益活清胰汤与葡激酶在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的协同作用

[目的]研究葡激酶(r-Sak)和益活清胰汤对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的治疗作用及2药合用的协同作用.[方法]162只SD大鼠随机分为假手术(A)组(n=18)、造模(B)组、益活清胰汤治疗(C)组、r-Sak治疗(D)组及益活清胰汤合用r-Sak治疗(E)组(均n=36).每组随机选9只用于测定18 h存活情况,SAP造模术后6、12、18h各取9只测定胰腺血流量,计算腹水量,测定血清淀粉酶(AMY)、脂肪酶(LPO),并在光镜下观察胰腺病理变化.[结果]A、B、C、D和E组大鼠18 h存活数分别为9、2、6、7、8只.A、C、D、E 4组SAP术后6、12、18 h AMY、LPO、腹水均较B组明显降低,C组较D组低,E组较C、D组低(均P＜0.05).术后各时点B组胰组织血流量呈逐渐下降趋势,B、C、D、E组较A组显著下降(P＜0.05).C、D、E 3组各时点胰组织血流量降低值＜B组,D组＜C组,E组＜C、D组(均P＜0.05).C、D、E组胰腺的病理损伤程度较B组减轻.[结论]r-Sak及益活清胰汤均对大鼠SAP具有治疗作用,且2药具有协同作用.     

益活清胰Ⅰ号对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌组织中细胞凋亡调节蛋白表达的影响

[目的]研究益活清胰Ⅰ号对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠心肌功能损害时细胞凋亡调节蛋白Bcl-2和Bax在心肌组织中表达的影响,并探讨其作用的机制.[方法]84只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(正常组,n=12)、对照组(n=36)及治疗组(n=36).SAP模型采用5%的牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射方法建立.苏木精-伊红染色光镜下观察胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化,免疫组化法检测术后6、12、18 h心肌Bcl-2、Bax表达及核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化情况.[结果]治疗组胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化减轻,SAP各时间点均可见NF-κB明显活化,治疗组各时间点NF-κB活化与对照组相比均明显减弱(P＜0.01).术后6 h各组Bcl-2、Bax无显著性变化(P＞0.05),12、18 h对照组Bcl-2的表达较正常组及治疗组显著减少(P＜0.01),12、18 h对照组Bax的表达较正常组及治疗组显著增加(P＜0.01).[结论]益活清胰Ⅰ号可减轻NF-κB在心肌组织中的活化,减少SAP大鼠心肌组织Bax的表达及增强Bcl-2的表达,从而减轻心肌细胞凋亡,对SAP心肌组织具有保护作用.     

益活清胰汤对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎心肌损伤的影响

[目的]研究益活清胰汤对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)心肌损伤的影响.[方法]45只SD大鼠建立SAP模型,随机分为治疗组、对照组、正常组,测定6、12、24 h血淀粉酶(AMY)、脂肪酶(CIP)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CIK-MB)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、心肌肌钙蛋白(CTn1).[结果]术后6 h大鼠心电图T波、ST段均有异常改变,血AMY、CIP、CK-MB、TNF-α、IL-6、CTn1呈进行性升高.治疗组用药后ECG T波、ST段下移,与对照组相比P＜0.01;血AMY、LIP、CK-MB、TNF-α、IL-6、CTn1明显下降,与对照组相比P＜0.01.[结论]TNF-α、IL-6可能是介导SAP心脏功能障碍的重要递质,监测TNF-α、IL-6、CTn1可能有预防SAP心肌损伤的作用,益活清胰汤能降低TNF-α、IL-6的表达,是治疗SAP心肌损伤较为理想的药物.     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌核因子-κB激活和复方丹参注射液的干预作用

[目的]研究重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）心肌功能损害时心肌NF-κB的活化及复方丹参注射液的干预作用。[方法]63只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组,n=9）、对照组（B组n=27）、复方丹参注射液治疗组（C组,n=27）,采用5％的牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射方法建立SAP模型。ELISA法测定B、C组6h、12h、24h各时点及A组24h血TNF-α、IL-6含量,RT-PCR检测心肌NF-κBmRNA的表达,免疫组化法检测心肌NF-κB蛋白的表达,苏木精一伊红染色光镜下观察胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化。[结果]与A组比较,B组、C组大鼠心肌NF-κBmNA及NF-κB蛋白表达异常增高,TNF-α、IL-6呈进行性升高;与B组比较,C组心肌NF-κBnRNA及蛋白表达下调（P〈0．05）,血TNF-α、IL-6明显下降（P〈0.05）,C组胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化减轻。[结论]SAP大鼠的心肌损伤可能与循环中TNF-α、IL-6水平升高导致的心肌NF-κB活化有关,复方丹参注射液对SAP并发的心肌损伤具有防治作用。     

重组葡激酶加中药对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌核转录因子κB的激活作用

[目的]研究重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）心肌功能损害时心肌核转录因子κB（NF-κB）的活化及葡激酶的干预作用。[方法]63只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（n=9）、对照组（n=27）、葡激酶合用益活清胰汤治疗组（n=27），SAP模型采用5％牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射方法建立。ELISA法测定6、12、24h各时点血肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）水平，RT-PCR检测心肌NF-κB mRNA的表达，免疫组化法检测心肌NF-κB蛋白的表达，苏木精-伊红染色光镜下观察胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化。[结果]术后6h大鼠心肌NF-κB mRNA及其蛋白表达异常增高，TNF-α、IL-6呈进行性升高，治疗组用药后心肌NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达下调，血TNF-α、IL-6明显下降，与对照组相比P＜0．05，治疗组胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化减轻。[结论]SAP大鼠心肌损伤可能与循环中TNF-α、IL-6水平升高导致的心肌NF-κB活化有关，益活清胰汤合用葡激酶对SAP并发的心肌损伤具有防治作用。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠心肌核因子-κB激活及重组葡激酶的干预作用

