvic fracture between the ages of 14 to 89 years underwent percutaneous screw fixation of 145 pubic ramus fractures. Eighty-one patients with 107 surgically repaired fractures were followed to fracture union. Follow-up averaged 9 months (range 2-52 months). One additional patient who sustained fixation failure 4 days after surgery was included to yield a study group of 82 patients with 108 surgically repaired ramus fractures. INTERVENTION: Patients underwent percutaneous screw fixation of a superior pubic ramus fracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Superior pubic ramus fractures were classified according to a new scheme, the Nakatani system, which categorizes superior ramus fractures according to location with respect to the obturator foramen. Patient radiographs were examined for evidence of loss of reduction, defined as any motion at the ramus fracture site or hardware motion, after fracture surgery. RESULTS: Of the 82 patients followed to union or fixation failure, 12 (15%) had loss of reduction on follow-up radiographs. The average age of patients who lost reduction was 55 years. The most common mechanism of reduction loss was a collapse of the pubic ramus over the screw, with recurrence of an internal rotation deformity of the injured hemipelvis. Ten patients who lost reduction were women, and 11 had undergone ramus screw placement in retrograde fashion. No loss of reduction was seen in Zone III ramus fractures (those that involve the bone lateral to the obturator foramen). No patient sustained recognized neurologic, vascular, or urologic injury as a result of percutaneous screw fixation of a superior pubic ramus fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of loss of reduction after percutaneous screw fixation of pubic ramus fractures is 15%. Loss of reduction is more common in elderly and female patients and in patients whose ramus screws are placed in a retrograde fashion. Also, loss of reduction appears to be more common in fractures medial to the lateral border of the obturator foramen.     

逆行耻骨上支髓内螺钉固定应用解剖研究

目的探讨耻骨上支髓内螺钉的正确进钉方法和位置,为临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法解剖6具成人尸体,制成骨性骨盆标本。在直视下,以克氏针模拟逆行耻骨上支髓内螺钉固定法。分别测量钉长、进钉点与耻骨结节的关系、螺钉与两侧髂前上棘和耻骨结节构成平面的夹角、与矢状面的夹角及耻骨上支直径等。结果对于耻骨上支内1／2、外1／2的骨折,平均钉长、螺钉与两侧髂前上棘和耻骨结节构成平面及矢状面的夹角,最窄处直径为皆有差异。结论耻骨上支髓内螺钉固定对于耻骨支不同部位的骨折进钉点和进钉方向不同,用于治疗骨盆前环的耻骨支骨折是安全、可行的。     

An anatomical study of corona mortis and its clinical significance

Objective: To provide detailed information of corona mortis for ilioinguinal approach as an anterior approach to the acetabulum and pelvis. Methods: The course, branches and distribution of the vascular connection between the obturator system and the external iliac or inferior epigastric systems located over the superior pubic ramus were observed on 50 hemipelvises with intact soft tissues. Results：During the dissections, 72 % of the cadavericsides had at least one communicating vessel between the obturator system and the external lilac or inferior epigastric systems on the superior pubic ramus. The average diameter of the connecting vessel was 2.6 nun (range, 2.0-4.2 mm). It coursed over the superior pubic ramus or iliopubic eminence vertically to enter the obturator foramen and exit the pelvis. The average distance from pubic symphysis to the vascular connections between the obturator and external iliac systems was 52 nun ( range, 38-68 ram). Conclusions: Vascular connections between the obturator system and the external iliac or inferior epigastric systems were found over the superior pubic ramus with a high incidence. They are prone to damage during the ilioinguinal approach as an anterior approach to the acetabulum and pelvis. Thus, corona mortis located over the superior pubic ramus deserves great attention during the ilioinguinal approach.     

