显微手术治疗肢端肥大症的长期随访分析

目的 评价经蝶窦显微外科手术治疗垂体生长激素(GH)腺瘤的长期疗效.方法 回顾分析176例经显微手术及经病理证实的垂体GH腺瘤的临床治疗和长期随访结果.结果 176例患者中,微腺瘤13例,小腺瘤45例,大腺瘤62例,巨腺瘤56例,除7例因故经颅手术,其余均经蝶窦手术.肿瘤全切除90例,近全切除49例,大部切除37例.随访平均11.9年,全组治愈率38.99%,长期缓解率37.10%,复发率3.98%.结论 显微手术是垂体GH腺瘤的首选治疗方法.术前GH水平、肿瘤的大小及术中肿瘤切除程度足影响长期疗效的重要因素;术后GH水平可预测患者的预后.     

垂体促甲状腺激素腺瘤的诊断和治疗(附12例报告)

目的 探讨垂体促甲状腺激素(TSH)腺瘤所致中枢性甲状腺功能亢进症的诊断和处理.方法 同顾性总结12例垂体TSH腺瘤临床资料和经蝶窦手术切除的疗效.主要症状为甲状腺肿人和中楸性甲状腺功能亢进症.CT和MRI显示均为大腺瘤或巨大腺瘤.所有患者均接受经蝶窦外科手术治疗,其中6例患者术后辅以放射治疗,2例患者术后辅以约物治疗.结果 显微镜下全切除8例;次全切除2例;部分或大部分切除2例.术后病理均为TSH腺瘤.随访半年-3年期间,甲状腺功能亢进症状恢复10例,复发2例.结论 垂体TSH腺瘤经蝶窦外科治疗可取得良好的长期预后,早期诊断和综合治疗是治愈的关键,术后定期随诊至关重要,术后如出现症状复发,根据具体情况再次手术和(或)辅以放疗和药物治疗.     

老年垂体腺瘤的诊断和治疗(附38例报告)

目的探讨老年垂体腺瘤的诊断和治疗特点。方法收集作者医院2003-06-2010-06间收治的老年垂体腺瘤患者38例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果临床表现为视力障碍23例(60.5%),头痛15例(39.5%),垂体功能低下12例(31.6%),伴有合并症30例(78.9%);MRI显示为直径≥2cm的大腺瘤和巨大腺瘤者30例(78.9%)。36例患者接受内镜经鼻蝶入路肿瘤切除术,其中肿瘤全切除23例(63.9%),近全切除5例(13.9%),部分切除8例(22.2%),术中无死亡。术后对27例患者随访6～36个月(中位随访时间24个月),视力、视野障碍均有所改善。需长期激素替代治疗的11例患者无垂体功能低下表现。有残余肿瘤者10例,其中4例行伽马刀治疗,治疗后残余肿瘤均缩小。结论老年垂体腺瘤主要表现为视力障碍和垂体功能低下,内镜经鼻蝶入路手术是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

儿童和青春期垂体腺瘤的经蝶手术治疗

目的探讨年龄小于17岁的儿童及青春期垂体腺瘤的诊断及其经蝶窦显微外科手术治疗。方法本组20例(垂体PRL腺瘤7例，ACTH腺瘤5例，GH腺瘤4例，无功能腺瘤4例)均行经蝶窦显微外科垂体腺瘤切除术。结果肿瘤全切除18例，部分切除2例；随访8个月～8年，治愈75％，缓解25％，复发5％；常见并发症为尿崩症(25％)和电解质紊乱(25％)。结论经蝶窦垂体腺瘤切除术是治疗儿童及青春期垂体腺瘤的安全有效的方法：     

1194例垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路显微手术治疗分析

目的探讨垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路显微手术的手术技巧、治疗效果和并发症的处理。方法对2000年至2010年经鼻蝶窦入路显微镜下切除的1 194例垂体腺瘤患者的临床特征、内分泌、病理结果、手术技巧、肿瘤切除率、术后并发症以及随访情况进行回顾性分析。结果肿瘤全切除1 037例(86.9%),术后围手术期症状缓解1077例(90.2%)。1 128例随访病例中:治愈1 034例(91.7%),复发53例(4.7%),术后再辅以药物或放疗142例(12.6%),二次手术38例(3.4%)。术后并发症以尿崩、电解质紊乱、脑脊液漏和垂体功能低下为主。结论经蝶显微手术切除垂体腺瘤治疗效果好、手术风险小、并发症少,是绝大多数垂体腺瘤患者的首选手术方式。     

