The embryo toxicity of hydrosalpinx fluid is only apparent at high concentrations: an in vitro model that stimulates in vivo events

OBJECTIVE: To simulate the in vivo model in studying the effect of hydrosalpinx fluid on embryonic development. DESIGN: Controlled prospective study. SETTING: Academic research center. PATIENT(S): Five hundred eighty-seven two-cell murine embryos. INTERVENTION(S): Embryos were grown under two sets of conditions. Half were cultured using 10% fetal calf serum in RPM1 medium in varying concentrations of hydrosalpinx fluid (0, 1%, 10%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). To more closely mimic the in vivo environment, the other half were grown in an endometrial coculture system with the same media and hydrosalpinx fluid concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Embryonic development. RESULT(S): For each stage of embryogenesis, diminished development was noted with increasing concentrations of hydrosalpinx fluid. In the group of embryos grown without endometrial coculture, only at a minimum concentration of 50% hydrosalpinx fluid was diminished development noted for the blastocyst, hatching, and outgrowth stages. When an endometrial coculture system was used, development was not inhibited until exposure to a minimum of 75% hydrosalpinx fluid. Embryogenesis was enhanced when an endometrial coculture system was used for each concentration of hydrosalpinx fluid. CONCLUSION(S): When a model is used that more accurately mimics the in vivo conditions of IVF-ET in a patient with hydrosalpinges, it appears that high concentrations of hydrosalpinx fluid are required to signiticantly impede embryogenesis. The endometrium appears to help detoxify hydrosalpinx fluid.     

孕激素及间质细胞培养液对原代培养内膜腺上皮HOXA11基因表达的影响

目的:探讨间质细胞是否参与了孕激素对子宫内膜腺上皮的调控,及其初步的作用机制。方法:将增生期子宫内膜间质细胞经激素处理后进行培养,提取培养液。用浓度为30%的提取培养液对腺上皮细胞进行原代培养,当细胞生长融合时,加入孕酮或孕雌激素培养4h、24h。提取细胞总RNA,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测腺上皮细胞HOXA11基因表达量。结果:当内膜腺上皮细胞中含有30%经孕激素处理的间质细胞培养液时,加入孕激素或孕、雌激素后其HOXA11基因,在培养4h时表达量有下降趋势;24h时,表达量下降明显;而用RU486预处理后再加入孕激素或雌孕激素,腺上皮细胞HOXA11基因表达量与对照组无差异;当上皮细胞中含有30%经RU486预处理后,再加入孕激素处理的间质细胞培养液时,孕激素或孕、雌激素对内膜腺上皮HOXA11表达的负调控作用在4h时消失;24h时,转为正调控(HOXA11基因表达量增加)。结论:孕激素对内膜腺上皮HOXA11基因的负调控作用需要问质细胞分泌的孕激素依赖因子的参与,而且由间质细胞和内膜腺上皮中的孕激素受体共同介导完成这一负调控作用。     

HOXA10基因在子宫内膜组织中的表达及与不孕的关系

目的　探讨HOXA10基因在正常育龄妇女及不明原因不孕患者子宫内膜中的表达 ,在着床过程中的作用及与不孕的关系。方法　采用原位杂交和逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)技术 ,检测 5 2例正常育龄妇女及 38例不明原因不孕患者子宫内膜组织中HOXA10基因mRNA的表达。其中 ,正常育龄妇女子宫内膜周期为 10例增殖早期、10例增殖晚期、9例分泌早期、16例分泌中期、7例分泌晚期 ,不明原因不孕患者子宫内膜周期为增殖早期 7例、增殖晚期 8例、分泌早期 6例、分泌中期 11例、分泌晚期 6例。结果　 (1)HOXA10基因mRNA在正常育龄妇女子宫内膜腺体及间质中均有表达。原位杂交法检测 (以显色区灰度阳性单位表示 )显示 ,分泌中期腺体为 5 6 9± 0 5 7、间质为 7 48± 0 6 7,分泌晚期腺体为 5 99± 0 40、间质为 7 98± 1 0 8,显著高于增殖早期 (腺体 3 0 4± 0 30 ,间质3 2 5± 0 31)、晚期 (腺体 3 35± 0 2 0 ,间质 3 2 0± 0 37)和分泌早期 (腺体 3 0 7± 0 2 6 ,间质 3 18± 0 2 7)(P <0 0 1) ;分泌中、晚期间质表达高于腺体 (P <0 0 1)。RT PCR法检测显示 ,HOXA10基因mRNA表达 ,分泌中期为 (5 7 0± 3 4) %、晚期为 (5 6 2± 2 9) % ,显著高于增殖早期的 (31 8± 2 6 ) %、晚期的(32 2± 2 3) %和     

