椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

血管内治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤14例临床分析

目的 探讨椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的临床特征、影像学特点,及不同类型夹层动脉瘤的治疗方法。方法 2010年6月至2014年11月血管内治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤14例,其中支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤9例,弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤及载瘤动脉3例,支架保护小脑后下动脉后行动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞2例。结果 14例中,12例CT表现为蛛网膜下腔出血,DSA表现为珠线征及偏心性动脉瘤样扩张。支架联合弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤9例中,术后即刻造影示,完全栓塞6例,近全栓塞2例,大部分栓塞1例;术后8例1年后随访,动脉瘤复发2例。载瘤动脉及动脉瘤闭塞3例中,术后即刻造影,动脉瘤及载瘤动脉不显影,术后6个月复查未见复发。支架保护小脑后下动脉后闭塞载瘤动脉及动脉瘤2例,术后2周死亡。结论 DSA是诊断椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的可靠依据,血管内治疗是治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的有效方法。     

椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的影像诊断与血管内治疗

目的总结椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的影像学诊断和血管内治疗经验。方法回顾性分析18例椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的磁共振成像和血管造影影像学特点和血管内治疗经过。结果影像特点为MR内膜瓣与壁间血肿,DSA珠线征,双腔征等。12例支架治疗中4例单纯支架后造影复查不显影,8例支架联合弹簧圈栓塞7例造影复查不显影;6例载瘤动脉闭塞4例造影复查不显影,全部病人临床随访症状消失。15例DSA复查随访,夹层动脉瘤不显影,无复发。结论DSA及MR检查对椎动脉夹层动脉瘤具有诊断价值;血管内治疗如支架技术（单纯置入或联合弹簧圈栓塞）以及载瘤动脉闭塞是椎动脉夹层动脉瘤安全、有效的选择。     

破裂颅内椎动脉动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗在破裂颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤中的应用.方法 回顾性分析21例血管内介入治疗的颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤患者,其中8例采用微弹簧圈或球囊进行载瘤动脉闭塞术,13例应用支架辅助弹簧圈进行栓塞治疗.结果 8例载瘤动脉闭塞的患者,载瘤动脉完全闭塞,小脑后下动脉保持通畅;随访3-12个月,未遗留明显的神经功能障碍.13例支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞的患者,术中1例因再出血死亡;余12例中,致密栓塞10例,接近完全栓塞2例.9例患者(包括接近完全闭塞的2例患者)有效造影随访3-11个月,致密栓塞的患者中动脉瘤无复发,载瘤动脉及PICA保持通畅;接近完全闭塞的2例患者中有1例部分复发,给予再次致密栓塞,另1例达稳定状态;另3例电话随访,未发现遗留明显的神经功能障碍.结论 载瘤动脉闭塞术治疗破裂的椎动脉梭形及夹层动脉瘤效果肯定,但有潜在缺血的风险;支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术近期效果较好,但远期疗效有待长期随访的验证.     

早期血管内栓塞治疗颅内出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤早期栓塞治疗方法及疗效。方法根据患者意愿和病情情况,22例出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤,分别采用弹簧圈闭塞近端椎动脉1例,动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞15例,支架结合弹簧圈栓塞5例（其中两个以上支架叠加4例）,单纯双支架治疗1例。术后腰大池引流血性脑脊液,防治脑血管痉挛。结果栓塞成功100%,无术中出血。1例有术后早期非动脉瘤性出血,2例有后组颅神经麻痹症状,1例高龄Ⅳ级患者放弃治疗出院。随访3~18个月,无再出血,无脑梗死。20例恢复良好,1例遗有后组颅神经麻痹症状。影像随访14例,3例多支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗的,载瘤动脉通畅,动脉瘤消失。11例动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞的无再通,对侧椎动脉造影显示动脉瘤不显影。结论颅内出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤应该尽早介入栓塞治疗。根据具体情况选择不同介入方法安全有效,应优先考虑保留载瘤动脉的治疗方式。     

