弹力绷带膝踝联合捆扎改善脑卒中患者步态及日常生活活动能力的疗效观察

目的:观察应用弹力绷带进行膝踝关节联合捆扎治疗对改善脑卒中患者步态及日常生活活动能力的临床疗效。方法:40例脑卒中患者随机分为试验组和对照组,两组患者均接受脑卒中后常规康复治疗,试验组患者在常规康复治疗中的站立、迈步、行走等训练时应用弹力绷带对患侧膝、踝关节进行同步捆扎,保持膝关节微屈、踝关节背屈。在治疗前及治疗8周后进行三维步态分析、患侧下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA-L)及改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分,试验组患者在首次应用弹力绷带捆扎前后各做1次三维步态分析。结果:试验组患者在首次应用弹力绷带捆扎后三维步态分析显示其患侧步长、步速及支撑相髋、膝、踝各关节力矩峰值各项分值较捆扎前有显著改善(P0.05);治疗8周后试验组患者下肢FMA-L、MBI评分及三维步态数据较对照组有显著改善(P0.05)。结论:应用弹力绷带进行膝踝关节联合捆扎可显著提高卒中后偏瘫患者的异常步态及日常生活活动能力。     

脑卒中患者步行能力与下肢三维运动学及动力学相关性分析

目的:通过对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢三维运动学和动力学的分析,寻找偏瘫患者步态特点,比较分析步行能力与运动学和动力学之间的关系,从运动力学角度探讨偏瘫患者异常步行的原因,寻找康复治疗中需解决的关键问题。方法:选择首次脑卒中后可以独立步行10m以上的右侧偏瘫患者20例为实验组,正常健康中老年人16例为对照组。采用Vicon和AMTOR6-7进行三维步态运动学和动力学检测和分析。结果:实验组与正常对照组比较,脑卒中患者与健康中老年人在步频、跨步时间、双腿支撑时间、步时、离地比率、步长、跨步长和步速同侧比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),患侧离地占步态周期百分比和健侧单腿支撑时间实验组与对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。矢状面上同侧髋关节伸展角度、膝关节屈曲角度和踝关节背伸及跖屈角度比较差异都有显著性意义(P<0.05)。同侧髋关节屈伸力矩、同侧膝关节伸直力矩和患侧踝关节背伸力矩实验组和对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),步行能力(步速)与患侧髋关节伸展、健侧膝关节屈曲、双侧膝关节伸展、双侧踝关节背伸和跖屈角度相关,均有显著性意义(P<0.05);同时也和双侧髋关节屈伸、膝关节伸展和踝关节背伸力矩相关(P<0.01)。结论:①步长是脑卒中偏瘫患者步态异常的重要参考指数;②髋关节和膝关节伸展,踝关节背伸和跖屈是步态异常的重要表现;③下肢髋关节和膝关节屈伸肌群和踝关节背伸肌群的力量是影响步行能力的重要因素。     

痉挛型脑瘫患儿个体化康复治疗前后步态特征分析

目的:采用三维步态分析定量评价痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢步态特征,为其下肢功能的康复疗效提供量化评定依据。方法:选取我院10例脑瘫患儿为观察组,再将12例健康儿童为对照组,应用三维运动捕捉系统采集2组的步态时空参数及运动学参数,根据评定结果为观察组制定个体化康复训练,在训练1个月前后分别对观察组采用粗大运动功能评定(GMFM)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、改良Ashworth肌张力评定量表(MAS)及三维步态分析系统进行评定。结果:治疗1个月后,观察组GMFM和BBS评分较治疗前均明显提高(均P<0.01),MAS评分较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01)。观察组步态周期和跨步时间较治疗前均明显降低(均P<0.05),步频、跨步长、步长及髋、膝关节的关节活动度和屈曲最大角度以及踝关节的关节活动度较治疗前均明显增加(P<0.05,0.01);观察组治疗前后较对照组比较,步频、步速、跨步长及步长均明显降低(均P<0.01),除了膝关节屈曲最大角度差异无统计学意义,其余髋、膝及踝关节各运动学参数均明显增加(均P<0.01)。结论:三维步态分析可以量化评定脑瘫患儿的下肢运动功能,能为患儿康复治疗方案的精确制订及疗效评估提供客观科学依据。     

