影响颅内破裂动脉瘤手术预后的相关因素分析

目的：探讨影响颅内破裂动脉瘤手术预后的相关因素。方法：应用SAS统计分析软件回顾性分析我院2007年1月1日至12月31日收冶的147例手术夹闭颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的临床资料。对可能影响患者预后的因素进行分析。结果：患者术前Hunt—Hess分级是影响预后最重要的因素，年龄也成为影响手术预后的重要因素。性别、术前CT提示有无脑内血肿、动脉瘤部位和大小、是否多发动脉瘤及术中动脉瘤是否破裂对预后影响无统计学意义。结论：患者术前Hunt—Hess分级越高，手术预后越差；年龄越大手术预后也越差。明确影响破裂动脉瘤手术预后的因素，有助于把握手术适应证并采取相应的措施，改善动脉瘤患者预后。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤手术时机的探讨(附237例分析)

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤手术时机与临床预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2005年我院收治的237例颅内破裂动脉瘤，其中196例行手术治疗。按入院时Hunt—Hess分级将手术病人分为A组（Ⅰ～Ⅲ级）162例，B组（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）34例；根据手术时间分为早期手术组（SAH3d内手术）19例，延期手术组（SAH4～10d手术）82例，晚期手术组（SAH11d之后手术）95例。比较不同手术期别动脉瘤术中破裂率、术后1个月GOS评分及术后主要并发症（脑血管痉挛、脑积水）发生率，并进行统计学分析。结果24例（10．1％）因再出血丧失治疗机会。术中动脉瘤破裂早期手术组3例（15，8％），延期手术组8例（9．8％），晚期手术组6例（613％）。术后脑血管痉挛发生率早期手术组为15，8％，延期手术组为19，5％，晚期手术组为17，9％。脑积水发生率以晚期手术组最高（14，7％）。对术后1个月GOS评分Ridit分析结果显示：A、B两组中均以早期手术组治疗效果最佳．延期手术次之．晚期手术最差。结论早期手术可规避颅内破裂动脉瘤再出血的风险，降低主要并发症发生率。对于各个级别（包括Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）的SAH病人，均应根据治疗者的手术经验与技巧和所在医院的条件，及早诊断，尽早手术。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂显微手术夹闭与血管内栓塞治疗的对比研究

目的 分析显微手术夹闭与血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的预后及并发症发生情况,比较两种治疗方法的效果和安全性.方法 对242例颅内动脉瘤破裂患者进行回顾性分析,分为手术组和栓塞组,对2组患者住院时间、住院费用、出院时短期预后、术后并发症、术后瘤颈残留及术后6~18个月随访结果等进行比较.结果 (1)手术组出院时GOS评分预后良好率62.60%与栓塞组预后良好率66.39%比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.498,P=0.157);(2)手术组患者的住院时间明显高于栓塞组(t=16.78,P<0.01),但栓塞组的治疗费用要明显高于手术组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-13.08,P<0.01);(3)2组间瘤颈残留率、复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(4)手术组术中破裂、颅内感染的发生率高于栓塞组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);栓塞组术后再出血及脑梗死的发生率高于手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组间脑积水及脑血管痉挛发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 显微手术夹闭组住院时间较短,血管内栓塞组住院费用较高,而两种治疗方法的疗效、瘤颈残余、复发并无差异,两种治疗方法均有其不同并发症,注意预防.     

老年人破裂动脉瘤的早期手术治疗

目的探讨老年人颅内破裂动脉瘤早期手术治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年至2008年手术夹闭23例老年颅内动脉瘤破裂患者的病例资料,采用改良翼点、眉弓、半球间和后颅凹旁中线入路。结果Hunt-Hess Ⅰ～Ⅲ级21例,术后完全恢复正常工作13例,轻残6例,重残1例,死亡1例（该例手术前再出血且手术后病情恶化）;Hunt—HessⅣ级2例,术后重残1例,另1例死于心力衰竭,合计良好率82．6％（19／23）。结论高血压可能是老年人颅内动脉瘤形成和破裂的重要影响因素;对Hunt-HessⅠ～Ⅲ级患者,应争取早期手术治疗。     

开颅夹闭和血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的效果及并发症分析

目的 探讨开颅夹闭和血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤效果及其并发症。方法 近五年来我院收治颅内动脉瘤患者46例，其中开颅夹闭25例（Hunt—Hess分级：Ⅰ-Ⅱ级20例，Ⅲ级3例，Ⅳ级2例），共28个动脉瘤；血管内栓塞21例（Hunt—Hess分级：Ⅰ-Ⅱ级15例，Ⅲ级4例，Ⅳ级2例），共24个动脉瘤。临床结果按GOS进行评价。结果两组的良好率、并发症发生率及死亡率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。全组病情Ⅰ-Ⅱ级动脉瘤患者治疗的良好率为100％（35／35），并发症发生率为5．7％（2／35），Ⅲ-Ⅳ级者分别为36．4％（4／11），81．8％（9／11），两者相差显著（P〈0．05）。结论开颅夹闭和血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤，两者临床结果相仿，且各有其优缺点：动脉瘤患者病情级别越高．治疗效果越差．     

