c-TCD在肺动静脉畸形相关脑梗死中的诊断意义

右向左分流目前被认为与隐源性卒中密切相关,右向左分流分为心内分流及心外分流,在心内分流中卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale,PFO）已经得到神经内科医生的广泛认识,但在心外分流中,由于肺动静脉畸形（pulmonary arteriovenous malformation,PAVM）发生率低,往往被忽视,但其卒中及复发的概率要远高于PFO。目前发泡试验已经广泛应用到右向左分流的筛查中,对于早期分流及三个心动周期内出现栓子的阳性患者,我们往往将其全部归为PFO,并且认为肺内右向左分流栓子出现的时间要长于在心内分流的时间。但事实上分流的时间并不存在某一绝对界值,单纯根据时间不能区分心内及心外分流,本文主要分析使用对比增强经颅多普勒超声（contrasted transranial Doppler sonography,c-TCD）检测PAVM所致右向左分流及其分流特点。     

经食管超声心动图右心声学造影与对比增强TCD检查在检测隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的效果比较

目的比较经食管超声心动图右心声学造影与对比增强TCD检查在检测隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的效果。方法选取2016年9月至2017年9月佛山市第一人民医院收治的隐源性脑卒中患者82例,所有患者均进行经食管超声心动图右心声学造影和对比增强TCD检查。对比两种检查方法对于隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的检出率及半定量分流分级程度。结果对比增强TCD对右向左分流的检出率[58. 5%(48/82)]显著高于经食管超声心动图右心声学造影[30. 2%(25/82)](P 0. 05)。对比增强TCD对右向左分流的半定量分级明显高于经食管超声心动图右心声学造影(均P 0. 05)。经食管超声心动图右心声学造影后出现吞咽疼痛3例,食管穿孔2例,声音麻痹3例,血压异常5例,合计并发症发生率为15. 9%(13/82),而对比增强TCD后未见相关并发症。结论相对于经食管超声心动图右心声学造影技术,对比增强TCD检查对隐源性脑卒中右向左分流检出率更高,半定量分流程度更高,具有更广阔的应用空间。     

卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的研究进展

隐源性卒中约占所有缺血性卒中的40%,其病因、诊断和治疗一直是临床工作者的研究热 点。近年来发现,卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的发病密切相关,是隐源性卒中的重要危险因素。在临床 中常用经食管超声心动图、经胸壁超声心动图、经颅多普勒发泡试验和心脏MRI等方法来检测卵圆孔 未闭。反常栓塞是卵圆孔未闭导致隐源性卒中的主要发病机制。在头部影像学检查中,绝大多数卵圆 孔未闭相关隐源性卒中患者为多血管分布区的多发散在小梗死。在药物治疗方面,抗血小板药物相 对于抗凝药物,可能更适合大多数卵圆孔未闭合并隐源性卒中的患者。此外,近期多项临床随机对照 研究均表明,卵圆孔未闭封堵术对于预防卵圆孔未闭合并隐源性卒中患者卒中再发的疗效明显优于 药物治疗。     

对比增强经颅多普勒对隐源性缺血性卒中和先兆性偏头痛患者与右向左分流不同分流量相关性的研究

目的 对隐源性缺血性卒中和先兆性偏头痛患者的右向左分流阳性率及分流量进行对比分析,研究二者之间右向左分流的特征及可能的发病机制.方法 连续入组48例隐源性缺血性卒中患者、42例先兆性偏头痛患者、33例健康志愿者做为对照组,使用对比增强经颅多普勒诊断右向左分流,并根据分流量进行分级,对3组的右向左分流阳性率和不同分级进行...     

卵圆孔未闭与缺血性卒中

1卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的关系胎儿时期,肺不能接受血流,返回到右心房的血液是通过开放的卵圆孔分流至左心房的。出生后,约75%的人卵圆孔自动关闭,而25%的人发生卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale, PFO)。卵圆孔未闭不影响血流动力学,正常情况下,卵圆窝膜可阻挡左向右的分流,当右房压力升高时,卵圆孔重新开放,为奇异性栓塞(如矛盾性栓塞,反常性栓塞,paradoxical embolism)提供了一个管道。     

隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的发生率及分流量临床分析

目的应用经颅多普勒发泡试验(cTCD)分析隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流发生率及分流量。方法明确诊断为隐源性脑卒中患者123例为实验组,分析右向左分流发生率及分流量。同时选取年龄相似健康体检者98例为对照组,隐源性脑卒中患者及健康体检者均行cTCD检查。结果 cTCD发泡试验阳性组56例(45.53%),阴性组67例(54.47%),其中大量分流42例(34.15%),小量分流14例(11.38%),大量分流及小量分流差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论卵圆孔未闭是隐源性脑卒中的独立危险因素,且右向左大量分流更易导致脑卒中。     

偏头痛与卵圆孔未闭研究进展

偏头痛是临床常见的慢性神经血管性疾病,严重影响患者生活质量.研究显示,卵圆孔未闭可能与偏头痛之间存在一定关联性,如卵圆孔未闭相关右向左分流引起的短暂性低氧血症,或血管活性物质穿过未闭合的卵圆孔,避开肺组织代谢直接进入动脉系统,以及矛盾微栓塞等机制均可能与卵圆孔未闭相关偏头痛有关,尤其是先兆型偏头痛.卵圆孔未闭封堵术可使...     

伴右向左分流的隐源性缺血性卒中的临床和影像学特征

目的分析右向左分流相关隐源性缺血性卒中患者的临床特点及梗死灶影像特征。方法纳入隐源性缺血性卒中患者52例,根据经颅多普勒发泡试验结果分为伴右向左分流组(25例)及不伴右向左分流组(27例)。比较两组人群在人口学资料、脑血管病传统危险因素、梗死灶影像学等方面的差异。结果两组患者的年龄、性别比差异无统计学意义。伴右向左分流组患者无明确脑血管病传统危险因素的比例明显高于不伴右向左分流组(44%vs.14.8%,P=0.015),且其发生后循环梗死也更多见(56%vs.14.8%,P0.01),但两组患者的梗死灶大小无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论无明确脑血管病传统危险因素的后循环梗死患者,应注意排查是否存在右向左分流,以进一步明确卒中病因。     

偏头痛与卵圆孔未闭研究进展

偏头痛是临床常见的神经系统疾病,全球患病率约15%,疾病负担沉重。卵圆孔未闭是最常见的先天性心脏异常,也是导致右向左分流的最主要原因。卵圆孔未闭与偏头痛尤其是有先兆偏头痛之间存在双向关系,二者共病率显著高于普通人群。其病理生理学机制尚不明确,目前认为反常栓塞和血管活性物质可能是二者共病的基础。经导管卵圆孔未闭封堵术可以减少头痛发作频率和持续时间,但其有效性尚存争议。有先兆偏头痛、应用抗血小板药物、大量右向左分流、共病缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作的患者可能更易从经导管卵圆孔未闭封堵术中获益。未来尚待更多多中心、前瞻性、双盲、随机、对照临床试验明确经导管卵圆孔未闭封堵术对偏头痛预防治疗的远期疗效和预测因素,为临床选择行经导管卵圆孔未闭封堵术的适宜患者提供依据。     

经颅多普勒发泡实验在筛查隐源性卒中合并卵圆孔未闭的应用价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒发泡实验(C-TCD)在筛查隐源性卒中合并卵圆孔未闭中的应用价值。方法回顾分析60例隐源性卒中患者,包括发病特点,既往史,检验检查,分析相关数据。结果 60例患者均明确诊断为急性脑梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作,行经颅多普勒超声发泡试验(c-TCD)发现,阳性33例,阴性27例,经食道超声心动(TEE)检查证实有26例合并心脏卵圆孔未闭,16例合并下肢静脉血栓形成。结论 PFO在隐源性卒中中为常见病因,但常规检查很难发现,本研究通过c-TCD初步筛查PFO,阳性率及敏感性高于TEE,特异性亦较高,对于隐源性卒中合并PFO,可作为病因筛查的首选。     

Active search for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension does not appear indicated after acute pulmonary embolism

Introduction

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life threatening but often, by pulmonary endarterectomy, curable disease. The incidence of CTEPH after an acute pulmonary embolism (PE) appears to be much higher than previously thought. Systematic follow-up of patients after PE might increase the number of diagnosed CTEPH patients.

