100例老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重的临床分析

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重的发生，发展及治疗。方法 2003年9月到2004年2月，我院65岁以上的老年COPD急性加重的住院患者。结果 100例中合并慢性肺源性心脏病59例、冠心病17例、原发性高血压41例、合并高血压性心脏病12例、糖尿病14例、老年瓣膜性心脏病7例；发生心衰52例、呼吸衰竭37例、肾功能不全23例、肝功能不全8例、心律失常7例；其中合并1种其他脏器病变的患者24例，合并2种其他脏器病变的患者33例，合并3种及3种以上其他脏器病变的患者37例；死亡8例。合并1种其他脏器病变(1例)12．5％，合并2种其他脏器的病变(2例)25％，合并3种及3种以上其他脏器的病变(5例)62．5％；死亡组与非死亡组患者入院时的血白细胞，动脉血气等实验室指标比较，统计测定显著性差异。结论 老年呼吸道防御功能下降招致的呼吸道反复感染，可能是老年人COPD发病率增加的原因；老年COPD病患者多合并呼吸，心脏和其他脏器的病变；急性加重患者的处理，应在积极抗感染的同时注意其他脏器合并症和功能衰竭的治疗。     

应用糖皮质激素治疗老年COPD合并哮喘的临床评价

按照 1995年美国 ATS制定的标准 ,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是由慢性支气管炎或肺气肿引起的气流阻塞 ,其程度呈进行性发展 ,可能伴有气道高反应性 ,部分表现是可逆的〔1〕。1996年在西班牙 COPD研讨会上 ,曾有人提出慢性支气管炎发生哮喘时可称之为伴重叠综合征的 COPD(COPD overlapsyndrome)〔2〕 ,而不认为喘息性支气管炎是一种独立的疾病。这种观念上的更新也提示在 COPD合并哮喘的治疗中糖皮质激素对于控制气道炎症 ,缓解气道高反应性有很大的应用价值。本文将探讨 6 0岁以上 COPD合并哮喘患者应用糖皮质激素治疗效果。1　材…     

慢性心力衰竭合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年患者预后影响因素

目的评价因慢性心力衰竭(CHF)住院的病人慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的患病率及预后的影响因素。方法收集2008年1月至2011年12月因CHF住院的918例老年(>60岁)病人,其中CHF合并COPD患者217例,另外701例CHF患者未合并COPD,随访观察1年后两组结局事件发生率及预后。结果年龄、糖尿病、外周血管疾病、脑卒中与合并COPD是老年CHF病人死亡的危险因素(P<0.05)。合并COPD的老年CHF病人的死亡、发生急性心肌梗死或脑卒中,因CHF再次住院的危险性比未合并COPD的老年CHF病人显著增高(P<0.05),对因其他原因再次住院无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论 COPD是CHF常见的并存疾病,而且是因CHF住院老年病人发生死亡或心血管疾病的危险因素。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的腺病毒潜在感染

目的：观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）缓解期腺病毒感染情况,探讨腺病毒在COPD发病中的作用。方法：采用PCR方法对10例COPD患者,12例慢性支气管炎患者,6例支气管哮喘患者及8名健康志愿支气管上皮细胞及肺泡巨噬细胞DNA进行腺病毒早期转录单位（EIA）基因检测。结果：22例COPD与慢性支气管炎患者中检出E1A阳性6例,占27％;其中COPD患者EIA阳性5例。占本组COPD患者的50％,慢性支气管炎患者EIA阳性1例,占本组慢性支气管炎患者的8％;在支气管哮喘和健康志愿者均未检出EIA DAN,COPD组与慢性支气管炎组相比差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：在COPD稳定期存在腺病毒潜在感染,其在气流阻塞发生和发展的作用值得进一步研究。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的危险因素

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)发生的危险因素.方法 通过整群抽样法,回顾性分析55例老年COPD患者的临床资料,将其纳入对照组;回顾性分析同时期收治的55例老年COPD合并IPA患者的临床资料,将其纳入观察组.记录两组一般人口学资料、治疗措施、机械通气等指标,分析老年COPD患者合并IPA的危险因素.结果 入住ICU、并发糖尿病、有创操作、机械通气、使用类固醇及抗生素时间较长、血清白蛋白含量较低及病情较严重均是导致老年COPD合并IPA的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05).结论 临床应提高COPD患者IPA感染认知,加强预防,对疑似患者应早期完善相关检查,早诊断、早治疗,以改善患者预后,提高生存质量.     

