黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治探讨

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的诊断与治疗。方法回顾17例XGC的临床资料。结果术前B超检查17例,反复CT检查6例,均未能明确诊断,全部病例均术后病理确诊。手术方式：12例行胆囊切除术,2例行胆囊大部切除术,3例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除术和肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫术,17例均治俞。结论XGC是一种少见的特殊型的慢性胆囊炎,影像学检查易与胆囊癌混淆,确诊依赖病理检查,手术切除是早期诊断治疗的的最佳方法。术中冰冻切片病理检查,避免手术盲目扩大化。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治(附8例报告)

目的　探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 (XGC)的诊断和治疗。方法　回顾 8例XGC的临床资料。结果　XGC占同期胆囊标本的 0 5 % (8/1 60 0 )。临床表现与慢性结石性胆囊炎一致。B超检查 8例 ,CT检查 3例 ,术前全部误诊。术中病理确诊 2例、术后病理确诊 6例。 8例行胆囊切除 ;其中 4例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除 ,同时行肝十二指肠韧带内淋巴结清扫加右半结肠切除、胃大部分切除各 1例 ,全部治愈。结论　XGC是一种少见特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎 ,影像学检查易与胆囊癌混淆 ,确诊依赖病理检查。手术是早期诊断和治疗的最佳途径。胆囊切除是常用的术式 ,炎症浸润肝脏等周围组织或不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊疗特点

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC)的诊断与手术治疗特点。方法回顾性分析13例经病理确诊的XGC病人的临床资料。术前B超检查13例,CT检查5例,MRI检查3例,ERCP检查1例,术前均误诊。结果11例行术中冰冻切片病理检查,确诊9例。9例行胆囊切除术,1例行胆囊切除加胆总管探查T管引流术,1例行胆囊大部切除加十二指肠瘘修补术,2例行胆囊切除加胆囊床部肝组织切除。均治愈,无死亡病例。结论XGC是一种少见的特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎,术前诊断困难,确诊依赖病理检查,开腹胆囊切除是基本手术方式。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治探讨

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的(XGC)的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾10例XGC的临床资料。结果 B超检查10例，CT、检查3例，术前全部误诊，术后病检确诊10例。9例行胆囊切除，1例行胆囊大部切除，其中2例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除并肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫，1例加胃大部切除。9例治愈，1例死亡。结论 XGC是一种少见特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎，影像学检查易与胆囊癌混淆，确诊依赖病理检查，手术切除胆囊是早期诊断治疗的最佳途径。术中冰冻切片病检．避免手术盲目扩大化。     

术中冰冻检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎中的作用

目的探讨术中冰冻切片检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranu lom atous cholecystitis,XGC)中的作用。方法统计我院10年间确诊XGC的33例病例,其中9例行术中冰冻切片检查。结果9例患者术前均行B超及CT检查,术前诊断为慢性结石性胆囊炎3例,胆囊癌5例,胆囊占位1例。所有患者的术中所见均有胆囊壁明显增厚,胆囊与肝脏胆囊床面、大网膜等周围组织明显粘连。行术中冰冻切片检查后,快速病理回报提示,3例明确诊断XGC,4例为慢性胆囊炎性病变,2例提示胆囊壁蜂窝组织炎样改变。4例行胆囊切除术,4例行部分胆囊切除术,1例行胆囊癌根治术。术后病理均诊断为XGC。结论XGC是一种特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎性病变,在临床上非常少见。胆囊慢性炎症使胆囊壁增厚,并与肝脏或临近组织粘连浸润,影像学上和大体上易误诊为胆囊癌。确诊XGC需依赖病理检查。术中冰冻切片检查可明确病变性质,排除胆囊恶性病变,对手术方式的选择有直接影响,避免了术中盲目扩大切除的可能。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的临床诊断及治疗

回顾性分析近5年来收治的9例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）患者的临床资料。术前 B超检查9例，CT检查4例，MRI检查3例，ERCP检查1例，但均误诊。术中冷冻病理确诊7例，另2例诊断为急性胆囊炎。术后石蜡病理确诊9例。5例行胆囊切除术，1例行胆囊切除加胆总管探查T管引流术，1例行胆囊大部切除加十二指肠瘘修补术，2例行胆囊切除加胆囊床部肝组织切除。术后并发胆瘘1例，切口感染1例。全组无死亡病例。笔者体会：术中冷冻切片检查和术后病理检查是XGC诊断的关键，施行以切除胆囊为主的手术治疗。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎78例临床分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatouscholecystitis,XGC）的病因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析1985年1月至2012年12月78例经病理确诊的XGC患者的临床资料。结果78例患者均行B超检查,其中50例同时行CT检查,术前诊断：慢性结石性胆囊炎60例,胆囊癌伴胆囊结石8例,胆囊占位性病变10例。术前诊断胆囊结石的68例中胆囊颈结石并嵌顿者达67例,占98．5％,由于胆汁淤积、渗入破损的胆囊壁,可引起XGC的发生。78例均行手术治疗：胆囊切除术48例,胆囊部分切除或大部切除术13例,胆囊切除加肝脏部分楔形切除术12例,胆囊与周围粘连成块状误诊为胆囊癌行肝脏部分切除术5例;其中合并胆总管结石17例同时行胆总管切开取石术;损伤肝总管2例同时行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y形吻合术。78例手术或易或难,可顺利完成,无严重并发症。结论XGC是一种特殊类型慢性胆囊炎,并伴黄色肉芽肿形成。术前诊断困难,术中快速冷冻或术后石蜡切片病理检查是诊断的关键手段。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治(附22例报告)

