微小RNA和生殖

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一种长度约19～25个核苷酸的非编码RNA,通过碱基互补配对与mRNA的3’非翻译区结合降解靶基因或抑制其翻译,进行转录后负调控。迄今,上千种miRNA得到成功鉴定。miRNA不但在细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、组织更新和干细胞分化过程中发挥作用,且参与生殖细胞发育、成熟和胚胎早期发育、激素分泌等生殖调节。     

微小RNA和生殖

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一种长度约19～25个核苷酸的非编码RNA,通过碱基互补配对与mRNA的3’非翻译区结合降解靶基因或抑制其翻译,进行转录后负调控。迄今,上千种miRNA得到成功鉴定。miRNA不但在细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、组织更新和干细胞分化过程中发挥作用,且参与生殖细胞发育、成熟和胚胎早期发育、激素分泌等生殖调节。     

miRNA在宫颈癌中的研究进展

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类长度为19—25个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA。miRNA能够识别特定的目标mRNA,并在转录后通过促进mRNA的降解和（或）抑制翻译过程而发挥负调控基因表达作用。miRNA在生物进化过程中具有高度保守性、时序性和组织特异性,在细胞凋亡、脂肪代谢、神经元发育、细胞分化、激素分泌及肿瘤发生发展等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用。本文就近年来miRNA在宫颈癌方面的研究做一综述。     

微小RNA在卵泡发育中的作用

微小RNA (microRNA,miRNA)是一组不编码蛋白质的、长度约22～25个核苷酸的小分子RNA,通过碱基互补配对与靶mRNA的3'-非编码区结合降解靶基因或抑制其翻译,主要在转录或转录后水平调控细胞分化、增殖和凋亡,组织更新,新陈代谢和细胞寿命等生物过程.近年研究表明,miRNA在卵母细胞发育的各个阶段均有表达,并在卵巢中通过参与调节性腺发育、甾体类激素合成、排卵和黄体形成等,在卵泡发育和卵母细胞成熟等过程中发挥重要作用.miRNA的表达与卵泡正常生长发育密切相关.综述miRNA的作用机制和功能及其在卵泡发育各个阶段中作用的研究进展.     

血液中微小RNA检测与肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一组非编码的小分子RNA,由大约22个核苷酸组成,单链,内源性,广泛存在于生物界[1].miRNA与靶mRNA的3'端非编码区域(3'-untranslated region,3'-UTR)结合,通过靶mRNA切割或翻译抑制的方式发挥调控靶基因表达的作用.miRNA调控的很多靶基因都是生物体生长、发育、凋亡和代谢、肿瘤发生等许多过程中的关键成员.不同组织或细胞在不同阶段表达的miRNA种类和数量不同,其表达具有高度的组织特异性、保守性和时序性.     

miRNA在肺癌中的临床应用研究

微小RNA（miRNA）为长约19～25个核苷酸的内源性非编码单链RNA,与靶序列RNA的3’端非编码区相结合后,能抑制蛋白质翻译,调节靶基因表达。研究表明在肺癌及相关组织中检测到多种miRNA表达异常,这些异常可为临床工作者在早期诊断、术前评估、预后及治疗方面带来福音。该文对miRNA在肺癌中的早期诊断、侵袭及转移、预后、治疗等临床应用在国内外研究现状进行综述。     

环状RNA的生物学功能及在泌尿系肿瘤中临床研究进展

环状RNA属于内源性非编码RNA的一种,在泌尿系常见肿瘤中的功能包括:通过海绵作用抑制miRNA的功能;结合不同的RBPs;调控mRNA的稳定性;直接翻译蛋白。其在泌尿系肿瘤中的临床意义包括作为肿瘤标志物、治疗中的新靶点和肿瘤耐药。     

微小RNA在生殖发育领域中的研究进展

微小RNA（micro RNA,miRNA）是一类新发现的非编码的调控RNA,其主要在转录水平或转录后水平上发挥调控效应,控制着生长发育、分化、代谢和疾病等许多生物过程。miRNA调控精子与卵子的减数分裂,影响配子的生长发育。参与植入前小鼠胚胎早期发育时序的调节,干预植入过程中相关基因的表达。而且涉及到干细胞的自我更新与多潜能性的维持,控制多能胚胎干细胞潜系的决定。生殖细胞miRNA的异常表达与生育能力障碍存在一定相关性。就miRNA相关机制和功能,主要检测方法及其在生殖发育领域中研究进展综述。     

微小RNA在生殖发育领域中的研究进展

微小RNA（micro RNA, miRNA）是一类新发现的非编码的调控RNA,其主要在转录水平或转录后水平上发挥调控效应,控制着生长发育、分化、代谢和疾病等许多生物过程。miRNA调控精子与卵子的减数分裂,影响配子的生长发育。参与植入前小鼠胚胎早期发育时序的调节,干预植入过程中相关基因的表达。而且涉及到干细胞的自我更新与多潜能性的维持,控制多能胚胎干细胞谱系的决定。生殖细胞miRNA的异常表达与生育能力障碍存在一定相关性。就miRNA相关机制和功能,主要检测方法及其在生殖发育领域中研究进展综述。     

MicroRNA在感染性疾病相关肿瘤中作用的进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类近年来新发现的非编码小RNA分子,广泛存在于动物、植物和病毒中。通过与靶mRNA3'端非翻译区完全或不完全互补配对,调控靶基因的表达或翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动,其表达失调会导致疾病的发生。本文就miRNA在感染性疾病相关肿瘤中的作用研究进行简要综述。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.