Surgical hemostasis after tourniquet release does not reduce blood loss in knee replacement. A prospective randomized study of 81 patients.

We studied the effect of timing of tourniquet release on blood loss in 81 patients (85 knees) who were operated on for total knee replacement. The patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups. In one group, the tourniquet was released for hemostasis before wound closure and in the other group, the tourniquet was not released until the wound was closed and a compressive dressing applied. We found no difference in total blood loss between the two groups and conclude that intraoperative release of the tourniquet for hemostasis is not effective for reducing blood loss in total knee replacement.     

Tourniquet release for hemostasis increases bleeding. A randomized study of 77 knee replacements.

We conducted a prospective, randomized study of 77 primary knee replacement operations on 75 patients (52 women), with a mean age of 71 years, to evaluate the effect of tourniquet release for hemostasis on blood loss and transfusion requirements. The operations were all done with spinal anesthesia and the use of a midline skin incision and medial parapatellar approach. In group I, the tourniquet was released for hemostasis before the wound was closed. In group 2, the tourniquet was first released after the wound was closed and a compressive dressing had been applied. The total intra- and postoperative blood losses were, on average, 858 mL (SD 443) in group I and 589 mL (347) in group 2 (p = 0.01). The median units of blood given and the postoperative decreases in hemoglobin values were similar in both groups. In a subgroup of 45 cementless prostheses, the 25 patients with prostheses allocated to group 1 lost 1022 mL (397) blood, compared to 646 mL (333) by the 20 patients with prostheses in group 2 (p = 0.01). Our findings speak against the efficacy of tourniquet release for hemostasis in knee replacement surgery.     

Tourniquet release for hemostasis increases bleeding: A randomized study of 77 knee replacements

We conducted a prospective, randomized study of 77 primary knee replacement operations on 75 patients (52 women), with a mean age of 71 years, to evaluate the effect of tourniquet release for hemostasis on blood loss and transfusion requirements. The operations were all done with spinal anesthesia and the use of a midline skin incision and medial parapatellar approach. In group I, the tourniquet was released for hemostasis before the wound was closed. In group 2, the tourniquet was first released after the wound was closed and a compressive dressing had been applied. The total intra- and postoperative blood losses were, on average, 858 mL (SD 443) in group I and 589 mL (347) in group 2 (p = 0.01). The median units of blood given and the postoperative decreases in hemoglobin values were similar in both groups. In a subgroup of 45 cementless prostheses, the 25 patients with prostheses allocated to group 1 lost 1022 mL (397) blood, compared to 646 mL (333) by the 20 patients with prostheses in group 2 (p = 0.01). Our findings speak against the efficacy of tourniquet release for hemostasis in knee replacement surgery.     

Effect of tourniquet use on blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

AIM: To reduce blood loss in total knee arthroplasty various physical measures including the use of a tourniquet are recommended. The question of an early tourniquet release is still unsettled. PATIENTS AND METHOD: To confirm our theory that blood loss and need of blood transfusions might be reduced while removing the tourniquet for meticulous hemostasis before wound closure we analysed 70 (41 male, 29 female) consecutive patients with total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis performed by a single surgeon in a prospective-randomized study between 1/1996 to 6/1998. In group I the tourniquet was released before, in group II after wound closure. RESULTS: We couldn't find any significant differences in the estimated blood loss, the decrease of hemoglobin and hematocrit level, and the transfusion need. In Group II we observed two cases of deep vein thrombosis. This difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tourniquet release for hemostasis is not an effective tool in reducing blood loss or transfusion need in total knee arthroplasty.     

止血带释放时机对全膝关节置换术失血的影响

目的 探讨止血带释放时机对全膝关节置换术(TKA)失血的影响.方法 2006年6月至2008年6月,80例TKA患者随机分为两组,每组40例.A组:释放止血带彻底止血后关闭切口,B组:关闭切口弹力绷带包扎后释放止血带.比较两组患者的失血量、输血例数、手术时间、止血带使用时间及膝关节屈曲度.结果 A组术中失血量[(161.5±50.1)mL]多于B组((70.0±19.4)mL],术后失血量[(357.8±104.7)mL]少于B组[(467.9±116.0)mLl,总失血量[(516.8±107.9)mL]少于B组[(579.5±140.2)mL],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但两组输血例数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组手术时间为(77.7±14.6)min,B组为(73.6±17.5)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组止血带使用时间为(69.4±14.4)min,B组为(73.6±17.5)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后1周膝关节屈曲A组为93°、B组为84°,术后2周A组为113°、B组为103°,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但8周后A组膝关节屈曲为117°、B组为113°,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 释放止血带彻底止血后关闭切口可减少手术总失血量.     