目的　探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎 (XGC)的诊断和治疗。方法　对我院 1 990年 2月 -2 0 0 0年 3月间收治的 2 2例XGC作回顾性分析。结果　XGC占同期胆囊标本的 1 .4% (2 2 1 5 2 3 )。临床表现与一般胆囊炎类似 ,B超示胆囊壁不规则隆起或增厚 7例 ,CT检查 5例怀疑为胆囊癌 ,肿瘤标志物检查 1例铁蛋白 (SF)轻度升高 ;伴黄疸 4例中 1例合并胆总管结石 ,1例合并胰头癌。术前全部误诊。术中冰冻切片检查 1 0例 ,4例确诊为XGC ,其余为术后病理诊断。行胆囊大部切除术 2例 ,胆囊切除加肝边缘不规则切除术 2例 ,其余行单纯胆囊切除。全部治愈。结论　XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎 ,临床表现不典型 ,易与胆囊癌相混淆 ,术前难于诊断。组织病理学检查是确诊的重要手段。胆囊切除是常用的术式 ,不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。本病预后良好     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治分析

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿行胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）的诊治。方法回顾性分析4例XGC的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果术前影像学诊断均未能明确诊断,全部病例均术后病理确诊。手术方式：3例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除术、肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫,1例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除术、肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫及部分结肠肝曲切除术,4例病人均治愈。均获随访,平均时间39个月（7个月～6年）,患者健康状况良好,无局部复发及恶变情况。结论 XGC是一种较为少见的胆囊炎,术前诊断较为困难,容易误诊为胆囊癌,确诊依赖病理检查,手术切除是治疗的最佳方法。术中冰冻病理检查可指导手术方案的实施。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治（附22例报告）

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGX)的诊断和治疗。方法 对我院1990年2月-2000年3月间收治的22例XGC作回顾性分析。结果 XGC占同期胆囊标本的1．4％(22／1523)。临床表现与一般胆囊炎类似，B超示胆囊壁不规则隆起或增厚7例，GF检查5例怀疑为胆囊癌，肿瘤标志物检查1例铁蛋白(SF)轻度升高；伴黄疸4例中例合并胆总管结石，1例合并胰头癌。术前全部误诊。术中冰冻切片检查10例，4例确诊为XGC，其余为术后病理诊断。行胆囊大部切除术2例，胆囊切除加肝边缘不规则切除术2例，其余行单纯胆囊切除。全部治愈。结论 XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎，临床表现不典型，易与胆囊癌相混淆，术前难于诊断。组织病理学检查是确诊的重要手段。胆囊切除是常用的术式，不能排除胆囊癌时应扩大手术范围。本病预后良好。     

A case of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis suspected to be adenocarcinoma based on the intraoperative peritoneal washing cytology

INTRODUCTION

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a variant of chronic cholecystitis. XGC remains difficult to distinguish from gallbladder cancer radiologically and macroscopically.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 63-year-old female was referred to our hospital because of a gallbladder tumor. Abdominal CT and MRI revealed a thickened gallbladder that had an obscure border with the transverse colon. FDG-PET showed a high uptake of FDG in the gallbladder. Therefore, under the preoperative diagnosis of an advanced gallbladder cancer with invasion to the transverse colon, a laparotomy was performed. Because adenocarcinoma was suspected based on the intraoperative peritoneal washing cytology (IPWC), cholecystectomy and partial transverse colectomy were performed instead of radial surgery. However, the case was proven to be XGC with no malignant cells after the operation.

DISCUSSION

In patients with gallbladder cancer who underwent surgery in our institute from 2000 to 2009, the prognosis after the operation of patients with only positive IPWC tended to be better than that of patients with definitive peritoneal disseminated nodules. It is true that in some cases, it is difficult to differentiate XGC from gallbladder carcinoma pre- and intra-operatively.

CONCLUSION

Surgical procedures should be selected based on the facts that there are long-term survivors with gallbladder cancer diagnosed with positive IPWC, and that some patients with XGC are initially diagnosed to have carcinoma by IPWC, as was seen in our case.     

Mirizzi syndrome caused by xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: Report of a case

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare inflammatory disease of the gallbladder. In severe cases, inflammation extends to adjacent structures, and XGC is sometimes confused with a malignant neoplasm. We recently diagnosed XGC as the preoperative cause of Mirizzi syndrome in a patient based on the clinical course. The patient was admitted because of obstructive jaundice, with gallbladder carcinoma as the suspected cause. The gallbladder was swollen with gallstones and the serum level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) was 3070 U/ml at admission. A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was done, and the common hepatic duct as well as the right and left hepatic ducts were found to be obstructed. Later, the CA19-9 level and swelling of the gallbladder decreased and the obstruction of the bile ducts disappeared. A cholecystectomy was performed and the intraoperative pathohistological diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis was made from frozen sections. The pathohistological diagnosis of XGC was made from paraffin-embedded sections. Mirizzi syndrome such as that seen in our patient is a rare complication of XGC. XGC occassionally causes extensive inflammation; thus, performing a conventional cholecystectomy can be unsafe. However, in our opinion, a total, not subtotal, cholecystectomy should be done whenever possible because the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma accompanied with XGC is higher than that with ordinary cholecystitis or gallstones.     

