膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗(附25例报告)

目的提高膀胱腺癌的诊断及治疗水平.方法对1996年～2005年收治的25例膀胱腺癌患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中原发性膀胱腺癌20例,脐尿管腺癌5例.原发性膀胱腺癌患者行经尿道电切术7例,膀胱部分切除术6例,根治性全膀胱切除术7例.脐尿管腺癌患者行扩大性膀胱部分切除术3例,根治性全膀胱切除术2例.结果17例获得随访,1年生存率52.9%(9例),2年生存率41.2%(7例),5年生存率17.6%(3例).结论扩大性膀胱部分切除术是脐尿管腺癌的主要手术方式,原发性膀胱腺癌宜行根治性膀胱全切术,综合性治疗有助于复发、转移患者的总体疗效及预后进一步提高.     

原发性小肠肿瘤31例临床分析

目的：探讨小肠肿瘤临床特点、病理类型和早期诊断手段。方法：回顾性分析1994年～2004年31例原发性小肠肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果．小肠良性肿瘤4例均为平滑肌瘤；恶性肿瘤27例，其中平滑肌肉瘤12例（44．4％），淋巴肉瘤10例（37％），腺癌3例（11．1％），类癌2例（7．4％）。临床上无特异性症状及可靠的诊断方法，内窥镜和全消化道钡餐造影是主要诊断手段。53．2％的恶性病例在手术时已有远处转移，仅11例（35．5％）行根治性切除。根治切除术后5年生存率为45．1％。结论：早期诊断、早期治疗是提高小肠恶性肿瘤患者生存率的关键，对无远处转移者应争取行根治术。     

小肠原发性肿瘤33例临床分析

目的：探讨小肠肿瘤临床特点和早期诊断手段。方法：回顾性分析33例原发性小肠肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果：小肠良性肿瘤5例均为平滑肌瘤；恶性肿瘤28例，其中平滑肌肉瘤13例(46．4％)，淋巴肉瘤11例(39．2％)，腺癌3例(10．7％)，类癌1例(3．5％)。临床上无特异性症状及可靠的诊断方法，内窥镜和全消化道钡餐造影是主要诊断手段。53．6％的恶性病例在手术时已有远处转移，仅13例(46．4％)行根治性切除。根治切除术后5年生存率为46．1％。结论：早期诊断、早期治疗是提高小肠恶性肿瘤患者生存率的关键，对无远处转移者应争取行根治术。     

膀胱腺癌(附27例报告)

目的　提高膀胱腺癌的诊治效果。方法　12 例脐尿管腺癌中,7 例行扩大性膀胱部分切除;15 例原发膀胱腺癌中,11 例行膀胱部分切除术。结果　膀胱腺癌总的5 年生存率25 .9 % 。脐尿管腺癌中,7 例行扩大性膀胱部分切除者,无一例局部复发,12 例中有4 例生存5 年。原发膀胱腺癌的治疗主要为膀胱部分切除术,生存5 年者3 例,局部复发4 例,均在原肿瘤部位。1 例原发膀胱腺癌皮下和腹股沟淋巴结转移患者和2 例脐尿管腺癌肺转移患者经化疗 放疗后分别生存24 ,28 和60个月。结论　脐尿管腺癌宜采用扩大性膀胱部分切除术,原发膀胱腺癌宜采用根治性膀胱全切除术。对复发转移患者应积极采取综合治疗,以提高生存率。     

高龄贲门胃底癌经腹手术治疗的评价(附84例)

目的：探讨高龄患者胃底贲门癌的外科治疗，总结高龄贲门胃底癌患者手术治疗的经验。方法：回顾性分析高龄贲门胃底癌84例手术治疗情况，平均年龄69．5（65～84）岁。插管全麻下，经腹行贲门癌根治性切除术；围手术期予营养支持、呼吸道管理。结果：术后发生并发症14例（16．7％），其中呼吸道并发症6例（42．9％）；死亡0例。随访58例，平均随访3．5（1～7）年，3年生存率为70．7％（41／58），5年生存率为53．4％（31／58）。结论：贲门胃底癌经腹手术可提同高龄患者的生存率和生活质量，取得满意疗效。     

