白藜芦醇对裸鼠U87细胞移植瘤生长及血管生成的影响

目的 研究白藜芦醇(Res)对人脑胶质瘤系U87细胞的体内抗癌活性及血管生成的影响. 方法 BALB/c裸鼠20只,背部皮下接种胶质瘤细胞U87建立皮下移植瘤模型.随机数字表法分为10、100mg/kgRes治疗组,溶剂对照组,空白对照组,每组5只.观察4组裸鼠移植瘤的生长曲线并应用免疫组织化学法检测瘤组织中微血管密度(MVD)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达:采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测瘤组织细胞的凋亡. 结果与空白对照组及溶剂对照组相比,100 mg/kg Res治疗组裸鼠移植瘤的体积、重量降低;100 mg/kg Res治疗组瘤组织中MVD、VEGF的表达明显降低,凋亡细胞数增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 Res对U87人脑胶质瘤细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长具有明显抑制作用,这可能与Res导致U87移植瘤细胞凋亡及血管生成减少有关.     

白藜芦醇对裸鼠U87细胞移植瘤生长及血管生成的影响

目的 研究白藜芦醇(Res)对人脑胶质瘤系U87细胞的体内抗癌活性及血管生成的影响. 方法 BALB/c裸鼠20只,背部皮下接种胶质瘤细胞U87建立皮下移植瘤模型.随机数字表法分为10、100mg/kgRes治疗组,溶剂对照组,空白对照组,每组5只.观察4组裸鼠移植瘤的生长曲线并应用免疫组织化学法检测瘤组织中微血管密度(MVD)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达:采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测瘤组织细胞的凋亡. 结果与空白对照组及溶剂对照组相比,100 mg/kg Res治疗组裸鼠移植瘤的体积、重量降低;100 mg/kg Res治疗组瘤组织中MVD、VEGF的表达明显降低,凋亡细胞数增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 Res对U87人脑胶质瘤细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长具有明显抑制作用,这可能与Res导致U87移植瘤细胞凋亡及血管生成减少有关.     

pEGFP-ING4抑制裸鼠皮下人U87移植瘤生长及肿瘤血管生成

目的 探讨pEGFP-ING4对裸鼠体内人U87细胞移植瘤生长及对肿瘤血管生成的影响.方法 将成功构建的18只人U87细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,随机分为pEGFP-ING4和pEGFP-C2转染组及PBS空白对照组3组,测量各组肿瘤的体积变化,荧光显微镜观察转染瘤体内绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的表达情况,免疫组织化学SABC法检测微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD).结果 荧光显微镜下pEGFP-ING4 组和pEGFP-C2组均观察到GFP表达,接种后第21d、28d、35d各组皮下肿瘤体积(mm3)为:PBS 组(201.8±19.3,418.9±26.4,622.1±51.3),pEGFP-C2 组(197.6±18.9,398.4±20.4,593.7±48.7),pEGFP-ING4 组(138.9±8.4,198.7±21.5,293.2±31.6),肿瘤接种后在同一时间点内,pEGFP-ING4 组肿瘤体积明显小于另外两组(P<0.05);MVD检测(个/mm2):PBS 组(15.83±0.98),pEGFP-C2 组(15.83±1.62),pEGFP-ING4 组(4.17±1.17),与另外两组比较,pEGFP-ING4 组MVD明显降低(P<0.01).结论 ING4基因能够明显抑制人U87细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长,抑制胶质瘤血管的生成可能是其抗肿瘤的重要机理之一.     

U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型建立

目的建立U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察肿瘤温度变化情况。方法将U87胶质瘤细胞接种到Balb/c裸鼠右侧背部靠右后肢皮下处,建立10只雌性裸鼠皮下移植瘤胶质瘤模型。测量肿瘤的体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。观察神经胶质瘤的生长,监测肿瘤温度的变化情况。接种第36天处死裸鼠,取出肿瘤组织观察肿瘤标本的病理性特征和GFAP免疫组化的阳性表达情况。结果胶质瘤裸鼠模型建立成功。病理学检查显示,肿瘤细胞符合胶质瘤细胞的形态学特征,GFAP阳性表达。在成瘤初期,肿瘤温度随时间增加而逐渐增加,到接种第15天,肿瘤温度上升至最高,在肿瘤生长后期,肿瘤温度随着时间增加而降低。接种第36天裸鼠肿瘤温度与接种第6天裸鼠肿瘤温度相比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论有效建立U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,在胶质瘤治疗方面有广泛的用途。     