神经内镜技术在联合入路治疗垂体腺瘤中的应用

目的 探讨神经内镜技术在分期手术时,采用经蝶窦和开颅联合入路治疗垂体腺瘤中的应用.方法 2009年3月至2013年3月天坛医院内镜神经外科专业组采用分期联合入路手术治疗32例垂体腺瘤患者,包括肿瘤残存患者20例,复发患者12例.分期手术中至少有一次为内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路手术.术后影像学检查确定肿瘤切除程度.结果 全切17例(53％),次全切4例(13％),大部切除7例(22％),部分切除4例(13％);其中残存肿瘤的全切率为35％(7/20),复发肿瘤的全切率为83％ (10/12).结论 神经内镜技术在分期手术联合入路治疗垂体腺瘤中具有重要应用价值.     

Dolenc入路手术治疗海绵窦肿瘤

目的 探讨经Dolenc入路手术治疗海绵窦肿瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月到2020年6月经Dolenc入路手术切除的60例海绵窦肿瘤的临床资料.结果 肿瘤全切除36例,次全切除9例,大部分切除15例.术后病理显示55例(91.7％)为良性肿瘤,其中脑膜瘤27例,神经鞘瘤12例,垂体腺瘤12例.术后随访半年,...     

单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤手术的并发症及防治方法

目的 探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的常见并发症及其防治措施. 方法 收集241例经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的临床资料和1～36个月的随访结果.统计患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、质地、术后并发症及随访结果等资料. 结果 肿瘤全切除171例(71%),次全切除28例(11.6%),大部分切除26例(10.7%),部分切除16例(6.6%).术后发生暂时性尿崩症38例(15.8%),视力下降12例(4.9%),脑脊液鼻漏4例(1.6%),单侧动眼神经损伤2例(0.8%),术中发生严重海绵间窦出血2例(0.8%).随访鼻中隔穿孔2例(0.8%);垂体功能下降2例(0.8%),1例治疗后好转;无颈内动脉损伤出血,无死亡病例. 结论 经单鼻孔-蝶窦人路切除垂体腺瘤尽管创伤很小,但是仍有一定比例的并发症发生,为了更好地预防并发症的发生,减少死亡,要熟悉每个患者的手术局部解剖,提高手术技巧,不断总结临床经验.     

垂体Cushing病的经蝶手术治疗(附54例报告)

目的 回顾分析垂体Cushing病经蝶手术治疗的疗效,探讨其手术技巧及影响疗效的因素.方法 回顾2001年1月至2006年12月间经蝶手术的垂体Cushing病54例,其中微腺瘤39例,大腺瘤3例,核磁共振未见肿瘤征象者12例(通过地塞米松抑制试验和/或岩下窦采血证实为垂体Cushing病),术中行选择性腺瘤切除者38例,部分或半垂体切除者16例,术后病理证实为ACTH腺瘤者49例,垂体ACTH细胞增生者5例;术后缓解标准为术后第1 d或第2 d患者的血皮质醇≤5μg/L.结果 本组病人的缓解率75.9%,术前磁共振可显示肿瘤的患者缓解率(36/42,85.7%)高于未见肿瘤者(5/12,P<0.05),术中选择性腺瘤切除患者的缓解率(32/38,84.2%),亦高于其他(P<0.05),同样,术后病理证实为腺瘤的高于增生者(P<0.05);随访期内复发2例.结论 只要内分泌检查提示垂体Cushing病,即使磁共振未见肿瘤征象,也可行经蝶手术探查;从术前影像学表现、术中以及术后病理是否证实ACTH腺瘤可预测疗效.     

垂体瘤与原发性闭经

目的分析垂体泌乳素腺瘤性原发性闭经的临床特点并评价其治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1995～2000年收治的5例垂体泌乳素腺瘤引起的原发性闭经患者的临床资料。结果根据肿瘤类型及生长方向分别行经颅或经蝶入路手术,5例垂体瘤次全切除3例(侵蚀型),全切除2例(局限型)。所有患者视力障碍均明显改善,血清PRL水平有不同程度下降,但只有1例患者在术后辅以溴隐亭治疗时有药物依赖性月经。结论此型垂体泌乳素腺瘤侵袭性强,手术治愈率低,术后辅以溴隐亭治疗可提高疗效,增加治愈机会。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.