All superior pubic ramus fractures are not created equal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patients with a fracture of the high superior pubic ramus have functional outcomes worse than those of the lower or more central superior pubic ramus. METHOD: We carried out a retrospective cohort study of all patients with pubic ramus fractures seen in either the emergency department or outpatient clinic of a level-1 trauma centre in Montreal. Patients were grouped according to their fracture location, determined from radiographs of the anteroposterior pelvis. Harris Hip Score and Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment questionnaire (short form) data were determined by an independent observer. RESULTS: Both the hip score (p = 0.0024) and functional assessment (p = 0.0304) indicated that patients in the group with high superior fractures had significantly poorer functional status. CONCLUSION: High superior pubic ramus fractures have a poorer prognosis with respect to functional outcome.     

Biomechanical study of load transfer of the pubic ramus due to pelvic inclination after hip joint surgery using a three-dimensional finite element model

We studied load-stress distribution in the pelvis using a three-dimensional finite element model. The results showed that the load-stress on the pubic superior ramus was high in the normal pelvic position without sagittal or coronal inclination following that of the acetabulum in the pelvis. The load-stress on this area was not affected by sagittal pelvic inclination, but it was affected significantly by coronal pelvic inclination. The superior pubic load-stress on the side of the longer leg was higher than that on the opposite side. The tensile stress on the pubic ramus on the side of the longer leg significantly increased compared with compressive stress. We had a patient who had an insufficiency fracture of the pubic ramus on the side of an overcorrected leg after hip joint surgery, so we examined the cause of it. Although insufficiency fractures of the pubic superior ramus are caused by various static and kinetic factors, the alternation of coronal pelvic inclination is an especially important factor in such fractures after hip joint surgery.     

Corona Mortis血管解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:探讨闭孔血管和髂外血管在腹股沟区的分支,为减少髂腹股沟入路术中出血提供解剖学基础。方法:对25具新鲜中国成人尸体标本共50侧半骨盆进行解剖学研究,观测闭孔血管和髂外血管在腹股沟区的分支及其吻合支(CoronaMortis血管)的大小、出现率、吻合血管行径和吻合血管至耻骨联合的距离。结果:72%(36侧)耻骨上支表面至少存在1条血管吻合支,其中28%(14侧)存在2条或3条血管吻合支,24%(12侧)同时存在动脉吻合支和静脉吻合支。耻骨上支表面的血管吻合支平均直径2.6mm(2.0～4.2mm)。血管吻合支紧贴耻骨上支或髂耻隆起,几乎垂直地下行于髋臼窝壁或耻骨支后方,经闭膜管出盆腔,血管吻合支与耻骨联合的平均距离52mm(38～68mm)。在此区域手术以及髋臼或骨盆前环骨折极易损伤CoronaMortis血管。结论:闭孔血管和髂外血管的吻合支较粗,出现率高,位于耻骨上支表面。髂腹股沟手术入路应特别注意CoronaMortis血管的存在。     

Pubic ramus convexity or ballooning: a sentinel sign for severe periacetabular osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty

Osteolysis is a significant long-term problem in hip arthroplasty. Plain radiographs are the routine investigation of choice for monitoring hip arthroplasty patients; however, the recognition of clinically significant osteolysis can be challenging. We present two case reports of arthroplasty patients with ballooning and expansion of the superior pubic ramus with loss of the normal concavity of the ilio-pectineal line. Both patients subsequently displayed massive pubic osteolysis at the time of revision surgery. We suggest that the presence of convexity of the ilio-pectineal line/superior pubic ramus indicates established pelvic osteolysis.     

Mid-term follow-up of superior pubic ramus osteotomy in locked symphysis pubis with urethral injury: A case report

A locked pubic ramus body is an unusual variant of lateral compression injury. Till date, there have been only 25 cases reported in the published literature. We herein described a case where the right pubic ramus was entrapped within the opposite obturator foramen with an overlap of greater than 4 cm, with associated urethral injury. When all maneuvers of closed and instrumented reduction failed, we performed a superior pubic ramus osteotomy on the left side and unlocked the incarcerated right pubic ramus. The osteotomy site was stabilized with a 6-hole recon plate. The patient underwent delayed urethral repair 10 weeks after the index surgery. At 3-year follow-up, the patient has sexual dysfunction especially difficulty in maintaining erection, secondary urethral stricture, heterotopic ossification, and breakage of implants.     