蛇毒解聚素在裸鼠胶质瘤模型中的干预治疗作用研究

目的研究蛇毒解聚素（CN）对裸鼠人脑胶质瘤动物模型的治疗可行性,探讨蛇毒解聚素抑制U87胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤生长的作用机制。方法建立BALB／c裸鼠U87胶质瘤移植瘤模型,将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为2组,采用间质内注射给药方法。蛇毒解聚素按40μg每次给药。定期观察肿瘤生长情况,测量肿瘤体积,绘制肿瘤生长曲线并计算抑瘤率。全部BALB／c裸鼠移植瘤石蜡标本用SP法免疫组化染色,检测移植瘤组织中的微血管计数（MVD）,Ki-67标记指数以及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）。结果与溶媒对照组相比,蛇毒解聚素组均能抑制肿瘤生长（P〈0．01）,其体积抑瘤率为50％,并能明显降低肿瘤微血管密度、能下调移植瘤组织中bFGF的蛋白表达及Ki-67标记指数。结论蛇毒解聚素能明显抑制U87裸鼠移植瘤生长。     

重组VEGF165-PE38融合基因对裸鼠移植性人胶质瘤血管生成的抑制作用

目的 研究血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)和铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(PE)融合基因的真核表达载体对裸鼠移植性人脑恶性胶质瘤血管生成的影响,探索抗肿瘤血管生成的新方法.方法 采用裸鼠背部皮下注射U251细胞建立移植性恶性胶质瘤模型,9 d后按随机数字表法将裸鼠分为未治疗组、PBS组、空质粒组、重组质粒组,采用HE染色观察肿瘤组织的形态学变化.免疫组织化学SP法检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAF)、CD31、PE的表达.分析肿瘤组织的微血管密度(MVD). 结果 注射后第16天重组质粒组裸鼠移植瘤体积明显小于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重组质粒组裸鼠移植瘤MVD低于其他3组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);重组质粒组裸鼠肿瘤组织PE呈阳性表达,而在空质粒组、PBS组及未治疗组均为阴性表达. 结论 VEGF165-PE38融合基因的表达产物对人脑恶性胶质瘤有明显的抑制作用,并能抑制肿瘤新生血管生成,可能为一种有效抗肿瘤血管治疗的新策略.     

人IFN-β基因脂质体对胶质瘤裸鼠移植模型及其血管生成的抑制作用

目的探讨人β-干扰素(IFN-β)基因脂质体pSV2IFN-β对人胶质瘤裸鼠移植模型生长及其血管生成的影响。方法将30只裸鼠随机分为3组,以人脑胶质瘤细胞系SHG44建立荷瘤裸鼠动物模型。治疗组隔天给予pSV2IFN-β基因脂质体瘤内注射,对照组瘤内注射同体积的PBS或空载体,观察和比较各组裸鼠肿瘤的体积、重量和肿瘤的微血管密度(MVD)。结果在肿瘤细胞种植28d时,裸鼠肿瘤体积:空白对照组(1742.3±354.3)mm3,空载体组(1632.4±358.6)mm3,治疗组(482.6±45.3)mm3;肿瘤重量:空白对照组(6.1±0.6)g,空载体组(6.0±0.5)g,治疗组(2.2±0.5)g;肿瘤MVD:空白对照组51.2±6.4,空载体组49.3±7.0,治疗组26.1±4.3。治疗组裸鼠肿瘤体积、重量和MVD显著小于空白对照组和空载体组(P=0.000),肿瘤的抑制率达72.3%。结论人IFN-β基因脂质体pSV2IFN-β对胶质瘤裸鼠移植模型的肿瘤生长及血管生成有显著的抑制作用。     