HOXA10在子宫内膜癌中的表达及调控机制探讨

目的:探讨HOXA10在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达情况,以及miRNA135a对HOXA10表达的调控和对子宫内膜癌细胞侵袭能力的影响。方法:通过靶基因预测确定miRNA135a与HOXA10的相关性。应用免疫组化法检测HOXA10在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达。通过脂质体转染法瞬时转染HEC-1B和Ishikawa细胞系建立瞬时过表达miRNA135a模型。Real-time PCR和Western blot法检测转染前后HOXA10 mRNA和蛋白水平表达的变化,通过划痕实验、Transwell侵袭实验观察细胞侵袭和迁移能力的变化。结果:子宫内膜癌中HOXA10表达水平显著低于正常子宫内膜组织(P0.01);过表达miRNA135a后,HEC-1B和Ishikawa细胞的迁移和侵袭能力显著增强,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),两种细胞中HOXA10 mRNA和蛋白水平均显著降低(P0.01)。结论:子宫内膜癌中miRNA135a通过抑制HOXA10促进内膜癌细胞的侵袭和迁移能力,参与子宫内膜癌生物学行为的调控。     

HOXA10的辅因子Meis1、Pbx1在人子宫内膜中的表达

目的:探讨HOXA10的两个辅因子Pbx1和Meis1在人正常子宫内膜中的表达及其变化规律。方法:采用原位杂交进行组织学定位,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行半定量,在mRNA水平上检测人正常月经周期子宫内膜中Pbx1和Meis1的表达水平。结果:Meis1在子宫内膜基质细胞和腺上皮细胞均有表达,其中腺上皮细胞的表达高于基质细胞;增生期Meis1仅有弱表达,分泌期显著增加(P<0.05),以分泌中期表达最强(P<0.05)。在整个月经周期中并未检测到Pbx1的表达。结论:Meis1作为HOXA10的辅因子,在人正常子宫内膜中规律性的表达,可能对HOXA10介导的胚胎着床发挥着重要作用。     

输卵管积水妇女种植窗期子宫内膜胞饮小泡及部分种植因子的变化

目的:探讨输卵管积水对种植窗期子宫内膜胞饮小泡及种植因子integrinβ3、MUC1及LIF表达的影响。方法:选择接受IVF治疗的20例输卵管积水妇女(积水组)及21例因男性因素所致不孕的妇女(对照组),在种植窗期间通过扫描电镜观察子宫内膜表面胞饮小泡的形态、密度,免疫组织化学分析种植因子integrinβ3、MUC1及LIF的表达。结果:对照组成熟期胞饮小泡所占比例以及胞饮小泡的密度与积水组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。integrinβ3、LIF及MUC1在正常对照组的腺上皮细胞和腔上皮细胞中的表达强度均明显高于积水组,integrinβ3在间质细胞中表达亦明显高于积水组。结论:integrinβ3、MUC1及LIF受积水的影响较胞饮小泡更为敏感,先于子宫内膜表面超微结构受到改变,可能是造成胚胎种植率下降的主要原因之一。     