耻骨联合分离/耻骨上下支骨折合并骶骨骨折的治疗(附11例报告)

目的探讨耻骨联合分离／耻骨上下支骨折合并骶骨骨折的治疗方法。方法应用耻骨联合双钢板加骶骨棒固定11例耻骨联合分离／耻骨上下支骨折合并骶骨骨折，并分析其临床结果。结果11例全部获得随访，随访时间0．5～2年。2例遗留会阴部的麻木和足下垂，后者经胫后肌转位治愈；1例有骶髂部的慢性疼痛，需间断服用止痛药物；其余均恢复满意。结论应用耻骨联合双钢板加骶骨棒固定治疗耻骨联合分离／耻骨上下支骨折合并骶骨骨折可以取得较好的临床效果。     

移位的耻骨下支骨折与骨盆后环损伤关系的临床观察

目的 :探讨移位耻骨下支骨折和骨盆后环损伤之间关系。方法 :回顾性研究2012年8月至2015年8月就诊且有完整资料的51例耻骨支骨折患者,男27例,女24例;年龄9~90岁,平均(49.1±19.0)岁;受伤到就诊时间从0.3~48 h,平均10.1 h;Tile骨盆骨折分型:A型28例,B型17例,C型6例;详细评估患者X线片和CT影像学资料,明确是否合并骨盆后环损伤;同时将耻骨支骨折分为耻骨下支移位组、耻骨下支无移位组、耻骨上支移位组和耻骨上支无移位组,确定各组合并骨盆后环损伤比率并进行比较。结果:26例患者存在耻骨下支移位骨折,均发现骨盆后环损伤;20例患者存在耻骨下支无移位骨折,6例(30%)合并骨盆后环损伤;28患者存在耻骨上支移位骨折,22例(78.5%)合并骨盆后环损伤;12例患者存在耻骨上支无移位骨折,5例(41.6%)合并骨盆后环损伤;合并骨盆后环损伤比率方面,移位耻骨下支骨折组与无移位耻骨下支骨折组比较,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.028 80.05);与耻骨上支无移位骨折组和移位骨折组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.055 80.05;P=0.168 30.05),但合并骨盆后环损伤比率均明显高于两组(100%vs 41.6%,78.5%)。结论:移位的耻骨下支骨折合并出现骨盆后环损伤率最高,往往提示骨盆后环损伤可能,移位的耻骨下支骨折是骨盆后环损伤的间接证据。     

Massive haemorrhage from the internal iliac artery following a low energy superior pubic ramus fracture in a 73-year-old man

We report a case of a 73-year-old man with a background of aspirin use who fell and sustained a minimally displaced right superior pubic ramus fracture. He subsequently developed hypotension that necessitated fluid resuscitation, associated with a significant drop in blood haemoglobin levels that required a packed red blood cell transfusion. CT scans revealed the presence of two pelvic haematomas, with ongoing bleeding. An angiogram demonstrated bleeding from the superior vesical branch of the anterior division of the right internal iliac artery, which was successfully embolised with gelfoam slurry. The patient recovered uneventfully thereafter. This is a unique case involving an unexpected injury to the superior vesical branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery following low energy trauma to an elderly man. We recommend that patients who develop hypotension following a seemingly-benign isolated pubic ramus fracture be evaluated for concomitant arterial injuries with the relevant CT imaging and angiography.     

Displaced inferior ramus fractures as a marker of posterior pelvic injury

Introduction

Injuries to the anterior or posterior pelvic ring rarely occur in isolation. Disruption to the anterior pelvic ring, indicated by a fracture of the superior or inferior pubic ramus, or injury to the pubic symphysis, may be indicative of additional pelvic ring disruption. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether displaced inferior pubic ramus fractures warrant a more detailed investigation of the posterior ring in an effort to predict unstable posterior pelvic ring injuries.

Materials and methods

All patients with a displaced inferior ramus fracture on AP pelvic radiograph were identified at a single level I trauma center over a 5-year period. Complete pelvic radiographs and computed tomography scans were then evaluated for additional pelvic ring injuries. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test to determine the association between inferior ramus fractures and posterior pelvic ring injury.