Effect of the timing of tourniquet release on perioperative blood loss associated with cementless total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study

The control of perioperative blood loss is a major concern in cementless knee arthroplasty surgery. We randomized retrospectively 55 patients (60 knees in total) who had undergone cementless total knee arthroplasty and determined the efficacy of tourniquet release either "before" (30 knees) or "after" (30 knees) wound closure. Measurements of total blood loss showed significant differences between the groups ("Before" group, 906 +/- 238 mL; "After" group, 731 +/- 332 mL; P = .0225). The levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit recovered to the preoperative levels by 3 months after surgery in both groups. In summary, we recommend that the tourniquet be released after wound closure and that a compressive dressing be applied with the aim of limiting or reducing perioperative blood loss without significant effects of the transfer requirement in the 2 groups, provided that tourniquet time is kept below 60 minutes to avoid ill effects of the tourniquet.     

不同干预措施对全膝关节置换术围手术期出血的影响

目的探讨止血带松开时机和引流管夹闭对全膝关节置换术(TKA)围手术期出血的影响。方法将70例单膝TKA治疗的膝骨关节炎患者分别采用术中关闭伤口前电凝止血后松开止血带、术后夹闭引流管6h(观察组,40例)和术中全程使用止血带、术后引流管处于自然开放引流状态(对照组,30例),观察两者的出血量及下肢静脉血栓形成情况。结果观察组术中出血量明显多于对照组(P0.05),但术后引流量、隐性失血量及总失血量均明显小于对照组(P0.05)。输血例数及输血量:观察组11例(27.5%),平均输血量2.7 U;对照组24例(80.0%),平均输血量3.4 U;两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。术后深、浅静脉血栓形成例数:观察组5例(12.5%),对照组1例(3.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术中闭合伤口前电凝止血后松开止血带、术后夹闭引流管6 h能够明显减少TKA围手术期的总出血量,但能增加下肢静脉血栓形成。     

Blood loss after total knee replacement. Effects of tourniquet release and continuous passive motion

We prospectively studied the cases of 121 patients who were being operated on for insertion of a unilateral total knee prosthesis with cement, and we placed them randomly in four groups. In Group I, the tourniquet was inflated throughout the operative procedure, and we released it postoperatively after a compressive dressing had been applied; a splint was used postoperatively for three days. In Group II, the tourniquet remained inflated throughout the operation, but no splint was applied postoperatively, and continuous passive motion was started immediately in the recovery room. In Group III, the tourniquet was released intraoperatively, and hemostasis was achieved by cauterization; postoperatively, a compressive dressing was applied, and a splint was used for three days. In Group IV, the tourniquet was released intraoperatively, hemostasis was established, and then the tourniquet was reinflated; a compressive dressing was applied, and continuous passive motion was started immediately in the recovery room. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were monitored in all patients. Blood loss in suction drainage was recorded, and the total blood loss was calculated. The results show that total knee arthroplasty is associated with major loss of blood (mean, 1518 milliliters). The calculated blood loss for Groups I, II, and III averaged 1443 milliliters, while that for Group IV averaged 1793 milliliters. Loss in suction drainage correlated with total estimated blood loss and averaged 511 milliliters. The magnitude of blood loss after total knee arthroplasty should be appreciated, and special attention should be paid to the availability of adequate fluid and blood products, preferably blood donated by the patient preoperatively.     

Release of ischaemia prior to wound closure in total knee arthroplasty: a better method?

We included 46 total knee arthroplasties (43 patients) in a prospective, randomised study, dividing them into two groups: group A (23 knees, 21 patients) in which the ischaemia was released prior to wound closure allowing control of bleeding and group B (23 knees, 22 patients) releasing the tourniquet after suturing and bandaging. We compared the haemoglobin before surgery and at 24 and 48 h postoperatively, the total blood loss and the transfusions that were needed. Student's t-test was used to analyse the data. The results we obtained were as follows: preoperative haemoglobin in group A was 14.21 g/dl and group B 14.28 g/dl; haemoglobin at 24/48 h for group A was 10.04/10.1 g/dl and group B 10.28/10.3 g/dl; total blood loss was 743.2 cc for group A and 692.5 cc for group B; the mean number of blood units transfused were 2 in group A and 1.8 in group B. No statistical differences were found in the data analysed, but one of the complications in group B was major blood loss right after surgery that needed reintervention. We assume that this could have been avoided if the tourniquet had been released beforehand. We conclude that releasing ischaemia prior to wound closure does not demonstrate a statistical difference, but like other authors, we found clinical advantages suggesting the need of further study of this situation.     