miRNA-135a对子宫内膜异位症HOXA10基因表达的调控的研究

目的:探讨miRNA-135a对子宫内膜异位症(EMs)中HOXA10基因表达的调控作用。方法:选取2013年1月到12月在天津市中心妇产科医院因EMs和单纯卵巢囊肿行腹腔镜手术的患者各80例。留取EMs患者的宫腔内膜组织(EMs在位内膜组)和异位内膜组织(EMs异位内膜组)以及单纯卵巢囊肿患者的宫腔内正常内膜组织。分别采用转染技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术检测miRNA-135a和HOXA10 mRNA的表达。结果:miRNA-135a和HOXA10 mRNA在不同月经周期表达水平不同。增殖期和分泌中期,EMs在位和异位内膜组织中miRNA-135a表达水平显著高于正常内膜,HOXA10 mRNA表达水平显著低于正常内膜,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);EMs在位和异位内膜组织比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。经miRNA-135a、miRNA-135a抑制剂转染后,子宫内膜间质细胞中HOXA10 mRNA表达水平显著下降和升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:EMs患者子宫内膜中HOXA10异常表达受miRNA-135a调控,miRNA-135a高表达抑制了HOXA10基因表达。     

Endometrial polyps affect uterine receptivity

This case-control study evaluated the effect of hysteroscopically identified endometrial polyps on endometrium by means of HOXA10 and HOXA11, known molecular markers of endometrial receptivity. Uteri with endometrial polyps demonstrated a marked decrease in HOXA10 and HOXA11 messenger RNA levels, which may impair implantation. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism to support the clinical findings of diminished pregnancy rates in women with endometrial polyps.     

HOXA10 gene expression in human fallopian tube and ectopic pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: The molecular mechanisms underlying ectopic implantation have not been well characterized. Here we investigate HOXA10 gene expression at the site of ectopic implantation as compared with the endometrium and with the normal fallopian tube. STUDY DESIGN: Northern blot analysis was used to evaluate HOXA10 gene messenger RNA level in various segments of normal pregnant and nonpregnant human fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, and endometrium. RESULTS: Normal human fallopian tube expressed minimal levels of HOXA10 gene messenger RNA in the nonpregnant state. A trend toward a greater expression of HOXA10 gene was observed in the normal fallopian tube during pregnancy, but the difference was not statistically significant (P =.075). HOXA10 gene messenger RNA expression was up-regulated significantly at the site of implantation in ectopic pregnancy (P <.001), and its expression approached that of the endometrium during normal pregnancy (P =.33). CONCLUSION: HOXA10 gene expression is up-regulated at the ectopic implantation site in the fallopian tube, approaching that of the endometrium in normal intrauterine gestation. Inherently increased HOXA10 gene expression in the fallopian tube or dysregulation of HOXA10 gene expression by an abnormally implanting blastocyst may play a role in ectopic implantation.     

HOXA-11基因与不孕及妊娠失败关系的研究

目的 :研究HOXA 11基因与不孕及妊娠失败的关系。方法 :选择 4 1例不明原因不孕症患者及 30例难免流产患者 ,同时选择 2 8例正常未孕者及 18例正常早期妊娠者分别作为对照组 ,留取子宫内膜或蜕膜组织。子宫内膜标本通过组织学检查分为增生期或分泌期。难免流产及正常妊娠组均妊娠 6～ 9周。采用原位杂交方法检测所有子宫内膜或蜕膜组织中的HOXA 11基因mRNA的表达。结果 :整个月经周期子宫内膜腺上皮细胞及间质细胞中均有HOXA 11基因mRNA表达 ,并因月经周期不同而有所波动。HOXA 11基因mRNA在分泌中晚期子宫内膜间质细胞中阳性表达率为 10 0 % ,在增生期子宫内膜间质细胞中的阳性表达率为 6 3.6 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;在不明原因不孕症患者中HOXA 11基因失去了它在正常子宫内膜表达的周期性变化 ,而且基因表达缺失明显。HOX A 11基因在正常增生期及分泌期子宫内膜腺上皮细胞或间质细胞中的阳性表达率分别为90 .9%、82 .4 %和 6 3.6 %、10 0 % ,在不孕症增生期及分泌期子宫内膜两种细胞的阳性表达率分别为 38.9%、4 7.8%和 2 2 .2 %、39.1% ,两组分别比较 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;HOXA 11基因在正常早期妊娠蜕膜细胞中持续表达 ,其阳性表达率均为 10 0 % ,在难免流产蜕膜细胞中的阳性表达     