Aim

To study whether, compared to current clinical practice, a systematic search for CTEPH in patients after acute PE would increase the number of patients diagnosed with symptomatic, potentially treatable CTEPH.

Methods

Consecutive patients with a prior diagnosis of acute PE were presented with a questionnaire, designed to establish the presence of either new or worsened dyspnea after the acute PE episode. If so, patients were evaluated for the presence of CTEPH.

Results

PE patients (n = 110; 56 ± 18 years) were included after a median follow-up of three years. Overall mortality was 34% (37 patients); 1 patient had died due to CTEPH.In total 62 out of 69 questionnaires were returned; 23 patients reported new or worsened dyspnea related to the PE episode, and qualified for additional testing. In 2 patients, CTEPH was already diagnosed prior to this study. None of the remaining patients met the criteria for the diagnosis of CTEPH. The overall incidence of 2.7% (3/110; 95%CI 0.6-7.8%) is in agreement with earlier reported incidences.

Conclusion

Our findings do not point to a role for a systematic search and pro-active approach towards patients with a recent history of pulmonary embolism to increase the number of patients diagnosed with potentially treatable CTEPH.     

Is a V/Q scan based algorithm correctly used to diagnose acute pulmonary embolism? A daily practice survey

Introduction

Diagnostic flow-charts for pulmonary embolism (PE) are widely implemented in the management of PE. A major drawback of a diagnostic PE algorithm is the use of several consecutive tests, which may be challenging in daily clinical practice.

Materials and methods

Evaluation whether the use of an algorithm, starting with a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan after a normal chest X-ray, is correctly used in daily clinical practice for diagnosing acute PE. Consecutive V/Q scans of patients with suspected acute PE were assessed to evaluate the use of the predefined diagnostic algorithm.

Results

A chest X-ray had been performed in 101 of the 130 patients who underwent V/Q scanning; 89 patients had a normal chest X-ray. The V/Q scan was normal in 77/130 patients (59%), 30/130 patients (23%) had a non-high probability and 23/130 patients (18%) a high probability for PE. Only 3 of the 30 patients with a non-high V/Q scan (10%) underwent a computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scan, in contrast to the algorithm that required a CTPA scan in every patient with a non-high V/Q scan. Overall, the diagnostic strategy, starting with a V/Q scan as the baseline diagnostic tool with a prior chest X-ray, was appropriately followed in only 75/101 patients (74%).

Conclusions

A complex diagnostic algorithm for diagnosing PE is often not followed properly. This improper use of an algorithm could lead to a potential delay of establishing or excluding PE, a delay of therapy and/or unnecessary treatment. More simple algorithms could resolve this diagnostic management dilemma.     

Clinical outcomes in patients with isolated subsegmental pulmonary emboli diagnosed by multidetector CT pulmonary angiography

Introduction

CT Pulmonary Angiography has been shown to be equivalent to Ventilation/ Perfusion scanning in 3-month outcome studies, but it detects more pulmonary emboli. Isolated subsegmental pulmonary emboli are thought to account for some of the increase in diagnosis, but it is not known whether these emboli represent a harbinger for future thromboembolic events. The objective of this study was to determine the 3-month clinical outcomes of a cohort of patients diagnosed with isolated subsegmental pulmonary emboli.

Materials and Methods

Review of 10,453 consecutive CTPA radiology reports over 74-month period since the implementation of Multidetector CT Pulmonary Angiography identified a cohort of 93 patients found to have acute pulmonary embolism isolated to subsegmental pulmonary arteries without other evidence of deep venous thrombosis at one institution. The study measured 3-month clinical outcomes (anticoagulation use, recurrence, death, hemorrhage) determined by review of records and telephone interviews with physicians.

Results

Seventy-one patients (76%) were treated with anticoagulation and/or IVC filter, while 22 (24%) were observed without therapy. One patient (1/93, 1.05%; 95% CI: 0-6.6%) who was treated with anticoagulants and a vena caval filter had a recurrent subsegmental pulmonary embolus. No patients died of pulmonary embolism. There were 8 hemorrhages, including 5 (5.3%) major hemorrhages without any hemorrhage-related mortality.

Conclusions

Patients diagnosed with isolated subsegmental pulmonary emboli have favorable 3-month outcomes. Short-term prognosis for recurrent thromboembolism may be lower than the risk of adverse events with anticoagulation in patients at high risk of hemorrhage.     