老年慢性鼻-鼻窦炎及伴鼻息肉患者并发支气管哮喘和肺功能下降相关性

目的探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎与老年支气管哮喘的相关性。方法慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的患者70例分为单纯性慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(A组,n=31)和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(B组,n=39)两组,观察不同分期慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者的支气管哮喘和变应性鼻炎的发病率、不同分期慢性鼻-鼻窦炎合并哮喘患者的肺功能、不同分级慢性鼻-鼻窦炎合并鼻息肉患者的支气管哮喘和变应性鼻炎的发病率、有哮喘的不同分级慢性鼻-鼻窦炎合并鼻息肉患者的肺功能、两组患者与合并哮喘患者的鼻内镜、鼻窦CT和症状的评分。结果 A组病程明显低于B组(P=0.009);单纯性慢性鼻-鼻窦炎Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期患者并发支气管哮喘的概率有显著差异(P=0.031);8例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎合并哮喘患者的各分期肺功能有显著差异(P=0.028);单纯鼻窦炎合并哮喘患者的症状评分明显高于单纯鼻窦炎患者(P<0.01)。鼻息肉合并哮喘患者的症状评分明显高于鼻息肉患者(P<0.01)。结论单纯性慢性鼻-鼻窦炎与老年患者支气管哮喘发病率及肺功能下降密切相关,鼻窦炎老年患者合并支气管哮喘能够显著增加临床症状。     

50例老年支气管哮喘住院患者的临床资料分析

目的探讨老年支气管哮喘住院患者的临床诊断和治疗特点。方法分析50例老年支气管哮喘住院患者的临床资料,结合文献报道加以总结。结果老年支气管哮喘患者首次发病诱因和急性加重诱因主要是上呼吸道感染;合并COPD、心律失常、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病比例较高;中重度住院患者比例较高。结论老年支气管哮喘患者在治疗中要考虑心源性哮喘和支气管纵隔肿瘤发生可能;应加强对患者哮喘防治知识的教育,治疗中及时正确评估病情,交代病情和观察病情及治疗反应。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并陈旧性肺结核患者抑郁相关因素调查研究

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)合并陈旧性肺结核患者抑郁相关影响因素.方法 对比分析老年COPD合并陈旧性肺结核120例、单纯COPD110例患者的一般资料,肺功能,血气分析结果,COPD Assessment Test (CAT)、...     

004 依那普利治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴发高血压

近年文献报告在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中有6.8％～76.3％(平均34.3％)伴发高血压。伴发高血压不仅增加发生心血管并发症的危险性,而且对COPD的经过不利。所以对这些患者选择理想的抗高血压药物及时进行治疗十分必要。Belov等人曾对50例老年COPD患者进行了系统观察,结果发现有28例(56％)伴发高血压。本文报告作者用依那普利对老年COPD伴发高血压患者进行治疗的研究结果。对象与方法共选择28例老年COPD(其中慢性支气管炎急性发作期15例,支气管哮喘恶化期13例)伴发高血压患者为研究对象,男女各14例,平均年龄65±1.3岁。全部患     

慢性阻塞性肺病并发自发性气胸的呼吸指导和护理体会

慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）是一种由慢性支气管炎合并肺气肿引起的气流阻塞，尤其老年患者反复呼吸道炎症发作，自身肺功能又较差，易并发气胸，因此，做好COPD并发气胸患者的观察和护理，是降低病死率的一个重要方面。我科2005年1月至2006年12月共收治28例此类患者，现将其护理体会介绍如下。     

Disease Burden of Patients with Asthma/COPD Overlap in a US Claims Database: Impact of ICD-9 Coding-based Definitions