Effect of hydrosalpinx fluid on secretion of trophoblastic matrix metalloproteinases

OBJECTIVE: To determine if hydrosalpinx fluid affects trophoblastic metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion. DESIGN: Measurement of the effect of hydrosalpinx and peritoneal fluids (as controls) added to the medium on the MMPs secreted by cytotrophoblastic cells. SETTING: Academic research center. PATIENT(S): Five samples of hydrosalpinx fluid were obtained at the time of ovocyte retrieval. Three samples of peritoneal fluids were collected at laparoscopic sterilization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The concentration and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, the concentration of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1), and the total gelatinolytic activity of the cytotrophoblastic cells were measured in the culture medium. RESULT(S): Hydrosalpinx significantly stimulated MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1. The net result was a significant stimulation of the total gelatinolytic activity. Peritoneal fluids increased MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 concentrations, but the total gelatinolytic activity was not modified. CONCLUSION(S): In contrast to peritoneal fluids, hydrosalpinx stimulates the total gelatinolytic activity of cytotrophoblastic cells. This might indicate that the effect of hydrosalpinx on implantation rates may not be due to an inhibition of the capacity of an embryo to invade the endometrium. However, the stimulatory effect of hydrosalpinx on the net gelatinolytic activity could partly explain the increased incidence of ectopic pregnancies that have been described in the presence of hydrosalpinx.     

Endometrial osteopontin, a ligand of beta3-integrin, is maximally expressed around the time of the "implantation window"

OBJECTIVE: To analyze endometrial mRNA and protein expression of osteopontin and its receptor, beta3-integrin, throughout the menstrual cycle. DESIGN: Study by immunohistochemistry, RNase protection assay, and ELISA. SETTING: Academic research unit. PATIENT(S): Forty-five regularly cycling women without endometrial pathology. INTERVENTION(S): Expression of endometrial osteopontin and beta3-integrin mRNA was analyzed by RNase protection assay in endometrium, endometrial epithelial cells, stromal cells, and endometrial leukocytes (CD45) and by immunohistochemistry in frozen sections of endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. Concentration of osteopontin was studied in uterine secretions by ELISA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): mRNA and protein expression of osteopontin and beta3-integrin. RESULT(S): Osteopontin mRNA and protein was weakly expressed in the proliferative phase and maximally expressed in the mid to late secretory phases in endometrium, endometrial epithelial cells, and endometrial leukocytes and in uterine secretions. Beta3-integrin mRNA and protein were expressed in stromal cells throughout the menstrual cycle and were maximally expressed in epithelial cells in the mid to late secretory phases. CONCLUSION(S): Expression of osteopontin and its receptor, beta3-integrin, in human endometrial glands and osteopontin secretion into the uterine cavity around the time of the "implantation window" suggest a role for these proteins in endometrial function and implantation.     

Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding steroidogenic enzymes in postmenopausal ovaries

To investigate expression of steroidogenic enzymes involved in androgen and estrogen synthesis in the stroma of postmenopausal ovaries.Ovarian stromal tissue samples were obtained at hysterectomy from postmenopausal women who had hysterectomy and oophorectomy. Tissues were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and kept frozen until RNA was extracted. Total RNA was examined by Northern blot analysis using (32)P-labeled cDNA probes encoding human P450 side chain cleavage (P450(SSC)), P450(17alpha), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450(arom)). Concentrations of mRNA encoding cytochrome P450(SSC), cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17), and P450(arom) were determined in the ovarian stroma.We detected P450(SSC) mRNA in all postmenopausal ovaries studied. P450(SSC) mRNA was increased threefold in the ovarian stroma of postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer and endometrial hyperplasia. CYP17 mRNA was detected in the ovarian stroma of all women with endometrial cancer. P450(arom) mRNA was not detected in the ovaries studied.Postmenopausal ovaries possess enzymes for initiation of steroidogenesis. Enzymes essential for androgen synthesis were expressed in the ovarian stroma of postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer or hyperplasia.     

Metformin modulates IL-8, IL-1β, ICAM and IGFBP-1 expression in human endometrial stromal cells

To evaluate the effects of metformin on endometrial stromal cell gene expression and on the decidualization process, endometrial biopsies were collected from five healthy, regularly cycling women. Stromal cell culture was performed and decidualized with oestrogen/progesterone in the presence or absence of metformin and thereafter stimulated with insulin. The effect of metformin on decidualization was analysed by prolactin determination in the cell culture supernatant. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), interleukin (IL) 8 and 1β and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) was analysed by real-time PCR. Decidualization was significantly diminished in cells incubated with metformin (P<0.05) accompanied by a significant reduction of prolactin secretion in the supernatant (day 10: 2.2 fold, P<0.05; day 15: 3.1 fold, P<0.05). IGFBP-1 gene expression was reduced after long-term metformin exposure (7.7 fold, P<0.05). The negative effect of insulin on IL-8 (4.8 fold) and IL-1β (9.3 fold) gene expression was similarly found in cells incubated with metformin. As far as is known, this is the first demonstration of a change in endometrial gene and protein expression after in-vitro stimulation with metformin, including a diminished decidualization process and changes in genes relevant to implantation.     

来曲唑对大鼠子宫内膜α_vβ_3和HOXA10表达的影响

目的:探讨应用来曲唑促排卵对大鼠围着床期子宫内膜整合素αvβ3和HOXA10表达的影响。方法:将60只Wistar雌鼠随机等分为3组:来曲唑组(letrozole,LE组),克罗米芬组(clomiphenecitrate,CC组),生理盐水组(NS组),分别进行促排卵。用免疫组化法观察大鼠围着床期子宫内膜腺上皮整合素αvβ3的表达变化;应用RT-PCR和Westenblot方法观察大鼠围着床期子宫内膜HOXA10表达情况。结果:LE组大鼠子宫内膜αvβ3表达与NS组无差异(P>0.05),但LE组显著高于CC组(P>0.01);NS组HOXA10表达高于LE组(P>0.05),LE组HOXA10表达高于CC组(P>0.01)。结论:来曲唑促排卵对大鼠子宫内膜容受性的抑制作用比克罗米芬小,有可能成为较为合适的促排卵药物之一。     

输卵管积液对小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响

目的 :了解输卵管积液是否具有胚治毒性。方法 :收集兔输卵管液和机械诱导的输卵管积液 ;小鼠超数排卵 ,收集 2 -细胞胚胎 ,随机分配到含有不同浓度输卵管积液、输卵管液 (正常对照 )和培养液 (空白对照 )中培养 ,观察并记录胚胎形态 ,同时测定新形成囊胚的细胞数和有丝分裂指数。结果 :1 0 0 %输卵管积液组囊胚形成率和胚胎孵化率均明显低于两对照组 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;而低浓度 (2 0 %和 1 0 % )积液组囊胚形成率和胚胎孵化率与两对照组相比 ,均无明显差异。各实验组囊胚的细胞数和有丝分裂指数均明显低于两对照组(P<0 .0 5)。结论 :机械诱导的输卵管积液 ,会影响早期种植前胚胎质量