Results

Sixty-three of the 93 patients with a fracture of the inferior ramus (68 %) were found to have a posterior ring injury; 60 % of these injuries were unstable. Patients with concurrent superior ramus fractures were more likely to have a posterior ring injury (p < 0.001) and an unstable pelvis (p = 0.018). Of those with a displaced unilateral inferior ramus fracture, parasymphyseal involvement was associated with higher incidence of posterior ring injury (p = 0.047) and pelvic instability (p = 0.028).

Conclusion

The anterior pelvic ring can be used to help identify unstable injuries to the posterior pelvis. Patients with displaced inferior pubic ramus fractures warrant a detailed examination of their posterior ring to identify additional injuries and instability.     

透视影像导航经皮螺钉内固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折的初步报告

目的 探讨透视导航下经皮螺钉内固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折的适应证及方法 ,初步评估手术效果. 方法 2006年8月至2008年9月收治16例骨盆骨折患者,根据Tile分型:B2型2例,B3型3例;C2型8例(2例合并髋臼骨折),C3型3例(1例合并髋臼骨折).透视导航经皮骶髂螺钉内固定14例26枚螺钉,耻骨支螺钉9例15枚螺钉,耻骨联合螺钉4例4枚螺钉,髋臼前柱螺钉2例2枚螺钉.术后根据影像资料评估螺钉位置及骨折愈合情况,分别记录骶髂螺钉、耻骨支螺钉、耻骨联合螺钉、髋臼前柱螺钉的平均每枚螺钉置入时间、术中透视时间. 结果 11例患者术后获平均(119.6±2.3)d(63～527 d)随访.骨折愈合时间平均为(67.7±9.7)d.3例患者术后有轻微会阴区及下肢麻木症状,无其他螺钉置入的相关并发症发生.术后X线片及CT确认所有螺钉位置均满意.平均每枚骶髂螺钉、耻骨支螺钉、耻骨联合螺钉、髋臼前柱螺钉的置入时间和术中透视时间分别为(26.39±6.23)、(0.57±0.03)min,(18.20±1.59)、(0.61±0.13)min,(13.70±2.13)、(0.33±0.06)min,(19.40±0.79)、(0.63±0.02)min.结论 不稳定骨盆骨折中的骶髂关节脱位或者骶骨骨折、耻骨支骨折、耻骨联合分离是术中透视影像导航下经皮螺钉固定治疗的适应证,导航下经皮螺钉固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折具有微创、精确、安全的优点.     

Pubic tubercle side approach to the obturator nerve block

BACKGROUND: The authors describe the pubic tubercle side approach of the obturator nerve block for the management of adductor muscle constriction associated with the transurethral resection of the lateral wall bladder tumor. METHODS: The pubic tubercle side approach of the obturator nerve block was performed by a inserting needle at the midpoint of the femoral artery and the pubic tubercle. After the needle encountered the superior ramus of pubis, the needle was redirected vertical or slightly caudal, passeing the vicinity of the inferior margin of the superior ramus of pubis, and then advanced to the trunk of the obturator nerve. The obturator nerve was identified by its response to nerve stimulation. The pubic tubercle side approach using more than 5 ml of 1.0% lidocaine was performed by a single injection until there was no response to nerve stimulation. On the other hand, by the traditional approach to the obturator nerve block, after the initial local anesthetic injection the needle was redirected lateral and slightly caudal. If the response to nerve stimulation was still elicited, more local anesthetic was administered. RESULTS: Evaluation of the efficacy of the pubic tubercle side approach was performed in-terms of quantity of the local anesthetic used and the success rate. In comparison with the traditional approach, a smaller dose of local anesthetic was used in spite of the higher success rate. CONCLUSIONS: The pubic tubercle side approach of the obturator nerve was useful and without complications in comparison with the traditional approach.     

Bladder exstrophy and anterior pelvic osteotomy.