The inclusion of an asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS) population in the 2015 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease strategic documents has raised questions about the profile of these patients in clinical practice, as they are mostly excluded from asthma and COPD clinical trials. We estimated the disease burden, co-morbidities, and respiratory treatments of patients with asthma/COPD overlap, utilizing the Truven MarketScan commercial and Medicare databases. Patients with ≥1 COPD or chronic obstructive asthma diagnostic code were identified between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2011. The asthma/COPD overlap group was defined and stratified based upon type and frequency of asthma diagnostic code (chronic obstructive asthma only, COPD and chronic obstructive asthma, and COPD and ≥1 asthma code). 1,488,613 patients were identified; of these, 1,171,626 were diagnosed with COPD alone and 316,987 with asthma/COPD overlap. Patients with asthma and COPD had higher disease burden indicators and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist use compared with COPD alone. This trend was consistent for all definitions of asthma/COPD overlap. Patients with obstructive asthma and COPD tended to be older, with greater disease burden compared with other definitions; this population may represent a more severe form of asthma/COPD overlap. Disease burden and treatment also varied based on the codes defining asthma/COPD overlap, indicating possible phenotypic differences. More clinical insight and detailed phenotyping is needed to determine the reasons for coding variation in asthma/COPD overlap, with implications for further research to address unmet needs.     

Clinical application of a simple questionnaire for the differentiation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly prevalent chronic diseases characterized by airflow limitation. Both diseases have a distinct pathogenesis and require unique treatment approaches. Due to some common characteristic traits, asthma and COPD are often lumped together in clinical practice. We sought to develop a simple questionnaire for the distinction of asthma and COPD. METHODS: Clinical discriminants of asthma and COPD were retrospectively identified by multiple logistic regression using files from 547 consecutive adult patients presenting to a pulmonary specialist practice with a diagnosis of asthma or COPD. With these features, we generated a simple quantitative questionnaire supporting a diagnosis of COPD with high scores and asthma with low scores (range 0-15 points). Questionnaire results were compared with physician's diagnosis based on GINA and GOLD guidelines including skin tests, spirometry and reversibility data. RESULTS: 210 patients had COPD and 337 had asthma. Age of onset, smoking history, atopy status, and cough quality were significantly associated with a diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Questionnaire scores for COPD patients were higher than those for asthmatics (mean score 10.5+/-0.18 vs. 4+/-0.12, P<0.0001). Receiver operational characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed a cutoff score of 7 with the highest discriminant power (87.6% sensitivity, 87.2% specificity for COPD, 87.4% correctly classified, area under the ROC curve: 0.954). The overlap between asthma and COPD (score 6-8) comprised about 20% of the total population, these patients included a higher proportion of COPD patients with atopy, and smoking asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with obstructive airway diseases, a simple questionnaire can support the differentiation of asthma and COPD in everyday clinical practice. Further prospective trials are necessary to confirm these initial observations.     

The influence of co-morbidity on health-related quality of life in asthma and COPD patients

This study examines the association between somatic co-morbidity and both general and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A cross-sectional analysis was done among 161 COPD patients and 395 asthma patients, aged 40-75 years, recruited from general practice. In the total study population, 47% had no, 32% had one, and 21% had two or more somatic co-morbid conditions, with no significant differences between asthma and COPD patients. Co-morbidity appeared to be associated with poor disease-specific HRQoL in asthma [odds ratio (OR) = 2.08 (1.37-3.18)] and with poor general HRQoL in asthma [OR = 2.96 (1.93-4.53)] and COPD [1.81 (0.91-3.60)] patients. Poorest HRQoL was found in patients with more than one co-morbid condition. Cardiac disease and hypertension were associated with poor disease-specific HRQoL in asthma. Of all co-morbid conditions, musculoskeletal disorders were most strongly associated with poor general HRQoL. Cardiac disease was found to be associated with general and disease-specific HRQoL in asthma but not in COPD. In studies on patients with asthma or COPD aged 40-75 years, co-morbidity should be treated as a determinant of HRQoL.     