止血带在全膝关节置换术后近期作用评价

目的 探讨止血带在全膝关节置换术中的价值.方法 通过前瞻性随机对照研究,将60例拟行初次全膝关节置换的患者术前随机分为两组:一组用止血带(止血带组,n=30),一组不用止血带(非止血带组,n=30).以手术时间、围手术期失血量、术后吗啡用量、术后患肢肿胀及皮下淤血斑面积、患者膝关节活动作为评价指标,对两组进行比较.结果 两组手术时间无明显差异,止血带组术中出血量少于非止血带组,但两组围手术期总失血量无明显差异.术后吗啡用量、肢体肿胀、皮下淤斑面积、患肢直腿抬高及膝关节屈曲活动几项指标非止血带组优于止血带组,术后7d膝关节活动无显著差异.结论 应用止血带对全膝关节置换围手术期总失血量并无显著影响,但妨碍患者术后早期康复锻炼.     

充气止血带在膝关节置换术中的应用观察

目的探讨膝关节置换术中充气止血带的使用方法。方法回顾性研究我院自2005年1月至2008年12月,326例在我院行初次单侧膝关节置换手术患者的临床资料,根据术中止血带不同的使用方法,分为三组,A组126例,在假体安装完毕、骨水泥固化后放松止血带,术野充分止血后关闭切口;B组142例,在关闭切口,加压包扎后放松止血带;C组58例,未使用止血带。观察三组患者术中和术后失血、总失血量以及术后深静脉栓塞(DVT)并发症发生率。结果A组患者术中失血(242±120)ml和术后失血(214±156)ml,总失血量(467±232)ml,DVT发生率12.7%;B组患者术中失血(224±116)ml和术后失血(387±160)ml,总失血量(610±252)ml,DVT发生率26.8%;C组患者术中失血(463±246)ml和术后失血(184±112)ml,总失血量(654±303)ml,DVT发生率12.1%。结论膝关节置换术中使用充气止血带,在假体安装完毕、骨水泥固化后再放松止血带止血的方法能够减少围手术期失血,而且不增加DVT的发生率,是一种较好的止血带使用方法,对提高临床护理质量有重要意义。     

止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将连续入院的拟行初次全膝关节置换的80例患者随机分为两组:一组使用止血带(止血带组,40例),一组不使用止血带(非止血带组,40例).全部采用后十字韧带替代型骨水泥固定人工膝关节(Smith-Nephew),手术由同一组医生完成.比较两组患者围手术期失血量、深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞发生率、术中栓子面积百分率%Ae(即总栓子面积占右心房面积的百分率).术前及术后第1～10天行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察双下肢深静脉血栓的发生;术中使用经食道超声心动图监测右心房,评估止血带释放后的%Ae.结果 止血带组患者术中失血最小于非止血带组患者,但两组患者围手术期总失血量比较差异无统计学意义.止血带组患者和非止血带组患者深静脉血栓发生率比较无统计学差异,两组均未发生肺动脉栓塞.止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后的1 min达到高峰;非止血带组患者%Ae仅在扩髓和植入假体时出现高峰,然后缓慢下降;止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后大于非止血带组患者.结论 止血带的使用对全膝关节置换术围手术期总失血量并无明显影响,不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞的发生风险.     

止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨止血带对全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将连续入院的拟行初次全膝关节置换的80例患者随机分为两组:一组使用止血带(止血带组,40例),一组不使用止血带(非止血带组,40例).全部采用后十字韧带替代型骨水泥固定人工膝关节(Smith-Nephew),手术由同一组医生完成.比较两组患者围手术期失血量、深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞发生率、术中栓子面积百分率%Ae(即总栓子面积占右心房面积的百分率).术前及术后第1～10天行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察双下肢深静脉血栓的发生;术中使用经食道超声心动图监测右心房,评估止血带释放后的%Ae.结果 止血带组患者术中失血最小于非止血带组患者,但两组患者围手术期总失血量比较差异无统计学意义.止血带组患者和非止血带组患者深静脉血栓发生率比较无统计学差异,两组均未发生肺动脉栓塞.止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后的1 min达到高峰;非止血带组患者%Ae仅在扩髓和植入假体时出现高峰,然后缓慢下降;止血带组患者%Ae在释放止血带后大于非止血带组患者.结论 止血带的使用对全膝关节置换术围手术期总失血量并无明显影响,不增加深静脉血栓和肺栓塞的发生风险.     