目的 研究重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)心肌功能损害时心肌核因子-κB (NF-κB)的活化及葡激酶的干预作用.方法 63只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n = 9)、ANP组(n = 27)、葡激酶干预组(n = 27),ANP模型采用5%的牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射方法建立.干预自造模前2 d腹腔注射葡激酶1.5 mg/kg体重,一天2次,共4次.ELISA法测定制模后6 h、12 h、24 h各时点血TNF-α、IL-6含量;RT-PCR检测心肌NF-κB mRNA的表达;免疫组化法检测心肌NF-κB蛋白的表达,常规观察胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化.结果 ANP组术后6 h大鼠心肌NF-κB mRNA及NF-κB蛋白表达异常增高,TNF-α、IL-6呈进行性升高,干预组胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化减轻.心肌NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达下调,血TNF-α、IL-6明显下降,与ANP组比较,差异均显著(P＜0.05).结论 ANP大鼠的心肌损伤可能与循环中TNF-α、IL-6水平升高导致的心肌NF-κB活化有关.葡激酶对SAP并发的心肌损伤具有防治作用.     

重组葡激酶加中药对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌核转录因子кВ的激活作用

[目的]研究重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)心肌功能损害时心肌核转录因子кВ(NF-кВ)的活化及葡激酶的干预作用.[方法]63只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=9)、对照组(n=27)、葡激酶合用益活清胰汤治疗组(n=27),SAP模型采用5%牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射方法建立.ELISA法测定6、12、24 h各时点血肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平,RT-PCR检测心肌NF-кВ mRNA的表达,免疫组化法检测心肌NF-кВ蛋白的表达,苏木精-伊红染色光镜下观察胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化.[结果]术后6 h大鼠心肌NF-кΒmRNA及其蛋白表达异常增高,TNF-α、IL-6呈进行性升高,治疗组用药后心肌NF-кВmRNA及蛋白表达下调,血TNF-α、IL-6明显下降,与对照组相比P＜0.05,治疗组胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化减轻.[结论]SAP大鼠心肌损伤可能与循环中TNF-α、IL-6水平升高导致的心肌NF-кВ活化有关,益活清胰汤合用葡激酶对SAP并发的心肌损伤具有防治作用.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠心肌核因子-κB激活及重组葡激酶的干预作用

目的研究重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）心肌功能损害时心肌核因子-κB（NF—κB）的活化及葡激酶的干预作用。方法63只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（n=9）、ANP组（n=27）、葡激酶干预组（n=27），ANP模型采用5％的牛磺胆酸钠胰胆管逆行注射方法建立。干预自造模前2d腹腔注射葡激酶1．5mg／kg体重，一天2次，共4次。ELISA法测定制模后6h、12h、24h各时点血TNF—α、IL-6含量；RT—PCR检测心肌NF—κB mRNA的表达；免疫组化法检测心肌NF—κB蛋白的表达，常规观察胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化。结果ANP组术后6h大鼠心肌NF—κB mRNA及NF—κB蛋白表达异常增高，TNF—α、IL-6呈进行性升高，干预组胰腺及心肌组织的病理变化减轻。心肌NF—κB mRNA及蛋白表达下调，血TNF—α、IL-6明显下降，与ANP组比较，差异均显著（P〈0．05）。结论ANP大鼠的心肌损伤可能与循环中TNF—α、IL-6水平升高导致的心肌NF—κB活化有关。葡激酶对SAP并发的心肌损伤具有防治作用。     

益活清胰汤对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠海马CAI区嗜碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的影响

[目的]探讨益活清胰汤对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发胰性脑病(PE)海马CAI区嗜碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的影响.[方法]45只SD大鼠建立SAP模型,随机分为益活清胰汤(C)组、造模(B)组、假手术(A)组,测定6、12、24 h各时点血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、磷脂酶A2(PLA)值.对大脑皮层和海马组织形态、bFGF的表达进行观察.[结果]B、C两组术后6 h TNF-α、IL-6、PLA2开始升高,24 h达高峰.C组6、12、24 h各时点的TNF-α、IL-6、PLA2值小于A组(P＜0.01).海马bFGF表达显著增多.[结论]益活清胰汤能降低SAP血浆TNF-α、IL-6及PLA2水平,改善脑血流量,对抗缺血低氧,增强SAP时海马组织bFGF的合成、分泌,阻止神经细胞凋亡和(或)促进新的神经元出芽及突触形成.     

重症急性胰腺炎早期合并心肌损害与心肌细胞凋亡关系的实验研究

目的研究重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)早期心肌损害与心肌细胞凋亡的关系和意义.方法应用5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胆胰管注射诱发大鼠SAP模型.实验设定对照组(n = 18)和SAP组(n = 18),并分为6、12、24 h三个时点,分别检测血清LDH、CK、CK-MB,用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡.结果 SAP组在各时点较对照组血清LDH、CK和CK-MB显著升高(P < 0.01);对照组在各时点未见心肌细胞凋亡或仅出现极少数心肌细胞凋亡,SAP组出现较多的心肌细胞凋亡,其凋亡指数(AI)较对照组显著升高(P < 0.01).结论 SAP早期可诱发心肌损害,与心肌细胞凋亡有关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.