血管内介入治疗破裂椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的安全性及策略分析

目的探讨不同的血管内介入治疗方式治疗破裂椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析自2020年1月至2023年6月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院神经外科收治的25例破裂椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者(25个动脉瘤)资料。所有患者均根据动脉瘤位置等情况采用动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞或支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗, 采用Raymond分级评估动脉瘤术后即刻栓塞程度, 记录患者围手术期不良事件发生情况。随访6～48个月, 根据DSA复查结果判断动脉瘤有无复发;采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评估患者预后, 0～2分为预后良好, 3～6分为预后不良。结果 25例均为单侧破裂椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤, 动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞(闭塞夹层节段)10例, 支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞15例。术后即刻Ⅰ级栓塞19例, Ⅱ级栓塞4例, Ⅲ级栓塞2例。术中无破裂出血及支架内血栓形成事件, 术后死亡3例, 死亡原因分别为术后再出血1例, 术后出现小脑梗死合并呼吸衰竭1例, 基础疾病多合并重症肺炎死亡1例。存活的22例患者中预后良好18例, 预后不良4例。5例患者复发(均为支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞患者), 4例接受再次介入治疗;1例...     

破裂出血的椎动脉夹层动脉瘤早期血管内治疗经验

目的 探讨早期血管内介入等综合方法 治疗破裂出血的椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的临床效果.方法 根据椎动脉夹层动脉瘤形态选用不同方法 共治疗14例,其中支架辅助弹簧圈技术治疗6例,双支架治疗4例,动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞治疗4例.术后尽早将血性脑脊液排出,同时防治血管痉挛.结果 术中无栓塞及动脉瘤破裂等并发症.除1例Hunt-Hess Ⅴ级患者死亡外,其余13例均恢复良好.平均随访16个月,无再出血.影像随访13例,支架辅助弹簧圈治疗者仅有1例部分再通;2例双支架治疗患者原扩张已消失,另2例扩张部分明显变小.3例动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞无再通.结论 早期血管内介入治疗破裂出血的椎动脉夹层动脉瘤是安全有效的.根据夹层动脉瘤不同的形态特征,可以选择不同的方法 .     

血管内介入治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤(IVADA)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月采用血管内介入技术治疗的24例IVADA的临床资料.结果 23例为单侧椎动脉夹层动脉瘤,1例为双侧椎动脉夹层动脉瘤.25枚夹层动脉瘤中,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞18枚,单纯双支架治疗2枚,闭塞夹层动脉瘤及载瘤动...     

载瘤动脉闭塞治疗小脑后下动脉以远椎动脉瘤二例报告并文献复习

目的探讨载瘤动脉闭塞治疗小脑后下动脉(PICA)以远椎动脉瘤的方法和效果。方法中山大学附属佛山第一人民医院神经外科自2006年1月至2007年1月对2例PICA以远椎动脉瘤破裂患者行介入载瘤动脉电解可脱弹簧圈(GDC)闭塞治疗,分析患者的临床特征、影像学特点和栓塞疗效。 结果2例患者术后PICA以远载瘤动脉合并动脉瘤均成功获得完全闭塞,无术后并发症发生。术后3个月造影复查证实动脉瘤体无充盈,同时PICA通畅,4年内无再出血发生。 结论对于开颅手术夹必困难的PICA以远椎动脉瘤,在PICA远端处闭塞一侧载瘤椎动脉是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的 总结不同部位椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊疗经验.方法 回顾性分析82例椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的临床资料,并根据小脑后下动脉(PICA)与瘤体的关系进行分类,Ⅰ类:PICA起始部远离瘤体;Ⅱ类:PICA起始部发自瘤体上下缘;Ⅲ类:PICA 起始部发自瘤体.所有病人均采用血管内治疗.结果 随访82例,时间3～18个月.Ⅰ类动脉瘤40例,其中行动脉瘤及载瘤动脉闭塞术23例,术后随访未见动脉瘤复发;行支架结合微弹簧圈治疗术17例,术后动脉瘤完全及近全栓塞12例,随访动脉瘸保持稳定13例.Ⅱ类动脉瘤27例均行支架结合微弹簧圈治疗,术后动脉瘤完全及近全栓塞17例,随访动脉瘤保持稳定18例.Ⅲ类动脉瘤15例,行支架结合微弹簧圈治疗7例,术中均行部分栓塞,随访动脉瘤保持稳定4例;行单纯支架植入术8例,术后随访仅3例动脉瘤保持稳定.结论根据PICA和动脉瘤体的关系进行分类,充分考虑PICA的位置关系,可指导椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的血管内治疗.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.