全肺切除术治疗肺癌的临床分析

目的：探讨全肺切除治疗原发性支气管肺癌的临床价值。方法：对我院1987年4月－1997年3月行全肺切除治疗原发性支气管肺癌186例作回顾性总结。结果：全肺切除术占同期肺部外科手术的13．5％，手术死亡率为2．7％，心包内处理肺血管占30．1％，术后1，3，5年生存率分别为81．2％，39．8％和20．4％。结论：全肺切除可作为中晚期肺癌的外科治疗的有效方法之一，心包内处理肺血管能提高手术的切除率。     

多原发性大肠癌的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨多原发性大肠癌的临床特点和诊断、治疗。方法　回顾性分析 65例多原发性大肠癌的临床资料。结果全组共 65例 ,占同期收治大肠癌病例的 1.3 % ( 65 /5 0 70 ) ,其中同时性多原发癌 3 5例 ,异时性多原发癌 3 0例 ,65例均行手术治疗 ,3 5例同时性多原发癌行根治性切除 2 9例 ,患者 5年生存率为 3 4.6% ( 9/2 6) ;3 0例异时性多原发癌首次治疗时 2 8例行根治术 ,2例行局部切除术 ,患者第一癌术后 5年生存率为 92 .0 % ( 2 3 /2 5 )。结论　多原发性大肠癌以手术治疗为主 ,早期诊断和治疗是提高多原发性大肠癌患者 5年生存率的关键     

237例肺癌外科治疗影响预后因素的分析

目的：分析TNM分期，病理类型，年龄和手术方式与预后的关系，探讨在各影响预后因素中外科治疗手段的正确选择。方法：应用SPSS8．0统计，对237例肺癌患者资料建立数据库并进行统计分析，用寿命表法进行生存率分析。两组间生存率差异显著性检测用Logrank方法。结果：Ⅱb期以上肺癌总的5年生存率为49．8％，Ⅲa期仅为13．1％（P＜0．001），Ⅲb和Ⅳ期肺癌均为0％，但伴颅内单发转移病灶手术后平均生存期19个月。鳞癌5年生存率48．3％，腺癌和腺鳞癌分别为30．5％和13．3％（P＜0．05和＜0．01）；小细胞肺癌为0；大细胞肺癌为60．2％，70岁以下肺癌患者肺楔形切除术5年生存率为0，肺叶切除术31．4％（P＜0．01）；全肺切除术18．2％（P＜0．01）；肺叶加支气管袖状切除术37．6％（P＜0．01），70岁以上肺癌患者肺楔形切除5年生存率33．4％,肺叶切除27．0％（P＜0．05）；全肺切除和肺叶加支气管袖状切除术3年经分别为20．2％和50．5％（P＜0．01）。结论：Ⅱb期以上肺癌外科治疗应为首选；Ⅲa期应采用术前新辅助治疗的综合治疗；手术可作为Ⅲb和Ⅳ期肺癌姑息性治疗的手段；脑部单个转移病灶的肺癌不应为手术禁忌证。腺癌和腺鳞癌应以手术为主的综合性治疗；小细胞肺癌应以化疗为主的综合性治疗；透明细胞类型的大细胞肺癌以手术为主的综合性治疗。70岁以下肺癌患者肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫应为外科治疗肺癌的标准术式。70岁以下高龄肺癌患者应尽量选择对机体创伤小的术式。     