内侧间室膝骨性关节的下肢关节生物力学变化

目的：了解内侧间室膝骨性关节炎患者与正常人群在行走过程中的下肢生物力学参数的差异,以便准确客观的对患者下肢功能进行评定。方法：通过三维步态分析系统和测力板分别对正常人群（正常组）25例和内侧间室膝骨性关节炎患者（患病组）25例进行时间空间以及髋、膝、踝关节的运动学和动力学参数采集,并进行比较。结果：与正常组比较,患病组在行走过程中的最大膝关节曲,踝关节跖/背屈,髋关节曲/伸角度以及关节活动范围均明显降低,髋关节内收力矩明显减小,膝关节内收力矩明显增加（均P〈0.05）。结论：内侧间室膝骨性关节炎患者下肢关节生物力学发生变化,步行过程中的膝关节所受的压力明显高于正常人群,为其康复评定及治疗提供客观评价依据。     

虚拟现实与同步减重训练对脑卒中患者步态影响的对照研究

目的:评估虚拟现实与同步减重步态训练(VR+BWSTT)对脑卒中患者步态的影响。方法:将12例发病3个月内的脑卒中患者随机分配至实验组(VR+BWSTT)和常规组(常规物理治疗)各6例,另6例正常人作为正常组。训练前后以三维步态分析对以下参数进行对比:步行速度、步长不对称性、单腿支撑时间不对称性、髋关节最大后伸角度、髋关节最大屈曲角度、膝关节最大屈曲角度、支撑相膝关节最大伸展角度、支撑相踝关节最大背伸角度。结果:训练前两组脑卒中患者的性别、年龄、病程、脑卒中性质、偏瘫侧、患侧下肢肌力、肌张力、步行速度、步长不对称性、单腿支撑时间不对称性及患侧下肢各关节角度差异无显著性。脑卒中患者步行速度、髋关节最大后伸角度、膝关节最大屈曲角度低于正常组,步长不对称性、单腿支撑时间不对称性高于正常组(P<0.05)。训练后两组患者的步行速度、单腿支撑时间不对称性均有改善,实验组的步长不对称性、髋关节最大后伸角度有改善(P<0.05)。结论:VR与同步BWSTT可改善亚急性期脑卒中患者的步态,在改善脑卒中的步长不对称性、髋关节最大后伸角度方面较常规物理治疗有优势。     

不同硬度地面对功能性踝关节不稳患者步态协调性的影响

目的 探索不同硬度地面对功能性踝关节不稳(FAI)患者步态协调性的影响。方法 2023年5月至7月,采用Qualisys红外光学运动捕捉系统对南京师范大学15例右侧FAI患者协调性和变异性进行测试。采集并截取步态周期数据,运用Matlab计算耦合角和耦合角标准差,比较在不同硬度地面上的差异。结果 在冠状面,髋-踝关节耦合角在支撑中期和支撑后期硬地面大于软地面,其他步态阶段以及髋-膝关节、膝-踝关节各步态阶段均小于软地面(P <0.05);在矢状面,髋-踝关节和膝-踝关节耦合角在支撑中期和支撑后期硬地面小于软地面,其他步态阶段以及髋-膝关节各步态阶段均大于软地面(P <0.01);在水平面,髋-膝关节耦合角在支撑后期硬地面小于软地面,摆动前期和髋-踝关节承重期均大于软地面(P <0.05)。与硬地面相比,软地面上耦合角标准差仅在矢状面髋-膝关节承重期小于硬地面,其余均大于硬地面(P <0.05)。结论 FAI患者在三维面内各步态阶段在软地面上表现出更多的远端主导,即踝关节内翻跖屈优势增加,髋关节优势减少;协调变异性普遍高于硬地面。表明FAI患者在软地面上步行时会增...     

单侧全髋关节置换术后患者下肢三维运动力学特征分析

目的:分析单侧全髋关节置换术(THR)恢复期患者平地步行中下肢关节的三维运动学和动力学特征,指导后续和早期康复.方法:采用运动重建实验室检测病例数据库资料分析的方法,选择在本院关节外科行THR后5-10年的患者14例为实验组,14例相匹配的健康人为对照组.采用Vicon Nexus、AMTI检测下肢三维运动学和动力学,应用Polygon分析步态周期中髋、膝、踝关节三维运动学和动力学特征.结果:和对照组右侧下肢比较,术侧髋关节屈曲峰值力矩减小(P＜0.05),膝、踝关节屈曲峰值力矩增大(P＜0.05);峰值角度方面,术侧髋关节内收、内旋、外旋、后伸和膝关节内收以及踝关节内收、外展、内旋、外旋,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).术侧和健侧比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:髋关节置换术后恢复期患者,通过同侧膝关节和踝关节屈曲力矩增加代偿患髋屈曲力矩的降低;同时为防止植入物松动和向外脱位,步行中患髋过度外旋并发踝关节过度内旋.另外,健侧下肢产生了与患侧下肢相似的运动力学变化.     