显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤

目的：探讨颅内前循环动脉瘤的手术时机和技术。方法：本组74例颅内前循环动脉瘤患者（其中急性出血66例）共82枚动脉瘤。使用Hunt ＆ Hess分级法进行术前临床评价，采用翼点、半球间和眶上锁孔入路进行动脉瘤夹闭。早期（急性出血3d内）夹闭动脉瘤41例，其他行延迟手术。结果：良好60例，轻残2例，重残2例，死亡10例。结论：除术前Ⅳ和Ⅴ级病例主张延期手术外，颅内动脉瘤破裂后应积极争取早期手术夹闭。正确的手术方案和熟练的显微操作技术是颅内动脉瘤手术成功的关键。     

手术夹闭和血管内介入治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效分析

目的对手术夹闭和血管内介入治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效作初步分析。方法2004年6月至2006年6月共治疗符合入选标准的113例颅内动脉瘤病人。手术夹闭61例病人共62个动脉瘤,血管内介入栓塞52例病人共54个动脉瘤。病人术前状态采用Hunt-Hess分级,颅脑CT采用Fisher分级,术后1个月和6个月行改良Rankin评分。全部数据采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。结果手术夹闭组术前Hunt-HessⅠ～Ⅲ级53例,39例预后好,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级8例,3例预后好;术前CT Fisher分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级35例,30例预后好,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级26例,13例预后好,术前Hunt-Hess分级和CT Fisher分级与mRS评分呈正相关。介入栓塞组术前Hunt-HessⅠ～Ⅲ级42例,33例顶后好,Ⅳ～Ⅴ级10例,2例预后好;术前CT Fisher分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级37例,32例预后好,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级15例,7例预后好,术前Hunt-Hess分级和CT Fisher分级与mRS评分呈正相关。同一术前Hunt-Hess分级及CT Fisher分级在手术组和介入组病人中mRS评分差异无统计学意义。结论对于手术夹闭和血管内介入均适合的动脉瘤,处于同一术前Hunt-Hess分级或CT Fisher分级的病人,不论手术夹闭还是介入治疗,术后短期疗效差异无统计学意义。对于高龄、术前Hunt-Hess分级差的病人首选介入治疗。两种治疗办法的长期疗效对比仍有待于研究。     

大脑中动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨大脑中动脉（MCA）动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法。方法回顾性分析108例MCA动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术方法。9例未破裂动脉瘤MRI检查表现为中颅窝占位,99例破裂动脉瘤CT检查均示蛛网膜下腔出血。入院时患者Hunt—Hess分级：0级9例,I级3例,Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级58例,Ⅳ级15例,V级2例。脑血管造影提示MCA主干动脉瘤10例,分叉部92例,MCA远端6例,均经改良翼点入路进行手术。结果动脉瘤夹闭93例,动脉瘤切除7例,夹闭加包裹8例。2例术前Hunt—Hess分级V级病人,术后1例死亡,1例植物生存;术前Hunt—Hess分级Ⅳ级的15例病人中,11例长期昏迷。随访6～36个月,平均随访14-3个月,按照GOS评定预后,其中5分为40例,4分48例,3分7例,2分12例,1分1例。结论MCA动脉瘤的治疗首选动脉瘤夹闭术,术中保护MCA及保持周围相关血管的通畅是手术的关键。     

破裂颅内动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的分析总结破裂的颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的效果及特点。方法24例患者术前头部CT或MRI检查均为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血，DSA检查确诊为颅内动脉瘤，共28个，其中1例患者有3个动脉瘤，2例患者各有2个动脉瘤。动脉瘤直径2～5mm10个，6-15mm16个，16～25mm2个。Hunt～Hess分级Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级8例，Ⅳ级2例，Ⅴ级1例。24例动脉瘤均采用血管内栓塞治疗，其中1例患者的3个动脉瘤栓塞了2个，另1个行手术夹闭。结果临床治愈21例，偏瘫1例，死亡2例。术后随访3-24个月，存活22例均恢复良好，无再出血发生。结论血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤效果满意，并发症少，残死率低。     

颅内前循环动脉瘤破裂后中晚期手术的疗效分析

目的 比较颅内前循环动脉瘤破裂中、晚期显微手术夹闭的疗效并探讨中期治疗(4-10 d)的可行性.方法 回顾性分析了95例前循环动脉瘤破裂出血后4-10 d入院,且入院时Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ的患者,41例接受中期动脉瘤手术夹闭,54例接受晚期手术夹闭(11-30 d),以改良Rankin量表评分对患者预后进行评分.结果 出院后6个月,中期组30例(73.2%)患者预后良好(mRS 0～2级),而晚期组为42例(77.8%),两组差异无统计学意义.导致预后不良的最主要原因为动脉瘤破裂再出血.结论 颅内前循环动脉瘤破裂中期,积极闭塞动脉瘤可为患者获得良好的预后创造条件,尤其是临床状况良好的患者.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.