原发性食管单纯腺癌27例临床分析及文献复习

本文报告２７例经组织学证实的原发性食管单纯腺癌，其１、３、５年生存率分别为８１．５％、５１．９％和２２．２％，治疗后５年内约有７６．９％的病人死于肿瘤局部未控、复发或远处转移，影响原发性食管单纯腺癌预后的主要因素为其临床分期、肿瘤外侵程度和有无淋巴结转移等。根据本文结果，笔者认为食管腺癌的生物学特性与肺腺癌基本相似；其发生与Ｂｓｒｒｅｔｔ＇ｓ食管可能无明显关系；对于较早期患者应采取积极的根治性手术，手术切除后如何配合有效的放疗和化疗仍是提高原发性食管单纯腺癌疗效的方向。     

原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的外科治疗

目的：提高对原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的认识，探讨其诊断、治疗方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析我院1998年1月至2004年1月间收治的42例原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的临床资料，施行根治性手术26例，其中18例肝叶切除＋胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术；8例肿瘤局部切除＋胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术；姑息性手术16例，其中6例胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术，10例胆总管切开取栓、T管引流术＋患侧肝动脉结扎术（其中4例＋门静脉DDS泵置入术）。均获得病理诊断，肝细胞癌32例（76．2％）。结果：根治性手术及姑息性手术1年、3年、5年生存率分别为65．4％（17／26），42．3％（11／26），15．4％（4／26）及18．8％（3／16）、6．3％（1／16），0（0／16）；总的1年、3年、5年生存率分别为47．6％（20／42），28．6％（12／42），9．5％（4／42）。结论：外科治疗明显改善患者生活质量，提高了生存时间，而根治性手术是原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的积极有效方法。     

膀胱腺癌

目的 提高膀胱腺癌的诊治效果。方法 １２例脐尿管腺癌中,７例行扩大性膀胱部分切除;１５例原发膀胱腺癌中,１１例行膀胱部分切除术。结果 膀胱腺癌总的５年生存率２５．９％．脐尿管腺癌中,７例行扩大性膀胱部分切除者,无一例局部复发,１２例中有４例生存５年。原发膀胱腺癌的治疗主要为膀胱部分切除术,生存５年者３例,局部复发４例,均在原肿瘤部位。     

膀胱混合癌的诊断和治疗

 目的　提高膀胱混合癌的诊治水平。方法　回顾分析 1 990年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 6月收治的 1 2例病人 ,结合文献就其临床表现、诊断和治疗以及预后情况进行讨论。结果　 1 2例膀胱混合癌占同期 5 49例膀胱肿瘤的 2 .1 9% ,其中鳞、腺混合癌 3例 ,移行、鳞状、腺细胞混合癌 1例 ,移行、鳞状细胞混合癌 6例 ,移行、腺细胞癌混合癌 2例。行膀胱部分切除术 9例 ,全膀胱切除 2例 ,根治性全膀胱切除 1例。术后 1 2例患者均接受定期随访 ,生存期 7个月～ 4.2年。结论　膀胱混合癌的恶性程度高 ,预后极差 ,手术切除仍是主要的治疗方法 ,早期诊断是提高生存率的关键     

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The Mayo Clinic experience

BACKGROUND: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder accounts for 0.35-0.70% of all bladder tumors. There is no standard approach to the management of SCC of the urinary bladder. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective study at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) to characterize the clinical and pathologic features of patients with SCC of the urinary bladder diagnosed between 1975 and 2003 with emphasis on management. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were identified who had primary bladder SCC, 61.4% of whom had pure SCC. The male:female ratio was 3:1, the mean age was 66.9 years, and the mean follow-up was 3.2 years. Twelve patients (27.3%) had Stage II disease, 13 patients (29.6%) had Stage III disease, and 19 patients (43.2%) had Stage IV disease. The overall median survival was 1.7 years. The 5-year survival rates for patients with Stage II, III, and IV disease were 63.6%, 15.4%, and 10.5%, respectively. Six of eight patients with Stage II bladder SCC achieved a cure with radical cystectomy. Five patients with Stage IV disease had obvious metastases and received chemotherapy. Fourteen patients underwent radical cystectomy and were diagnosed later with locally advanced disease (T4b) or lymph node metastasis (N1-N3; Stage IV disease). Only 2 of 19 patients with Stage IV disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy were alive at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with bladder SCC should undergo radical cystectomy except when metastatic disease is present (M1), in which case, systemic chemotherapy is indicated. Adjuvant treatment is not indicated for patients with Stage II disease after radical cystectomy but should be considered for patients with Stage III and IV disease. Chemotherapy should be a platinum-based regimen.     

Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer in the octogenarian.

The incidence of bladder cancer increases with age. As the population lives longer, an increasing number of patients 80 years of age or older will develop invasive bladder cancer. In this study, we reviewed the outcome of 33 patients age 80 years or older treated with radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion. Five patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 2 had salvage cystectomy after failure of external beam radiation therapy. The median age was 82 years, and the median hospital stay was 12 days. There were no perioperative deaths. Twenty-seven complications occurred in 20 patients (60.6%), of which 17 were minor (63%) and 10 were major (37%). There was no difference in the rate of complications in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment compared to the group treated with cystectomy alone. The median survival was 3.5 years. Our results demonstrate that radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion should not be withheld from patients on the basis of age.     

恶性膀胱非尿路上皮肿瘤（附10例报告）

目的探讨恶性膀胱非尿路上皮肿瘤的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析10例恶性膀胱非尿路上皮肿瘤的临床资料。行膀胱全切术6例,膀胱部分切除术1例,经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBt）2例,1例膀胱小细胞癌因广泛浸润仅作探查活检术。结果恶性膀胱非尿路上皮肿瘤占同期恶性膀胱肿瘤的4.5%。10例随访2月-5年,术后平均生存时间17.4月。结论恶性膀胱非尿路上皮肿瘤临床少见,预后差,膀胱全切术是首选的手术方式,新辅助化疗或术后放化疗可提高疗效。     

术前新辅助化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌疗效观察

目的:观察术前新辅助化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法:对27例平均年龄68岁、有全膀胱切除指征而无法耐受或不愿接受膀胱全切的浸润性膀胱癌患者行骼内动脉化疗并栓塞联合手术治疗,观察膀胱保留率、降级降期率、肿瘤复发率,Kaplan-Meier 法计算总生存率、无瘤生存率,并绘制生存曲线。结果:髂内动脉化疗、栓塞后,22例患者膀胱肿瘤缩小约81.5% ,无变化5 例;肿瘤临床分期降低21例（有效率77.8%）,无变化6 例;病理分级降低12例（降级率44.4%）,分级不变15例。共24例患者得以保留膀胱,其中21例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（transurethral resection of the bladder ,TURB）,3 例行膀胱部分切除术（膀胱保留率88.9%）。 3 例接受根治性膀胱全切术。术后1、2、3、5 年分别复发4 例（14.8%）、7 例（25.9%）、11例（40.7%）、14例（51.9%）。 2 例随访11个月和23个月发现肿瘤远处转移后死亡,1 例膀胱切口种植转移,局部切除后再发,带瘤生存,术后3 年死于肿瘤进展,2 例腺癌5 年内死于肿瘤进展。至随访截止日期,死于术后肿瘤进展共5 例。27例患者1、2、3、5 年无瘤生存率分别为88.9% 、73.6% 、58.1% 、41.4% ,5 年总生存率66.0% 。结论:有选择地对部分浸润性膀胱癌患者施行术前髂内动脉灌注化疗、栓塞,联合手术等综合性治疗措施以保留功能性膀胱确实可行,但合理评价其在浸润性膀胱癌治疗中的应用价值尚需要进一步研究证实。      