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis: Analysis of 108 Patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and the results of surgical treatment. This retrospective study concerns clinical, radiological, and surgical data as well as histopathological findings and postoperative results of 108 patients with XGC who were identified after evaluating 7916 cholecystectomy specimens between 2004 and 2014 in a single institute. One hundred eight patients with XGC were evaluated (56 males and 52 females, mean age 62.3 years). Clinical findings at referral included acute and chronic cholecystitis, Mirizzi’s syndrome, choledocholithiasis, cholangitis, and acute pancreatitis. Ultrasound was performed in all patients, CT in 25, contrast-enhanced MRI in 29, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in 25 patients. None of the patients were diagnosed preoperatively, but mild-moderate degrees of wall thickening were present in most. Fifty-four patients received open cholecystectomy, while 54 received laparoscopic intervention, among whom 23 were converted to open. Partial cholecystectomy was performed in 11 patients. Two patients with gallbladder adenocarcinoma were treated with radical cholecystectomy. XGC has nonspecific clinical and radiological findings; thus, preoperative diagnosis is generally absent. Open cholecystectomy is the recommended treatment modality. Conversion to open is frequently necessary after laparoscopy. Complete cholecystectomy is the ultimate goal; however, partial cholecystectomy may be preferred to protect the structures of the hepatic hilum.     

Acute severe cholecystitis with empyema presenting as a gallbladder mass,jaundice and Mirizzi Syndrome: A case report

IntroductionAcute severe cholecystitis with empyema presenting as a gallbladder mass, jaundice and Mirizzi Syndrome (MS) is a complex surgical problem both diagnostically and in terms of management as it mimics both xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and gallbladder carcinoma.Presentation of caseA 48-year-old gentleman was referred to us with biliary colic and weight loss with ultrasound findings of gallstones. At subsequent follow-up he became deeply jaundiced with deranged liver function and a CT showing a gallbladder mass and dilated biliary tree. Follow-up MRCP suggested XGC and concomitant MS, but a malignant process could not be excluded. Pre-operative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) at the time of percutaneous biliary drainage for his jaundice demonstrated XGC with no evidence of malignancy. Given the dense inflammation and a tense empyema at laparoscopy, he underwent a subtotal fenestrating cholecystectomy. The final histopathological diagnosis was acute cholecystitis.DiscussionOur patient likely had unrecognised acute cholecystitis which progressed to a complex mass with empyema and type I Mirizzi Syndrome, ultimately resulting in severe obstructive jaundice mimicking gallbladder carcinoma. Given that a laparoscopic total cholecystectomy is dangerous in these cases of severe inflammation, a laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy has been shown to be a safe alternative to more invasive strategies and was successfully utilised in our patient.ConclusionAcute severe cholecystitis with empyema presenting as a gallbladder mass, jaundice and Mirizzi Syndrome is a rare manifestation that requires adequate pre-operative work-up to exclude malignancy. Subtotal fenestrating cholecystectomy is a safe and effective alternative to open surgery in these cases of complex inflammation.     

87例意外胆囊癌多中心诊疗分析

目的 分析多中心意外胆囊癌（IGBC）病例治疗现状,探讨IGBC的诊断与治疗要点。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2020年6月上海市浦东新区6家医院收治的87例IGBC患者临床资料,男27例（31.03%）,女60例（68.97%）;年龄34～89岁,平均68岁。术前诊断为胆囊结石伴胆囊炎67例,其中合并胆总管结石9例;胆囊息肉4例;胆囊腺肌症5例;胆囊结石合并胆囊息肉8例;慢性胆囊炎2例。术前87例患者均行B超检查;26例行CT检查,其中6例发现胆囊壁局部或不规则增厚;术前行肿瘤标志物检测52例,CA199升高7例（67～238 kU/L）。结果 同期6家医院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）16 411例,IGBC占比0.53%;同期胆囊癌根治术219例,IGBC占比39.73%。87例IGBC中,急诊LC 25例（28.74%）,择期LC62例（71.26%）;术中冰冻病理发现IGBC 70例,术后常规病理发现IGBC 17例;行胆囊癌根治术65例,未行根治术22例。术后病理检查,Tis期15例,T1期20例,T2期28例,T3期22例,T4期2例。45例获得随访,随访时间3～96个月,中位时间26个月。T分期越早,生存期越长（P=0.01039）,根治性手术明显改善患者的生存期（P=0.00423）。结论 意外胆囊癌应从胆囊良性疾病的规范化诊治角度入手防治,才能减少其发生;根治手术能提高意外胆囊癌患者术后的生存期。