Between August 1988 and December 1991, 36 children with bladder exstrophy underwent surgery for primary bladder reconstruction. Each child was either untreated or had already been treated unsuccessfully. The operative technique involved bilateral osteotomy of the superior ramus of the pubic bone. In infants the cartilaginous ischiopubic junction, acting as an articulation, allowed symphyseal approximation, while in older children this was achieved by fracture of the inferior ramus of the pubic bone. The bladder was either closed or, in most cases, the exstrophic bladder plate was inserted deep into the pelvis, allowing subsequent epithelialisation of the bladder and further formation and growth. Follow-up up for 3.5 years showed bladder capacities of 40 to 150 ml. Some patients underwent an additional augmentation enterocystoplasty. Primary bladder reconstruction remained uncompromised in 7 patients who developed moderate (and 1 complete) rediastasis of the pubic bones. All exstrophic bladders are reconstructible, particularly in older children.     

Bladder Exstrophy and Anterior Pelvic Osteotomy

Summary Between August 1988 and December 1991, 36 children with bladder exstrophy underwent surgery for primary bladder reconstruction. Each child was either untreated or had already been treated unsuccessfully. The operative technique involved bilateral osteotomy of the superior ramus of the pubic bone. In infants the cartilaginous ischiopubic junction, acting as an articulation, allowed symphyseal approximation, while in older children this was achieved by fracture of the inferior ramus of the pubic bone. The bladder was either closed or, in most cases, the exstrophic bladder plate was inserted deep into the pelvis, allowing subsequent epithelialisation of the bladder and further formation and growth. Follow-up up for 3.5 years showed bladder capacities of 40 to 150 ml. Some patients underwent an additional augmentation enterocystoplasty. Primary bladder reconstruction remained uncompromised in 7 patients who developed moderate (and 1 complete) rediastasis of the pubic bones. All exstrophic bladders are reconstructible, particularly in older children.     

Triangular osteosynthesis and iliosacral screw fixation for unstable sacral fractures: a cadaveric and biomechanical evaluation under cyclic loads

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a biomechanical comparison of a new triangular osteosynthesis and the standard iliosacral screw osteosynthesis for unstable transforaminal sacral fractures in the immediate postoperative situation as well as in the early postoperative weight-bearing period. DESIGN: Twelve preserved human cadaveric lumbopelvic specimens were cyclicly tested in a single-limb-stance model. A transforaminal sacral fracture combined with ipsilateral superior and inferior pubic rami fractures were created and stabilized. Loads simulating muscle forces and body weight were applied. Fracture site displacement in three dimensions was evaluated using an electromagnetic motion sensor system. INTERVENTION: Specimens were randomly assigned to either an iliosacral and superior pubic ramus screw fixation or to a triangular osteosynthesis consisting of lumbopelvic stabilization (between L5 pedicle and posterior ilium) combined with iliosacral and superior pubic ramus screw fixation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak loaded displacement at the fracture site was measured for assessment of initial stability. Macroscopic fracture behavior through 10,000 cycles of loading, simulating the early postoperative weight-bearing period, was classified into type 1 with minimal motion at the fracture site, type 2 with complete displacement of the inferior pubic ramus, or type 3 with catastrophic failure. RESULTS: The triangular osteosynthesis had a statistically significantly smaller displacement under initial peak loads (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 0.163 +/- 0.073 cm) and therefore greater initial stability than specimens with the standard iliosacral screw fixation (mean +/- SD, 0.611 +/- 0.453 cm) ( = 0.0104), independent of specimen age or sex. All specimens with the triangular osteosynthesis demonstrated type 1 fracture behavior, whereas iliosacral screw fixation resulted in one type 1, two type 2, and three type 3 fracture behaviors before or at 10,000 cycles of loading. CONCLUSION: Triangular osteosynthesis for unstable transforaminal sacral fractures provides significantly greater stability than iliosacral screw fixation under in vitro cyclic loading conditions. In vitro cyclic loading, as a limited simulation of early stages of patient mobilization in the postoperative period, allows for a time-dependent evaluation of any fracture fixation system.