Urethra-sparing cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in women with malignant pelvic tumors.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, few data exist regarding the functional and oncologic outcome of pelvic tumors in women with urethra-sparing cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion to the urethra. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The combined data of 102 women age 28-79 (mean, 59 yrs) years who underwent a urethra-sparing cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion for either primary bladder cancer (96 patients), carcinoma of the uterine cervix (2 patients), carcinoma of the vagina (1 patient), primary fallopian tube carcinoma (1 patient), uterine sarcoma (1 patient), or rectal carcinoma (1 patient) were reviewed. The histology of the 96 primary bladder tumors was 81 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), 8 adenocarcinomas, 5 squamous cell carcinomas, 1 small cell carcinoma, and 1 unclassified. Follow-up ranged from 1.5-100 months (mean, 26 mos; median, 24 mos). In all patients, the bladder neck and up to 1 cm in length of the adjacent urethra were removed with the bladder. An ileal orthotopic neobladder procedure was performed if staging biopsies of the bladder neck and intraoperative frozen section of the urethral margin revealed no tumor. RESULTS: There was no perioperative mortality, and an early and late complication rate requiring secondary intervention in 5 (5%) and 12 (12%) patients. With 88 of 102 patients alive and 83 of 102 patients disease free, a disease-specific survival of 74% and a disease-free survival of 63% was estimated at 5 years. No pelvic recurrence was seen in 81 patients with TCC. Three pelvic recurrences occurred, two tumors of the inner genitalia and one adenocarcinoma of the bladder, none of them in the area of the urethra or its supplying autonomic nerves. Daytime continence was 82%; nocturnal continence was 72%. Twelve (12%) patients were unable to empty their bladders completely and needed some form of catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: The functional and oncologic outcome of female patients with an orthotopic urinary diversion to a remnant urethra was found to be comparable to that found in large studies on males. An orthotopic neobladder proved to be an oncologically safe option for women with pelvic tumors and was found to provide quality of life when there was adherence to previously defined selection criteria.     

经尿道切除膀胱多发肿瘤和巨大肿瘤

目的:探讨经尿道切除膀胱多发肿瘤和巨大肿瘤的治疗效果。方法:采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除（TUR-BT）手术治疗29例膀胱多发肿瘤和/或巨大肿瘤,术后常规膀胱灌注,5例接受系统性化疗。每3个月行膀胱镜检查,必要时再次行TUR-BT手术或全膀胱切除术。结果:术后病理结果均为膀胱癌。随访3-72月,18例存活5年以上。在所有病例中,4例术后1年内死于肿瘤转移,8例无瘤生存,17例术后1-3年复发。复发病例中14例再次或多次行TUR-BT手术,2例行全膀胱切除术,1例行单纯尿流改道手术。结论:经尿道切除膀胱多发肿瘤和巨大肿瘤可以获得较好的治疗效果,根治性TUR-BT辅以系统性化疗或许是膀胱多发肿瘤和/或巨大肿瘤而又希望保留膀胱的病人的理性选择。     

Conservation of bladder function in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated by definitive irradiation and selective cystectomy

Four hundred seventy patients with invasive bladder cancer treated by definitive irradiation (5000 rad or more) and selective cystectomy were followed to assess their survival status and bladder function status. (90 % were followed for at least 10 years or to death.) The survival rates for these patients were similar to those obtained in studies of preoperative irradiation with compulsory cystectomy: 5 and 10 year survival rates were 38 and 22% respectively. Sixty-five to 70% of these survivors lived with healthy, functioning bladders to at least 10 years after treatment. Seventy-five patients had a selective cystectomy, usually for recurrent disease, with an operative mortality rate of 11 %. Pre-irradiation catheterization, used to control bladder distension and to reduce the possibility of geographic miss in irradiating the tumour, had no effect on the control of local disease or on the long-term survival of patients. Therefore, definitive irradiation with selective cystectomy warrants serious consideration in treating patients with invasive bladder cancer, especially considering the quality of life and the high proportion of patients who retain functioning bladders.