脑卒中偏瘫患者膝过伸步态与下肢肌肉激活功能的相关性

目的 观察脑卒中膝过伸患者步行时膝关节过伸角度与下肢各关节运动学参数及下肢主要肌肉激活情况的相关性。方法 2020年8月至2021年9月,在同济大学附属养志康复医院选择伴膝过伸的脑卒中患者24例,以及性别、年龄、身高及体质量匹配并伴膝过伸的健康人24例,采用三维运动捕捉系统和无线表面肌电采集系统进行分析,记录骨盆、髋、膝、踝关节在矢状面上的角度,以及双侧臀大肌、股二头肌、股内侧肌、腓肠肌内侧头肌电数据。结果 脑卒中患者单腿支撑相的最大膝过伸角度时,各关节角度和各肌肉激活度均与健康人有非常显著性差异(|t|> 3.080, P <0.01)。脑卒中患者单腿支撑相的最大膝过伸角度与臀大肌激活度明显负相关(r=-0.532,P <0.01);两组膝过伸最大角度与踝跖屈角度呈显著正相关(r> 0.686, P <0.001)。结论 脑卒中患者膝过伸步态的矫正不仅需要关注膝关节控制,还需要关注踝关节控制和臀肌功能。     

单侧小腿截肢患者穿假肢后的步态运动学参数研究

目的 采用计算机辅助康复环境(CAREN)步态评估系统分析单侧小腿截肢患者穿假肢后的步态运动学参数,并分析其产生差异的原因。 方法 选取单侧小腿中段截肢但均装配假肢的受试者9例设为假肢组,同期选择健全受试者11例设为标准组,通过CAREN步态评估系统对2组受试者的步态运动学参数进行收集、处理、分析,并根据分析报告阐明产生差异原因。 结果 假肢组步态时相性指数为(0.88±0.04),其假肢侧的步长、支撑期百分比、髋关节支撑期最大伸展角度、膝关节支撑期最大屈曲角度、踝关节足跟着地背屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大背屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大跖屈角度与健侧比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05）。假肢组假肢侧的步行速度、步态周期、跨步长、支撑期百分比、髋关节足跟落地屈髋角度、髋关节支撑期最大伸展角度、髋关节支撑期最大屈曲角度、膝关节足跟着地屈膝角度、踝关节足跟着地背屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大跖屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大背屈角度与标准组双侧均值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05）。 结论 单侧小腿截肢者穿戴假肢后步态时相对称性为（0.88±0.04）,假肢侧踝关节运动学参数显著弱于自身健侧,其时空与运动学参数也显著弱于健全人。     

等速肌力训练对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响

目的:观察患侧髋关节及躯干的屈伸肌等速肌力训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者步行功能的影响。方法:将脑卒中后偏瘫患者60例随机分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组采取常规康复训练方案,观察组在此基础上增加患侧下肢髋关节及躯干的屈肌和伸肌的等速肌力训练,治疗前及治疗6周后采用等速肌力测试与训练系统评定患者患侧下肢髋关节及躯干的屈肌和伸肌的峰力矩(PT)、屈伸肌的总功(TW),运用意大利Walkerview数字化跑台步态分析系统评定患侧下肢髋、膝和踝关节的关节活动度(ROM)及步长、触地时长。结果:治疗6周后,2组髋关节及躯干的屈伸肌PT和TW值较治疗前均明显增加(均P<0.05),且观察组均高于对照组(均P<0.05);2组髋、膝和踝关节的屈曲、伸展角度较治疗前均扩大(均P<0.05),步长和触地时长均增加(均P<0.05),且观察组的各项数值均显著优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:患侧下肢髋关节及躯干的屈肌和伸肌等速肌力训练对提高脑卒中后偏瘫患者步行功能具有显著的促进作用,值得临床参考应用。     

A study of the gait characteristics of patients with chronic osteoarthritis of the knee