阿苯达唑抑制胶质瘤裸鼠模型肿瘤生长

目的 探讨阿苯达唑（ABZ）对胶质瘤裸鼠模型肿瘤生长的影响。方法 将术中获取的胶质母细胞组织消化为单细胞悬液用无血清干细胞培养基进行培养胶质母细胞瘤干细胞（GSC）,用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基培养胶质瘤细胞系U87、U251、U172,以25、50、100、200 ng/ml的终浓度ABZ作用细胞,采用MTT法检测细胞增殖。右侧腋窝皮下注射0.2 ml（5×106个细胞）GSC及U87细胞悬液构建胶质瘤裸鼠模型,将30只胶质瘤裸鼠模型随机分为6组,GSC和U87细胞移植各3组,每种移植瘤模型均分为模型组（腹腔注射等体积DMSO）、低剂量ABZ组（腹腔注射ABZ,50 mg/kg）、高剂量ABZ组（腹腔注射ABZ,100 mg/kg）。定时测量肿瘤长径与短径,计算肿瘤体积;PCR法和免疫印迹法检测裸鼠肿瘤组织血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 ABZ对GSC、U87、U251和A172细胞生长均具有明显抑制效果（P<0.05）,而且抑制效果具有浓度依赖性（P<0.05）,浓度>50 ng/ml抑制效果较好。腹腔注射ABZ后,高剂量和低剂量ABZ组移植瘤体积增长较对照组均明显减慢（P<0.05）。高剂量ABZ组和低剂量ABZ组肿瘤VEGF mRNA和蛋白表达水平较对照组均明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 ABZ可以抑制胶质瘤裸鼠模型肿瘤生长,可能与抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和血管生成有关。     

雷公藤红素对荷瘤裸鼠移植瘤生长及血管生成的影响

目的：探讨雷公藤红素对荷SHG44胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤生长及血管生成的影响。方法34只SHG －44胶质瘤裸鼠随机分为空白对照组、顺铂组、4 mg／kg雷公藤红素组、2 mg／kg雷公藤红素组和1 mg／kg雷公藤红素组,每周两次,共给药4周。定期观察肿瘤生长情况测量肿瘤体积,计算抑瘤率。免疫组化染色检测移植瘤组织中的MVD、bFGF、VEGF、VEG‐FR1、VEGFR2的蛋白表达。结果4 mg／kg和2 mg／kg的雷公藤红素能抑制肿瘤生长,下调移植瘤组织中VEGFR1、VEG‐FR2的蛋白表达和降低微血管计数（MVD）,4 mg／kg的雷公藤红素还能下调荷瘤裸鼠移植瘤组织中bFGF的蛋白表达。结论雷公藤红素能明显抑制荷SHG44胶质瘤裸鼠的移植瘤生长和血管生成,其机制可能与雷公藤红素下调肿瘤组织中bF‐GF、VEGFR1、VEGFR2的蛋白表达有关。     

反义miR-21抑制异种移植U87人脑胶质瘤生长的体内研究

目的 探讨敲低miR-21表达抑制裸鼠皮下荷U87人脑胶质瘤生长的疗效和机制.方法 原位注射miR-21反义寡聚核苷酸(AS-miR-21)治疗裸鼠皮下荷U87人脑胶质瘤.定时测量肿瘤大小评估原位注射AS-miR-21的治疗效果.使用RT-PCR和原位杂交方法 鉴定治疗后miR-21表达水平,采用HE染色和免疫组织化学染色(增殖细胞核抗原、细胞周期抑制因子-21、基质金属蛋白酶-9和隔蛋白-7)评价治疗后肿瘤生物学性状的变化,TUNEL法检测肿瘤细胞凋亡. 结果 肿瘤生长曲线显示AS-miR-21治疗组肿瘤生长速度及体积明显小于对照组与无义序列治疗组,差异有统计学意义(F=6.056,P=0.007);RT-PCR检测显示AS-miR-21治疗组miR-21表达下调为对照组的(0.031±0.008)%;原位杂交显示AS-miR-21治疗组miR-21表达水平较对照组与无义序列治疗组下调:组织病理学检测表明AS-miR-21治疗后肿瘤恶性度降低;TUNEL法检测可见AS-miR-21治疗组细胞凋亡数明显高于对照组与无义序列治疗组,差异有统计学意义(F=141.021,P=0.000). 结论 以miR-21作为靶点治疗异种移植U87人脑胶质瘤效果令人满意,miR-21可作为人脑胶质瘤基因治疗的侯选靶点.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.