全膝关节置换术中止血带使用方法对围手术期失血量及术后早期并发症的影响

目的探讨不同止血带使用方法在全膝关节置换（TKA）术中对围手术期失血量及术后早期并发症的影响。方法行单侧TKA的100例膝关节骨性关节炎,随机分成全程组（手术开始至假体安装完成使用止血带）和短时组（术中截骨完成后至假体安装完成使用止血带）,记录2组手术时间、使用止血带时间、肢体肿胀程度、围手术期总失血量、输血率、术后是否能主动直腿抬高、有无大腿疼痛,比较2组间的差异。结果2组间围手术期总失血量差异无统计学意义（P=0．380）;短时组输血率明显低于全程组（P〈0．001）;短时组术后早期并发症的发生率较全程组明显降低（P〈0．001）。结论TKA术中短时应用止血带并未增加围手术期总失血量,可降低输血率以及术后早期并发症的发生率,有利于患者术后早期康复。     

Relevance of wound drainage in total knee arthroplasty--a prospective comparative study

AIM: The benefits of postoperative wound drainage in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with regards to mobilisation and wound healing were studied. We wanted to determine the efficacy of an autologous blood retransfusion system. METHOD: 150 patients with TKA were divided into three groups of 50 patients: A) three wound drainages with an autotransfusion system and suction; B) no wound drainage; C) one intraarticular wound drainage without suction. Hemoglobin values, blood transfusion requirements, blood loss, postoperative range of motion, Insall knee score and rate of complications were observed and recorded. All patients were operated without tourniquets for lower blood loss. RESULTS: In the group of patients with wound drainage and a retransfusion system the requirement of postoperative additional blood transfusion was not significantly less than in the group without wound drainage. Group A had the highest blood loss of all. The group without wound drainage had more hematomas and wound healing complications. Best results were observed within the group with one intraarticular drainage without suction. The rate of complications was not increased and the blood transfusion requirements were the lowest. CONCLUSION: This study shows that total knee replacement involving one intraarticular wound drainage without suction attains the best results.     

Late Tourniquet Release and Drain Clamping Reduces Postoperative Blood Loss in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background

Many studies have investigated the effect of tourniquet release time and closed suction drainage in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, controversy remains as to the advisability of preclosure tourniquet release and the advisability of closed suction drain use following total knee arthroplasty.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of the study was to investigate if there is a benefit of performing tourniquet release after skin closure, along with drain clamping, for the first 6h following TKA.

Methods

Ninety-six patients underwent TKA between May 2009 and April 2010. Fourteen of these were excluded because of systemic diseases and simultaneous bilateral TKA. Twenty-nine of these were excluded due to use of a patellar component and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-sacrificing systems. Thus, 53 patients that underwent PCL-retaining cemented TKA were reviewed retrospectively. In the control group (group C), the tourniquet was released before skin closure, an attempt at hemostasis was made, and a compressive bandage was applied. The drain was not clamped in these patients. The test group of 23 patients (group T) had tourniquet release after skin closure and after the compressive bandage was applied. The drain was clamped for the first 6h after surgery. The two groups were compared as to the amount of drained blood, postoperative change in hemoglobin, postoperative complications, and knee function.

Results

We found that drained blood and hemoglobin drop were significantly lower in group T compared with group C. There was no difference regarding postoperative complications and knee function.

Conclusion

We conclude that tourniquet release after skin closure and compressive dressing followed by 6h of drain clamping reduces postoperative blood loss in TKR surgery.     

全膝关节置换术中使用止血带疗效与安全性的meta分析

目的 系统评价全膝关节置换术(TKA)中使用止血带疗效与安全性.方法 计算机检索Medline、PubMed、EMASE、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、Highwire、CNKI、VIP、万方数字期刊群,搜索国内外关于TKA中是否使用止血带的随机对照研究资料,采用RevMan 4.2.2软件进行meta分析.结果 纳入研究19篇,外文15篇,中文4篇,共计1159例膝关节置换术患者.meta 分析结果显示:TKA术中使用止血带与不使用止血带两组在术中失血量(P=0.000)、深静脉血栓(P=0.020)、大腿疼痛例数(P=0.000)、膝关节血肿例数(P=0.030)、切口感染例数(P=0.040)、皮肤淤斑面积(P＜0.000)、术后3 d膝关节周径增加率(P=0.000)方面差异有统计学意义,但在总失血量(P=0.100)、输血例数(P=0.150)、手术时间(P=0.120)、住院时间(P=0.350)、肺栓塞例数(P=0.310)、皮肤水泡例数(P=0.170)方面差异无统计学意义.结论 TKA中使用止血带能减少术中出血量,但并不减少总失血量与输血例数,不提高手术效率,不缩短住院时间,不促进术后膝关节功能恢复,且可能增加下肢深静脉血栓、切口感染、膝关节血肿与淤斑发生率,引起膝关节肿胀与大腿疼痛;建议在TKA中尽量少用止血带.     

