大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的总结大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的诊治与显微外科手术切除经验。方法回顾性分析16例大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,肿瘤最大径3.0～8.2cm,病灶主体均位于岩斜区,采用显微外科手术切除肿瘤,其中颞下经小脑幕-岩尖入路9例,枕下乙状窦后入路3例,乙状窦前入路1例,幕上、下联合入路3例。结果脑膜瘤切除程度：SimpsonⅠ级切除5例,Ⅱ级切除1例,Ⅲ级切除1例,Ⅳ级切除9例。术后并发脑脊液耳漏2例,脑积水2例,癫1例,死亡1例。结论根据脑膜瘤大小、累及区域选择不同显微手术入路,术者应追求恰当的手术疗效/风险比值,而不是仅切除肿瘤,以免病人发生术后功能缺失,造成不良后果。     

颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗岩斜区巨大脑膜瘤临床观察

目的探讨应用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗岩斜区大型、巨大型脑膜瘤的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析采用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗的24例大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,总结手术经验和临床疗效。结果 24例患者肿瘤全切除(SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级)20例(83.3%),次全切除(SimpsonⅢ级)4例(16.7%)。术后新增神经功能障碍7例(29.2%),出现脑干出血1例(4.2%),脑干梗死1例(4.2%),脑脊液漏1例(4.2%),颅内感染1例(4.2%),肺部感染2例(8.3%)。无围手术期死亡病例。术后随访3~59个月,无肿瘤复发或残余肿瘤明显进展。结论对于中后颅窝和(或)幕上下骑跨的大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤,采用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路进行显微手术切除是一种安全有效的治疗方式。     

岩斜区肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤的显微手术治疗方法及其效果。方法 自2010年10月至2014年10月收治岩斜区肿瘤23例,分别采用颞下经小脑幕入路（11例）、乙状窦后经小脑幕入路（7例）和幕上幕下（颞下-乙状窦后）联合入路（5例）进行手术切除。结果 23例岩斜区肿瘤中脑膜瘤9例,神经鞘瘤12例,胆脂瘤2例。颞下经小脑幕入路11例中,肿瘤全切9例,次全切2例;乙状窦后经小脑幕入路7例均全切除;幕上幕下联合入路5例中,次全切4例,部分切除1例。23例患者随访6~36个月;术前Karnofsky功能状态评分为（83.0±7.0）分,术后1月为（75.2±9.0）分,术后6个月为（80.0±6.0）分;6例次全切除及1例部分切除患者术后1月行伽玛刀治疗,在随访时间内未见肿瘤复发。结论 根据岩斜区肿瘤的不同类型,选择颞下经小脑幕入路、乙状窦后经小脑幕入路和幕上幕下联合入路,可以提供肿瘤全切率,减少并发症,提高手术疗效。     

岩斜区肿瘤的手术入路选择

目的探讨岩斜区肿瘤的手术入路选择,以提高岩斜区肿瘤的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年12月经显微外科技术切除的92例岩斜区肿瘤,比较手术入路对手术结果的影响。根据肿瘤的临床和影像学特征,将岩斜区肿瘤分为四型。Ⅰ型,采用颞下-经天幕入路;Ⅱ型,采用颞下-经岩骨嵴入路,另有3例巨大型蝶岩斜坡型脑膜瘤采用经岩入路(幕上幕下联合或乙状窦前入路);Ⅲa,采用枕下乙状窦后入路;Ⅲb,采用乙状窦后-内听道上入路;Ⅳ型,经鼻-蝶入路切除。结果肿瘤SimpsonⅠ～Ⅱ级全切除83例。次全切除9例,其中Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲb型1例,Ⅳ型2例。术后新增脑神经功能障碍16例(17.4%),肢体偏瘫2例;另有2例KPS评分为50分,这2例随访3个月后基本恢复至术前状态。无死亡病例。结论对于不同类型的岩斜区肿瘤,选择合适的手术入路有助于提高疗效,减少术后并发症。乙状窦后及其改良入路、颞下-经天幕及其改良入路是岩斜区重要的手术入路。而硬膜外岩斜区肿瘤适合于采用经蝶入路手术切除。     

大型及巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结大型及巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的治疗经验.方法 根据临床表现和影像学特征,将41例大型及巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤分为3组:Ⅰ组(肿瘤位于上斜坡,18例)、Ⅱ组(肿瘤位于中下斜坡,17例)、Ⅲ组(肿瘤累及全斜坡,6例).Ⅰ组肿瘤采用颞枕下经小脑幕入路,Ⅱ组肿瘤采用枕下乙状窦后入路,Ⅲ组肿瘤采用幕上下联合入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤.结果 肿瘤切除Simpson Ⅰ～Ⅱ级Ⅰ组7例,Ⅱ组7例;Ⅲ级切除Ⅰ组8例,Ⅱ组8例,Ⅲ组2例;Ⅳ级切除Ⅰ组3例,Ⅱ组2例,Ⅲ组2例.Ⅲ组病人死亡2例.结论 对于不同类型的大型及巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤,选择不同的手术方式,对提高术后疗效和减少手术并发症有重要作用.     

岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床治疗

目的探讨岩斜区脑膜瘤的手术切除程度、手术人路选择及放射治疗的应用。方法回顾性分析51例岩斜区脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,根据肿瘤大小、累及部位及病人的状态等选择手术人路,行颞下经小脑幕入路31例,乙状窦前人路3例,枕下乙状窦后入路17例。结果术后肿瘤SimpsonⅠ-Ⅱ级切除40例,SimpsonⅢ级切除9例,SimpsonⅣ级切除2例;SimpsonⅢ-Ⅳ级切除病人术后接受放射治疗。术后出现昏迷8例,面神经麻痹7例,肢体肌力下降11例,动眼神经麻痹15例,展神经麻痹5例．颅内感染3例;死亡1例。50例随访6-18个月,术前症状及术后并发症大部分不同程度改善,随访期内无肿瘤复发及残余肿瘤进展。结论手术全切除是岩斜区脑膜瘤的根治方法,但片面追求肿瘤全切除常产生严重并发症。术前应根据病人的综合情况为其选择个性化的手术人路。选择SimpsonⅢ-Ⅳ级切除可提高病人的生活质量,术后辅助放射治疗能有效控制残余肿瘤进展,降低肿瘤复发率。     

颞下经天幕入路显微手术治疗岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的探讨颞下经小脑幕入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术方法和结果。方法 25例岩斜区脑膜瘤病人,全部经CT、MRI明确诊断,其中大型(瘤径2.5~4.4 cm)18例、巨大型(4.5 cm)7例。均采用颞下经小脑幕入路显微手术切除肿瘤。结果镜下全切除肿瘤20例(80%),大部分切除5例,无死亡。术后新增颅神经损伤11例。术后随访1~24个月,全切病例有4例复发。结论颞下经小脑幕入路是切除中上斜坡以上尤其是侵及麦氏腔的岩斜区脑膜瘤实用的手术入路。     

147例颅底中央区脑膜瘤的显微手术疗效分析

目的 探讨颅底中央区脑膜瘤的手术治疗策略和方法.方法 收集147例颅底中央区脑膜瘤患者,根据肿瘤部位和生长方向不同,分别选择额下入路、翼点人路、枕下乙状窦后入路、颞下经小脑幕入路、乙状窦前幕上下联合入路、远外侧入路等予以显微手术切除,对手术方法和疗效进行回顾性分析总结.结果 Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级切除112例,Ⅲ级32例,Ⅳ级3例.1例术后颅内感染.30例脑神经功能较术前改善,25例脑神经功能障碍较术前加重或出现新的神经功能损害.结论 个体化的手术方案,显微手术操作能提高颅底中央区脑膜瘤的全切除率和手术疗效.     

小脑幕脑膜瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨小脑幕脑膜瘤的临床特点、手术入路及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析安徽宿州市立医院2008年6月~2014年2月间住院手术的17例小脑幕脑膜瘤患者的临床资料。依据肿瘤基底附着部位和主体生长方向选择不同的手术入路。幕上型脑膜瘤采用颞枕部入路2例,采用枕部入路4例;幕下脑膜瘤采用枕下乙状窦后入路6例,采用后正中幕下小脑上入路2例;小脑幕切迹缘采用枕下经天幕入路2例;幕上下脑膜瘤采用幕上下入路1例。结果本组患者中小脑幕脑膜瘤全切除(SimpsonⅠ级和Ⅱ级)14例,次全切除1例,大部分切除2例。结论小脑幕脑膜瘤适宜积极的手术治疗,合适的显微手术入路以及恰当的手术方法能提高治疗效果。     

颅底脑膜瘤的显微手术体会

目的 探讨提高颅底脑膜瘤全切率、降低死亡率和致残率的显微外科手术技巧。方法 本组61例颅底脑膜瘤，根据肿瘤部位分别采用不同的手术入路进行手术，手术入路包括双（单）侧额下入路，翼点或改良及扩大翼点入路，幕上枕下、幕下小脑上或幕上下联合入路，枕下乙状窦后入路，经岩骨乙状窦前入路，枕下入路，远外侧入路等。结果 肿瘤切除达到SimpsonⅠ-Ⅱ级全切除54例，次全切除4例，大部切除3例。术后早期发生颅神经麻痹11例，无手术死亡。结论 通过合适的手术入路，依靠娴熟的显微外科技术和先进手术设备，积极而谨慎地切除颅底脑膜瘤可以取得满意效果。充分暴露。严密止血，正确处理肿瘤与重要组织的关系是手术成功的关键。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.