Does the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index accurately identify low risk patients eligible for outpatient treatment?

Introduction

The pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) and the recently derived simplified PESI prognostic model have been developed to estimate the risk of 30-day mortality in patients with acute PE. We sought to assess if the PESI and simplified PESI prognostic models can accurately identify adverse events and to determine the rates of events in patients treated as outpatients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) presenting at the Ottawa Hospital (Canada) was conducted between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2008.

Results

Two hundred and forty three patients were included. A total of 118 (48.6%) and 81 (33.3%) were classified as low risk patients using the original and simplified PESI prognostic models respectively. None of the low risk patients died within the 3 months of follow-up. One hundred and fifteen (47.3%) patients were safely treated as outpatients with no deaths or bleeding episodes and only 1 recurrent event within the first 14 days or after 30 days of follow-up. Thirty four (29.6%) of these outpatients were classified as high risk patients according to the original PESI and 54 (47.0%) to the simplified PESI prognostic model.

Conclusion

Both PESI strategies accurately identify patients with acute PE who are at low risk and high risk for short-term adverse events. However, 30 to 47% of patients with acute PE and a high risk PESI score were safely managed as outpatients. Future research should be directed at developing tools that predict which patients would benefit from inpatient management.     

神经重症患者静脉血栓栓塞的发生率、危险因素及住院结局分析

目的 探讨神经重症患者静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的发生率,并分析VTE相关的危险因素及其对住院结局的影响.方法 基于电子病历系统数据回顾性分析2019年10月-2020年9月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院的神经重症患者,根据患者住ICU期间是否发生VTE分为VTE组和无VTE组,...     

Comparison of high specificity with standard versions of a quantitative latex D-dimer test in the assessment of community pulmonary embolism: HaemosIL D-dimer HS and Pulmonary Embolism

Background

D-dimer assays are sensitive but have poor specificity. False positive results lead to extra imaging and hospital admissions.

Objectives

To make a pilot comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the standard quantitative latex HemosIL D-dimer assay with a newer HemosIL D-dimer HS version designed to have improved specificity.

Patients / Methods

Consecutive patients presenting from the community to an Emergency Department that were investigated for suspected pulmonary embolism using a D-dimer test were included in the study. Standard and D-dimer HS tests were performed. Pulmonary Embolism was diagnosed on the basis of imaging studies or post-mortem at any time from presentation to 90 days thereafter.

Results

The prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism was 4.5% (18/402). The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value for the standard quantitative D-dimer test was 100% (81.5 - 100.0), 49.2% (44.1 - 54.3),100% (98.1 - 100.0), and 8.5% (5.1 - 13.0), respectively, and 100% (81.5 - 100.0), 58.3% (53.2 - 63.3),100% (98.4 - 100.0), and 10.1% (6.1 - 15.5), for the D-dimer HS test. There were 35 (16%) fewer ‘false positives’ using the D-dimer HS assay compared with the standard assay.

Conclusions

D-dimer HS has superior specificity to the standard quantitative D-dimer test without any loss of sensitivity. The generation of fewer false positive results should lead to less unnecessary diagnostic imaging; the use of which is associated with increased hospital admissions and length of stay. The HS assay may therefore have significant health economic benefits.     

The interobserver reliability of pretest probability assessment in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

INTRODUCTION: Pretest probability assessment and objective testing are combined to appropriately manage patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the interobserver reliability of pretest probability assessment has not been investigated. We sought to determine (for patients with suspected PE) the interobserver reliability of pretest probability assessment (by overall impression (gestalt) versus an explicit clinical model). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at an urban university hospital. For patients referred for ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) scanning for suspected PE, structured assessments (11 history and 4 physical examination parameters) were performed by a referring physician and a designated thrombosis physician. The referring and thrombosis physicians also assigned a pretest probability for PE (low, moderate, or high) by gestalt. An explicit seven-point clinical model for suspected PE was later applied to each structured assessment to determine the pretest probability. Assessments were performed independently and prior to diagnostic test results. Interobserver reliability (two rater unweighted Kappa (kappa) statistic) was determined for each parameter on the structured assessment and the pretest probability assessments (gestalt vs. explicit clinical model). RESULTS: One hundred and ten patients with suspected PE received duplicate assessments. Historical features demonstrated substantial to almost perfect interobserver reliability (kappa=0.60-0.95). For the physical findings, only heart rate had substantial interobserver reliability (kappa=0.60). Pretest probability assessment was not reliable when using physician's gestalt (kappa=0.33), but produced substantial interobserver reliability using the explicit clinical model (kappa=0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Given the inadequate interobserver reliability of pretest probability assessment by overall impression (or gestalt), physicians should use explicit clinical models in the diagnostic management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.     

重型颅脑损伤后神经源性肺水肿的诊断和治疗

神经源性肺水肿（neurogenic pulmonary edema,NPE）是重型颅脑外伤的一种严重并发症,发病急,病死率高,且易漏诊和延误治疗.我科1996～2004年共收治重型颅脑损伤（GCS＜8分）的病人412例,其中确诊并发有神经源性肺水肿者共12例,占2.9%.现就其诊治情况结合文献分析报告如下.     

以晕厥等为首发症状的癌症并发肺栓塞临床分析

目的 分析癌症并发肺栓塞的临床特点,指导临床早期发现肺栓塞,早期治疗。方法 2006年3月至2011年1月间,连续纳入年龄在31～85岁,在我院心脏中心病房及门诊就诊,并确诊的癌症并发肺栓塞的患者11例。分析引发肺栓塞的癌症病因构成及相关的临床表现。结果 患者平均年龄63±17岁。男8例（81.8%）,女3例（27.3%）。11例患者中胃癌3例（27.3%）,前列腺癌2例（18.2%）,肺癌2例（18.2%）,卵巢癌2例（18.2%）,乳腺癌1例（9.1%）,及结肠癌1例（9.1%）。11例患者并发肺栓塞的临床表现有晕厥3例（27.3%）、直立位低血压3例（27.3%）、窦性心动过速2例（18.2%）、胸闷气短7例（63.6%）、胸痛4例（36.4%）、下肢水肿1例（9.1%）、紧张焦虑情绪1例（9.1%）。所有患者均经积极的低分子抗凝治疗及随后的华法林口服治疗症状消失。本观察中无因肺栓塞死亡的病例。结论 癌症是肺栓塞发生的高危人群,尤其是本研究中观察到的上述癌症类型可能更容易合并肺栓塞。这些患者出现晕厥等本研究观察到的上述症状时更应警惕肺栓塞的筛查。     

LR-PED Rule: Low Risk Pulmonary Embolism Decision Rule - A new decision score for low risk Pulmonary Embolism

Introduction

When accurately diagnosed, non-massive Pulmonary embolism (PE) has a low mortality rate. However, some patients initially considered to be low risk show progressive deterioration. This research aims at developing a preliminary score that allows detection of low risk patients potentially eligible for outpatient treatment.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective cohort study involving 142 asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic and hemodynamically stable patients with PE and no clinical/echocardiographic signs of right ventricular dysfunction. Collected data: risk factors, analytic/gasometric parameters, admission echocardiogram, thoracic CT angiography. Patients followed for 6 months. Primary endpoint: 1-month all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints: Intrahospital and 6-month all-cause mortality. A score designed for identification of very low risk patients eligible for outpatient treatment was developed and its prognostic accuracy compared to that of the Geneva and simplified PESI models.

Results

A score for predicting 1-month mortality (Low Risk Pulmonary Embolism Decision [LR-PED] rule) was obtained using Binary Logistic Regression, including: age, atrial fibrillation at admission, previous heart failure, admission heart rate, creatinine, glycaemia, troponin I and C-reactive protein at admission. ROC curve analysis assessed its overall accuracy for predicting 1-month, intrahospital and 6-month mortality (AUC = 0.756, 0.763 and 0.854, respectively). Compared to Geneva and simplified PESI, the LR-PED rule showed higher sensitivity and negative predictive value for the detection of the lowest risk patients. The net reclassification improvement index revealed significant successful upward risk reclassification by the LR-PED model of patients reaching primary or secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

LR-PED rule seems more attractive than Geneva or simplified PESI in its ability to identify patients at very low mortality risk who would be potentially eligible for outpatient treatment. Prospective validation of this score in larger cohorts is mandatory before its potential implementation.