全膝关节置换术中使用止血带疗效与安全性的meta分析

目的 系统评价全膝关节置换术(TKA)中使用止血带疗效与安全性.方法 计算机检索Medline、PubMed、EMASE、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、Highwire、CNKI、VIP、万方数字期刊群,搜索国内外关于TKA中是否使用止血带的随机对照研究资料,采用RevMan 4.2.2软件进行meta分析.结果 纳入研究19篇,外文15篇,中文4篇,共计1159例膝关节置换术患者.meta 分析结果显示:TKA术中使用止血带与不使用止血带两组在术中失血量(P=0.000)、深静脉血栓(P=0.020)、大腿疼痛例数(P=0.000)、膝关节血肿例数(P=0.030)、切口感染例数(P=0.040)、皮肤淤斑面积(P＜0.000)、术后3 d膝关节周径增加率(P=0.000)方面差异有统计学意义,但在总失血量(P=0.100)、输血例数(P=0.150)、手术时间(P=0.120)、住院时间(P=0.350)、肺栓塞例数(P=0.310)、皮肤水泡例数(P=0.170)方面差异无统计学意义.结论 TKA中使用止血带能减少术中出血量,但并不减少总失血量与输血例数,不提高手术效率,不缩短住院时间,不促进术后膝关节功能恢复,且可能增加下肢深静脉血栓、切口感染、膝关节血肿与淤斑发生率,引起膝关节肿胀与大腿疼痛;建议在TKA中尽量少用止血带.     

全膝关节置换术中使用止血带疗效与安全性的meta分析

目的 系统评价全膝关节置换术(TKA)中使用止血带疗效与安全性.方法 计算机检索Medline、PubMed、EMASE、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、Highwire、CNKI、VIP、万方数字期刊群,搜索国内外关于TKA中是否使用止血带的随机对照研究资料,采用RevMan 4.2.2软件进行meta分析.结果 纳入研究19篇,外文15篇,中文4篇,共计1159例膝关节置换术患者.meta 分析结果显示:TKA术中使用止血带与不使用止血带两组在术中失血量(P=0.000)、深静脉血栓(P=0.020)、大腿疼痛例数(P=0.000)、膝关节血肿例数(P=0.030)、切口感染例数(P=0.040)、皮肤淤斑面积(P＜0.000)、术后3 d膝关节周径增加率(P=0.000)方面差异有统计学意义,但在总失血量(P=0.100)、输血例数(P=0.150)、手术时间(P=0.120)、住院时间(P=0.350)、肺栓塞例数(P=0.310)、皮肤水泡例数(P=0.170)方面差异无统计学意义.结论 TKA中使用止血带能减少术中出血量,但并不减少总失血量与输血例数,不提高手术效率,不缩短住院时间,不促进术后膝关节功能恢复,且可能增加下肢深静脉血栓、切口感染、膝关节血肿与淤斑发生率,引起膝关节肿胀与大腿疼痛;建议在TKA中尽量少用止血带.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty.Method Studies on comparison between with and without tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty were identified from Medline, PubMed, EMASE, Cochrane Library, CBM, Highwire, CNKI, VIP, Articles Digital Periodicals. All the randomized controlled trials were included for meta-analysis with RevMan 4. 2. 2 software. Results Nineteen studies involving 15 in foreign languages, 4 in Chinese were identified. There were 1159 cases of knee replacement patients. The results of meta-analysis indicated that there were statistical difference between two groups on intraoperative blood loss ( P = 0. 000 ) , the number of deep venous thrombosis (P =0. 020) , thigh pain (P = 0. 000) , knee hematoma (P =0. 030) , wound infection (P =0. 040) , skin ecchymosis area (P =0. 000) , and the increasing rate of knee circumference of 3 days after the operation (P =0. 000) , while there were no statistical differences with respect to the total blood loss (P = 0. 100) , the number of blood transfusions ( P = 0. 150) , operation time ( P = 0. 120) , length of hospital stay (P = 0. 350) , the number of pulmonary embolism ( P = 0. 310) , and skin blisters (P =0. 170). Conclusions The tourniquet for total knee arthroplasty can reduce intraoperative blood loss, but can not reduce total blood loss and the number of blood transfusions transfusion, can not improve operative efficiency, can not shorten the hospitalization time and promote the knee joint functional recovery. Furthermore the tourniquet increases the probability of occurrence on deep vein thrombosis, wound infection, hematoma and ecchymosis knee, it also causes knee swelling and thigh pain. It suggests minimize to use tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty.