局部脑氧饱和度监测在冠脉旁路移值术的应用研究

目的探讨局部脑氧饱和度监测在冠脉旁路移值术(OPCAB)中的应用价值。方法选取2018-02—2019-01在郑州市第七人民医院行OPCAB患者共有291例,均行脑氧监测,且术中尽力维持rSO2≥50%且在基础值的75%以上,称为脑氧组,于术前1 d、术后72 h和术后1周常规填写MMSE量表;选取2017-02—07在郑州市第七人民医院行OPCAB患者126例,术中未行脑氧监测,为非脑氧组,于术前1 d、术后72 h和术后1周常规填写MMSE量表。结果(1)2组患者在年龄、性别、体重指数、左心室收缩功能、高血压和糖尿病的并发症等资料无明显区别(P>0.05),2组患者术前MMSE评分无明显区别(P>0.05)。(2)2组患者术后3 d、7 d、3个月MMSE评分比较,脑氧组均明显高于非脑氧组(P<0.05),2组患者在手术时间、桥血管数量、病死率、脑血管疾病发病率无明显区别(P>0.05)。(3)2组患者在机械通气时间、重症监护时间、住院时间比较,脑氧组明显短于非脑氧组(P<0.05),住院总费用比较,脑氧组明显少于非脑氧组(P<0.05)。(4)脑氧组内根据是否出现POCD,把脑氧组内分为POCD组和非POCD组。POCD组97例中出现rSO2低于正常下限共有41例,占组内42.3%(41/97),非POCD组194例中出现rSO2低于正常下限共有54例,占组内27.8%(54/194)。POCD组内rSO2低于正常下限明显高于非POCD组(P<0.01)。结论在OPCAB中,应常规脑氧监测,尽量同时维持rSO2≥50%和基础值的75%以上,能减少脑部缺血缺氧,降低POCD发生率,缩短治疗周期,改善患者预后。     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病直接搭桥术后脑血流的评估

目的应用CT灌注成像(CTP)方法探讨烟雾病颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术对脑血流量的影响。方法选择2014年12月至2015年5月本院就诊的烟雾病患者35例,由全脑血管造影术(DSA)确诊为烟雾病。分别于术前、术后7d检查头颅CTP,在术侧及对侧根据患者的临床症状,划定相应位置作为感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),取得各参数后,进行配对t检验。结果患者行颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术,94%患者脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)较术前增加,平均通过时间(MTT)较前缩短,达峰时间(TTP)无明显变化。术前、术后相对脑血流量(rCBF)、相对脑血容量(rCBV),相对平均通过时间(rMTT)两两比较P0.05。相对达峰时间(rTTP)P0.05。结论 CT灌注成像(CTP)对烟雾病直接搭桥术患者术前、术后脑血流的评估具有重要的临床意义。     

颈静脉血氧饱和度对重型颅脑损伤患者的预后评估

目的探讨颈静脉血氧饱和度对重型颅脑损伤患者的预后评估。方法选择我科收治的23例重型颅脑损伤患者,进行颈内静脉导管采血,同时穿刺桡动脉留置导管监测动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2),并计算动-静脉血氧饱和度差(SajO2),每6-8h或颅脑体征发生较大变化时分别采血送检;并特别采集急性脑损伤后24h血样。通过颈内静脉血气和桡动脉血气,计算颈内静脉氧饱和度(SjvO2)、脑氧摄取(CEO2)和动静脉氧含量差(AVDO2)。为观察SjvO2与预后的关系,将病例分为死亡组和存活组,观察期限为病人死亡或出院为止。结果死亡组与存活组SjvO2、CEO2、AVDO2变化:除伤后1 d以外,伤后2-5 d死亡组和存活组的SjvO2、CEO2和AVDO2间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论颈静脉氧饱和度的监测结合CEO2、AVDO2的变化分析,可以间接反映重型颅脑损伤患者脑组织血流及氧代谢功能情况,反映病情,评估预后。     

新型联合血管重建术对成人烟雾病患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨新型联合血管重建术对成人烟雾病患者认知功能的影响。方法 共纳入2021年5月至2022年4月在航空总医院行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术+脑-硬脑膜-颞肌-动脉-骨膜瓣贴敷术的23例成人烟雾病患者,于术前和术后6个月行头部MRI、DSA和CT灌注成像并采用松岛分级系统进行侧支代偿分级,采用蒙特利尔认知评价量表（MoCA）北京版评估患者认知功能。结果 23例患者术后MoCA总评分（t=4.132,P=0.000）以及视空间/执行功能（t=2.612,P=0.016）、记忆（t=5.144,P=0.000）、注意力（t=2.655,P=0.014）和定向力（t=2.105,P=0.047）分评分均增加。术后根据松岛分级系统,A级（供血区范围>大脑中动脉供血区2/3）12例、B级（供血区范围为大脑中动脉供血区的1/3～2/3）8例、C级（供血区范围<大脑中动脉供血区1/3）3例。不同松岛分级患者手术前后MoCA总评分差异具有统计学意义（F=4.096,P=0.032）,仅松岛分级C级患者术后MoCA总评分低于B级患者（t=2.715,P=0.018）。13例（56.52%）...     

烟雾病颅内外血管重建术后新生血管能力的相关因素分析

目的 观察颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合联合脑-硬脑膜-颞肌血管融合术(STA-MCA+EDMS)与脑-硬脑膜-颞肌血管融合术(EDMS)后疗效及预后对比分析。方法 回顾性分析2018年6月—2021年6月南京医科大学附属脑科医院166例行大脑半球行STA-MCA+EDMS联合手术或EDMS间接手术治疗的烟雾病患者。观察两组术式的术后疗效、手术并发症及其远期预后。结果 对于梗死型及出血型烟雾病患者,联合手术术后血管造影评分优于间接手术(P=0.009)。进一步对有症状组患者进行ROC曲线分析提示,当年龄>49.5岁时行联合手术对术后血管新生能力差具有一定预测作用(P <0.001)。当年龄> 42.5岁时行间接手术,对于术后血管新生能力差具有一定预测作用(P=0.046)。新生血管能力在各铃木分级、梗死型烟雾病、出血型烟雾病及无症状组均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论 本中心研究提示联合手术对于术后血管的新生能力效果要优于间接手术,对于烟雾病患者应当尽早诊断尽早进行干预治疗。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压对颅内动脉瘤手术病人脑氧供需平衡及能量代谢的影响

目的观察急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)联合应用控制性降压对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人脑氧供需平衡和能量代谢影响。方法15例择期颅内动脉瘤病人诱导后行AHHD(Hct>30%),暴露动脉瘤前用微量泵输注硝普钠,初始量1.5~2μg/(kg.min),平均动脉压维持在8.0~8.7kPa。分别在降压前(T0)、降压中(包括动脉瘤夹闭前T1、夹闭后T2)和升压后(T3)采集颈内静脉球部和桡动脉血进行血气分析。监测动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、颈内静脉球部血氧分压(PjvO2)、二氧化碳分压(PjvCO2)、血氧饱和度(SjvO2)、血红蛋白(Hb)、动静脉血糖(GluA、GluV)、动静脉血乳酸(LacA、LacV)及差值。用Fick公式分别计算动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、颈内静脉球部血氧含量(CjvO2)及脑动-静脉血氧含量差(Ca-jvDO2)。结果与控制性降压前比较,降压中和升压后PaO2、PaCO2无明显变化(P>0.05),PjvO2、SjvO2和CjvO2在降压中显著升高(P<0.05),升压后亦有增高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Ca-jvDO2在降压中显著降低(P<0.05),升压后亦有增高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。降压中和升压后Lac和Glu变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论AHHD联合硝普钠控制性降压脑氧供需平衡,能量代谢良好,可以安全应用于颅内动脉瘤手术,但应把平均动脉压维持在8.0kPa以上,同时还要控制好通气,把PaCO2维持在正常水平。     

静吸复合麻醉对重症颅脑损伤患者脑氧代谢的影响

目的观察静吸复合麻醉对重症颅脑损伤患者脑氧代谢的影响。方法将80例重症颅脑损伤患者随机分为2组,对照组(n=40)靶控输注行丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼行静脉麻醉,观察组(n=40)靶控输注丙泊酚复合吸入七氟烷辅之以瑞芬太尼行静吸复合麻醉;比较2组患者不同时刻的血流动力学指标和脑氧代谢指标。结果观察组不同时刻的颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)、桡动脉-颈内静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO2)、脑氧摄取率(CERO2)与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论静吸复合麻醉对重症颅脑损伤患者能够降低围术期的脑氧代谢率,发挥一定的脑保护作用。     

联合脑血运重建治疗老年烟雾病患者的临床研究

目的研究联合脑血运重建术治疗老年烟雾病患者临床效果。方法回顾性分析2017-01—2019-12河南省人民医院烟雾病诊疗中心收治的老年烟雾病患者(年龄>60岁)共52例,分为2组,联合脑血运重建组39例,保守治疗组13例,收集患者一般资料、临床特征、围术期并发症、神经功能并发症和改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分。结果长期随访后,联合脑血运重建组新发卒中5例(12.82%),保守治疗组新发卒中7例(53.84%);mRS评分改善情况:联合脑血运重建组33例(84.62%)明显改善,保守治疗组仅1例(7.69%);2组患者新发卒中事件(χ²=9.244,P=0.002)、mRS评分改善情况(χ²=4.675,P<0.001)差异均有统计学意义。结论联合脑血运重建术可明显改善老年烟雾病脑血流供应,降低mRS评分,提高老年烟雾病患者生活质量。     

瑞芬太尼与硝酸甘油控制性降压对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人脑氧代谢影响的比较

目的 比较瑞芬太尼与硝酸甘油控制性降压,对急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)后颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人脑氧代谢的影响.方法 颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人30例随机等分为硝酸甘油组和瑞芬太尼组.手术开始时以15～20 ml/(kg·h)的速率输入4％琥珀酰明胶,使红细胞比容稀释为25％～32％.剪开硬脑膜后,分别泵入硝酸甘油和瑞芬太尼控制性降压,使平均动脉压(MAP)维持在60～65 mmHg.分别于降压前(T1)、降压后30 min (T2)、动脉瘤夹闭后5min (T3)抽取颈内静脉球部血和桡动脉血作血气分析,比较两组对脑氧代谢的影响.结果 血流动力学变化:与同组内T1比较,两组T2、T3的MAP和心率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组同时间点MAP比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),心率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).脑氧代谢的变化:与同组内T1比较,瑞芬太尼组T2、T3的静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)和颈内静脉氧含量(CjvO2)明显升高,动脉-颈内静脉球部m氧差[D(a-jv)O2]和氧摄取率(ERO2)明显降低(P＜0.01);两组同时间点(T2、T3)比较,SjvO2、CjvO2、D(a-jv)O2、ERO2差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 瑞芬太尼控制性降压用于AHH后的颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人,可降低脑氧代谢率,增强脑组织对缺氧的耐受性,比硝酸甘油控制性降压更具优越性.     

CT灌注成像对烟雾病行脑血管重建术的疗效评价

目的 探讨CT灌注成像技术(CTP)在出血型烟雾病中的应用价值和评价颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术(STA-MCA)手术疗效.方法 20例出血型烟雾病患者在实施STA-MCA手术前、术后1周和术后3个月分别行CTP检查.对患者手术前腩血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)进行定量和定性分析,并对手术前后及随访的CBF、CBV、MTT进行对比分析.结果 10例患者术前手术侧与对侧比较,额、颞叶CBF降低,CBV增加,MTT延长;术后1周复查,术侧额、颞叶与术前比较发现,rMTT降低,rCBV不变,rCBF增加;术后3个月复查,与术后1周比较,额、颞叶rMTT、rCBV降低;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CTP能检测脑缺血的部位,有助于出血型烟雾病术前治疗方法的选择和术后疗效观察;出血型烟雾病仍存在脑灌注严重不足,以额、颞叶明显,STA-MCA搭桥术能增加额、颞叶脑血供,预防缺血或出血性卒中发生.     

Posterior cerebral artery infarction from middle cerebral artery infarction

BACKGROUND: While it is known that posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction may simulate middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, the frequency and localization of this occurrence are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of PCA infarction mimicking MCA infarction and the territory of the PCA most commonly involved in this simulation. DESIGN: We studied 202 patients with isolated infarction in the PCA admitted to our stroke center to determine the frequency of PCA infarction simulating MCA infarction, the involved PCA territory, and the patterns of clinical presentation. RESULTS: We found 36 patients (17.8%) with PCA ischemic stroke who had clinical features suggesting MCA stroke. The PCA territory most commonly involved was the superficial PCA territory (66.7%), followed by the proximal PCA territory (16.7%) and both the proximal and the superficial PCA territories (16.7%). The principal stroke mechanism was cardioembolic (54.1%) in the superficial PCA territory, lacunar (46.2%) in the proximal PCA territory, and undetermined (40.2%) in both the proximal and the superficial territories. Among the 36 patients, the most common clinical associations were aphasia (13 patients), visuospatial neglect (13 patients), and severe hemiparesis (7 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Posterior cerebral artery infarction simulating MCA infarction is more common than previously thought. Early recognition of the different stroke subtypes in these 2 arteries may allow specific management.     

Proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion simulating middle cerebral artery occlusion

We describe 12 cases of acute stroke in which clinical features of proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion simulated the clinical syndrome of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The majority of patients developed contralateral hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia, hemispatial neglect, and sensory loss or sensory inattention. All 8 patients with dominant hemisphere lesions were aphasic. Accurate diagnosis in each case was achieved only after a head CT, showing occipital lobe, thalamic, and inferomesial temporal lobe infarction. "Cortical" signs are probably explained by thalamic involvement. Recognition of this syndrome has implications for management and prognosis.     

Duplication of the middle cerebral artery and the accessory middle cerebral artery

A double middle cerebral artery and their branches are described. Accessory middle cerebral arteries are interpreted as thinner twigs of the anterior cerebral or the anterior choroidal arteries.     

Posterior cerebral artery stenosis

We analyzed the clinical features of symptomatic posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stenosis in 6 patients selected from 15 patients with angiographically documented PCA atherostenosis occurring during a 7-year period. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were the major presentation in 5 patients. A homonymous visual field defect was present in 2 patients. TIA symptoms were predominantly visual or sensory, or both. The most common visual symptom was difficulty seeing to one side. One patient saw flashing lights. Sensory spells were always paresthetic, usually involving the arm and hand and occasionally the face and leg. Three patients had visual and sensory spells together. Two patients with a visual field defect had calcarine infarcts found by computed tomography. All patients were treated with warfarin. During follow-up (4 months to 4 years), no patient had a new stroke in the PCA territory, and only one continued to have TIAs. PCA atherostenosis is rarer then PCA embolic occlusion. In contrast to those with PCA embolism, our patients with PCA atherostenosis had more TIAs and fewer infarcts. The clinical features of PCA stenosis--preponderance of visual and sensory TIAs--distinguish this vascular lesion from stenosis of the middle cerebral artery.     

Post-traumatic cerebral artery thrombosis

In the years 1965--1978 thrombosis of the intracranial vessels of different aetiology was diagnosed in 204 patients treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Academy in Warsaw. The authors selected from this group 8 cases described in greater detail in which there was an evident temporal relationship between trauma and the development of the disease. The severity of the sustained trauma was without a significant influence on the development of post-traumatic thrombosis. Clinical Manifestations increased in intensity usually within the first 48 hours and in only one case they appeared 2 weeks after trauma. In the clinical status of the patients of considerable interest was usually absence of disturbances of consciousness with presence of serious signs of focal central nervous system damage. Of decisive diagnostic significance was cerebral angiography which localized the site of thrombosis and excluded presence of post-traumatic intracerebral haematoma. In 7 cases thrombosis affected the main trunk or branches of the middle cerebral artery. The prognosis as to survival of such patients is generally good but in most cases disability of different degree developed following thrombosis.     

Anterior cerebral artery velocity changes in disease of the middle cerebral artery stem

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography can map the changes in blood velocity that result from stenosis or occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. To evaluate patterns of collateral blood flow in disease of the middle cerebral artery stem, we used both cerebral angiography and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to study the systolic blood velocities in both anterior cerebral arteries in 10 consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis or occlusion. Five patients had no evidence of hemodynamically significant carotid disease and good-quality measurements of systolic velocity in each anterior cerebral artery. Two of the five patients had middle cerebral artery stem stenosis and the other three had occlusion. The ratios of mean blood velocity in the normal compared with the abnormal side for the five patients (mean 1.34 +/- 0.23, range 1.15-1.74) were significantly higher than ratios for 10 controls (mean 1.04 +/- 0.12, range 0.76 +/- 1.19) using an unpaired t test (t = 3.492, 0.0005 less than p less than 0.005). Our results suggest that transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurements of anterior cerebral artery blood velocity may be a useful index of collateral blood flow from the anterior cerebral artery territory into the middle cerebral artery territory. Changes in mean velocity ratio may document the evolution and adequacy of collateral blood flow over the cerebral convexity in middle cerebral artery stem disease. In addition, the changes in anterior cerebral artery blood velocity appear to be an important corroborative finding for middle cerebral artery stem occlusion.     

颅内动脉节段性发育不良

目的通过分析颅内动脉瘤患者的发病部位,探讨颅内动脉节段性发育与颅内动脉瘤发生的关系。方法分析我院1992年1月-2008年12月经脑血管造影诊断的颅内动脉瘤1768例患者的发病部位。结果 1768例患者96.35%动脉瘤位于眼动脉至前交通动脉及椎动脉发出小脑后下动脉处至基底动脉顶端这个节段内。结论颅内动脉节段性发育不良是动脉瘤发生的基础因素之一。     

Hemolysate inhibits cerebral artery relaxation

In helical strips of dog middle cerebral arteries partially contracted with prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha, relaxations induced by angiotensin-II, possibly mediated by PGI2, and those induced by PGH2 were reversed to a contraction or markedly reduced by treatment with hemolysate, which, however, attenuated the PGI2-induced relaxation only slightly. The relaxant response of human middle cerebral arterial strips to PGH2 was also suppressed by hemolysate. Dog and monkey middle cerebral arteries responded to transmural electrical stimulation and nicotine with transient relaxations, which were quite susceptible to tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium, respectively; the relaxations were abolished almost completely by hemolysate and methylene blue. On the other hand, the relaxant response of dog cerebral arteries to a low concentration of K+ was not influenced by hemolysate or by methylene blue, but was reversed to a contraction by treatment with ouabain. Relaxations induced by substance-P and nitroglycerin were markedly inhibited by hemolysate; removal of endothelium abolished the relaxation by substance-P, but did not influence the nitroglycerin-induced relaxation. Hemolysate may interfere with the biosynthesis of PGI2 in the vascular wall, thereby reversing the relaxation induced by angiotensin-II and PGH2 to a contraction. Relaxations induced by electrical and chemical stimulation of vasodilator nerves innervating cerebral arteries appear to be elicited by a mechanism dependent on cellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), like that underlying the substance-P-induced and nitroglycerin-induced relaxation. These actions of hemolysate may be involved in the genesis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

The posterior cerebral artery syndrome

Embolic and thrombotic infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is described with emphasis on the stroke and cerebrovascular features rather than special neurological syndromes. Of 47 cases of obstruction at the distal bifurcation of the basilar artery, 43 (95%) were consistent with embolism. The clinical categories and pathological findings are presented. Local embolism, vertebral distal-stump embolism, the dynamics of hemorrhagic infarction and embolus-in-transit are briefly described. The prodromal manifestations of PCA thrombotic occlusion include photopsias, hemianopic blackouts, headache, transient episodes of numbness, episodic lightheadedness, spells of bewilderment and rarely tinnitus. Recognition of these may allow prevention of a stroke. Prodromal photopsias did not closely resemble the scintillating displays of migraineurs. When the stroke occurred, visual complaints usually predominated. A sensory deficit occurred in one-third of cases. In 25 cases of memory impairment the dominant hemisphere was involved in 24. The kinds of visual hallucinations, simple and formed, are described.