Evidence of mast-cell activation in a subset of patients with eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Although asthma has been viewed mainly as an eosinophilic disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a neutrophilic disease, recent studies have shown increased neutrophil counts in severe asthma and sputum eosinophilia in some COPD patients. In an attempt to further characterise these two syndromes according to pathology, the current authors have conducted a study of induced sputum in 15 subjects with COPD, 17 asthmatics, and 17 nonatopic healthy individuals. Sputum was analysed for cytology and levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), albumin, tryptase and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The COPD subjects differed from the asthmatics as they had higher sputum neutrophil and lower columnar epithelial cell counts, but there were no differences in any soluble marker studied. When compared to control subjects, both the asthmatic and COPD subjects had raised eosinophil counts and ECP levels. In a subset of COPD subjects with sputum eosinophilia (>3% of total cells), significantly increased levels of tryptase were detected. In conclusion, although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a more neutrophilic disease than asthma, the two diseases are difficult to distinguish on the basis of sputum levels of the soluble markers traditionally associated with asthma. However, a subset of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with airway eosinophilia and mast-cell activation might represent a distinct pathological phenotype.     

Inhaled insulin in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The effect of inhaled insulin in subjects with diabetes and chronic lung disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is of particular interest because these diseases are quite common, and it is likely that patients with asthma or COPD who are poorly controlled on oral agents and are reluctant to start subcutaneous insulin would benefit from inhaled insulin to improve their glucose control. Since patients with asthma or COPD have varied pulmonary symptoms and abnormal pulmonary function, it is important to establish the pulmonary safety and efficacy of inhaled insulin in subjects with diabetes and asthma or COPD. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in non-diabetic subjects with asthma consistently show lower absorption of inhaled insulin and lesser glucose lowering effects by approximately 30-40%, as compared to subjects without asthma. Thus, it would be expected that the dose of insulin required to obtain equivalent glycemic control would be higher by approximately 30-40% in subjects with asthma and diabetes (as compared to subjects without asthma but with diabetes). However, prior administration of a bronchodilator inhaler in individuals with asthma and diabetes reverses airway obstruction and thus may obviate the need for increased insulin requirements. In contrast to patients with asthma, in patients with COPD and diabetes, the absorption of inhaled insulin appears to be variable (higher or lower than in non-COPD subjects). Whether this variability is secondary to differences in inhalation devices or different study populations is not clear at present. Overall, data from the clinical studies indicate that inhaled insulin is effective and well tolerated in subjects with diabetes and chronic lung disease. However, preliminary, limited data from the longer-term clinical studies suggest that there is a marginally greater decline in pulmonary function tests in subjects with asthma/COPD and diabetes compared to subjects with diabetes and no chronic lung disease. Thus, there is a clear need for longer-term studies in subjects with diabetes and chronic lung disease in order to further clarify the safety and efficacy of inhaled insulin in this population.     

Feasibility of spirometry and reversibility testing for the identification of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on asthma registers in general practice

There is renewed interest in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) within primary care. Primary care physicians have difficulty distinguishing asthma from COPD. We tested the feasibility of using spirometry and if appropriate, reversibility testing, to identify patients with COPD on asthma registers in primary care. We carried out a cross-sectional study in three inner-city group practices in east London. Three hundred and twenty-eight patients aged 50 years and over on practice asthma registers were invited to attend for spirometry and, if appropriate, a trial of oral corticosteroids. The main outcome measures were: feasibility of carrying out spirometry; lung function; severity of COPD; prior diagnosis of COPD; response to a corticosteroid trial; quality of life. One hundred and sixty-eight of 328 (51%) patients attended for spirometry. According to British Thoracic Society criteria, 58 (34%) patients had normal spirometry at the time of assessment; 40 (24%) had active asthma and 57 (34%) had COPD. Thirteen patients (8%) were unable to perform spirometry. Of 57 patients with COPD 30 (53%) had mild, 15 (26%) had moderate and 12 (21%) had severe disease. Twenty-three of 57 (40%) patients with COPD on spirometry had this diagnosis recorded prior to the study. New diagnoses of COPD were more likely in those with mild or moderate disease (P<0.05). Twenty-three of 57 (40%) patients with COPD completed a corticosteroid trial: one showed significant reversibility of lung function. Spirometry was feasible and helped identify patients with COPD on asthma registers in these inner-city practices. Patients aged 50 years and over on asthma registers had a wide spectrum of lung function with considerable diagnostic misclassification. Some patients with normal lung function when tested may have had well controlled asthma. New diagnoses of COPD were mainly in those with mild or moderate disease.     

Differences in microsatellite DNA level between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Previous studies have shown that microsatellite (MS) DNA instability (MSI) is detectable in sputum cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether asthma and COPD could be distinguished at the MS DNA level. DNA was extracted from sputum cells and white blood cells from 63 COPD patients, 60 non-COPD smokers, 36 asthmatics and 30 healthy nonsmokers. Ten MS markers located on chromosomes 2p, 5q, 6p, 10q, 13q, 14q and 17q were analysed. No MSI was detected in non-COPD smokers or healthy nonsmokers. A significantly higher proportion of COPD patients exhibited MSI (49.2%) compared to asthmatics (22.2%). MSI was detected even in the mild stages of COPD (33.3%) and asthma (22.2%). No relationship was found between MSI and COPD severity. The most frequently affected marker was D14S588 (17.5% in COPD and 2.7% in asthma). The markers D6S344, G29802 and D13S71 showed alterations only in COPD, and G29802 was associated with a significantly decreased forced expiratory volume in one second FEV1 (% predicted), whereas MSI in D6S344 was associated with a significantly higher FEV1 (% pred). The frequency of microsatellite instability was higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than in asthma, and microsatellite instability in three workers showed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease specificity. However, further studies are needed to verify the differences between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma at the microsatellite level.     

重叠综合征36例临床分析

目的提高对重叠综合征(COPD合并OSAS)的临床认识。方法回顾性的分析了36例重叠综合征的临床资料,36例都有慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的病史,所有患者均进行睡眠检查(澳大利亚产的AutoSet),符合阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的诊断标准。结果重叠综合征患者既有COPD的临床表现,又有OSAS的症状和体征,其比单纯OSAS/COPD有更严重的与睡眠有关的低氧,更易引起肺动脉高压及发展成慢性肺心病。结论COPD患者如有OSAS的症状和体征,如打鼾、夜间呼吸暂停及白天嗜睡等临床表现,应及时行睡眠监测。临床上可用无创伤性正压通气治疗改善患者睡眠质量并纠正夜间低氧血症。     

A clinical study of serum IgE concentrations in elderly patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

We tested the hypothesis that serum IgE concentrations may be influenced by the severity of respiratory symptoms, impairment of pulmonary functions, and smoking history in elderly patients with bronchial asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 325 elderly outpatients aged over 65 years were enrolled in the study: 112 (22 men, 90 women) with bronchial asthma (BA), 135 (118 men, 17 women) with COPD, and 78 (56 men, 22 women) with both COPD and asthma (COPD/BA). The mean ages for the 3 groups were 74.3,76.0 and 76.6 years, respectively; the age differential was not significant. As a group, the male subjects displayed higher serum IgE concentrations than the female subjects. Also, ex-smokers and current smokers showed higher serum IgE concentrations than patients who had never smoked, and patients in the BA group had higher serum IgE concentrations than those in the COPD or COPD/BA groups. Although serum IgE concentrations were increased in BA patients with decreased FEV1.0 levels, the reverse was observed in the COPD patients. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts for men and women were higher in the BA group than in the COPD group. A positive correlation between serum IgE concentration and eosinophil count was observed in the BA group. Although bronchial asthma and COPD in the elderly have been considered to be pathologically similar, the findings of our study suggested they are probably different in terms of serum IgE concentration, pulmonary function, and smoking history.     

转录因子AP-1在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）炎症发生的分子生物学机制。方法对12例COPD患者（COPD组）、10例支气管哮喘患者（哮喘组）、10例健康成年人（对照组）采用免疫细胞化学和逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术，检测其外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中转录因子激活蛋白AP-1（c-fos和c-jun）及白细胞介素8（IL-8）的表达水平。结果c-fos表达在COPD组和哮喘组之间无显著性差异，但均高于对照组（P〈0．05）。c-jun、IL-8的表达在COPD组明显高于其他两组（P〈0．05），且c-jun与IL-8的表达呈明显正相关。结论c-jun的高表达在COPD的慢性炎症过程中具有重要作用，高表达的c-jun可能使AP-1活性增强，促进IL-8表达升高。