Purpose : There is scant information at present on the effects of severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint on gait. In the present study the kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait and the pattern of activation of four lower limb muscles were examined during walking at a self-selected pace on level ground. The spatiotemporal parameters of gait were also computed. Methods : Measurements were made using a three-dimensional optico-electronic motion analysis system integrated with a force plate and telemetered electromyography. Results : Fifty-eight patients with severe OA of the knee and 25 age-matched healthy control subjects were examined. Patients demonstrated a significantly reduced walking speed, shorter stride length and a more prolonged stance phase of the gait cycle compared with the control subjects. They also had less range of motion at the hip, knee and ankle, joints and generated less moments and powers at the ankle and more moments at the knee than the control group. The differences were statistically significant for all parameters except the degree of ankle plantar flexion in stance. Activation of the rectus femoris muscle was prolonged in the patients group. Conclusions : It is concluded that the observed gait abnormalities were due to instability of the knee joint in stance. This may have important clinical implications for the rehabilitation of patients with severe OA of the knee.     

A study of the gait characteristics of patients with chronic osteoarthritis of the knee

Purpose : There is scant information at present on the effects of severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint on gait. In the present study the kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait and the pattern of activation of four lower limb muscles were examined during walking at a self-selected pace on level ground. The spatiotemporal parameters of gait were also computed.

Methods : Measurements were made using a three-dimensional optico-electronic motion analysis system integrated with a force plate and telemetered electromyography.

Results : Fifty-eight patients with severe OA of the knee and 25 age-matched healthy control subjects were examined. Patients demonstrated a significantly reduced walking speed, shorter stride length and a more prolonged stance phase of the gait cycle compared with the control subjects. They also had less range of motion at the hip, knee and ankle, joints and generated less moments and powers at the ankle and more moments at the knee than the control group. The differences were statistically significant for all parameters except the degree of ankle plantar flexion in stance. Activation of the rectus femoris muscle was prolonged in the patients group.

Conclusions : It is concluded that the observed gait abnormalities were due to instability of the knee joint in stance. This may have important clinical implications for the rehabilitation of patients with severe OA of the knee.     

Changes of kinematic parameters of lower extremities with gait speed: a 3D motion analysis study

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in hip, knee and ankle kinematic variables of the lower extremities at different gait speeds. [Subjects and Methods] Forty healthy subjects who had no previous history of neurological, musculo-skeletal or other medical conditions that could affect gait were recruited. The subjects were asked to walk 10 m down a walkway at three different gait speeds: normal gait speed, and self-selected fast, and slow speeds. The experimental order was randomly chosen across these gaits. The hip, knee and ankle kinematic data were evaluated using a VICON 3D motion analysis system and force plates. [Results] The flexion peak and external rotation peak of the knee joint significantly increased with the increase of gait speed. The plantarflexion peaks of the ankle joint significantly increased with increase of gait speed. However, none of the kinematic data of the hip joint were significantly dependent on increase of gait speed. [Conclusion] The relationship of the knee and ankle joint can be described as coupling motion which is dependent on gait speed. Our present findings suggest that coupling motion of the knee joint and plantarflexion of the ankle joint significantly increase with increase of gait speed. These results will provide important insight into gait mechanisms for the evaluation of pathological populations.Key words: Gait speed, 3D motion analysis, Lower extremity     

Comparison of Children with Joint Angles in Spastic Diplegia with Those of Normal Children

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare joint angles between normal children and those with spastic diplegia using three-dimensional gait analysis. [Subjects and Methods] The study subjects were eight patients with spastic diplegia and eight normal children. Three-dimensional gait analysis was used for the survey. The measured gait variables were the joints of the lower extremity in the sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse planes and the maximum and minimum angles of their stance phase and swing phases. [Results] In the sagittal plane, the maximum angles of both the right and left pelvis and hip joint in the stance phase and swing phases were significantly greater for children with spastic diplegia than for normal children. In the stance phase of the right side of the hip joint, the maximum angles of the hip in the swing phase and the knee joint’s minimum angles in the stance phase differed significantly. In the transverse plane, there were a significant differences on the left side of the pelvis in the maximum angles in the swing and stance phases. There were also significant differences on the right side pelvis, in the maximum and minimum angles in the stance phase and minimum angles in the swing phase. [Conclusion] Children with spastic diplegia employ a different gait strategy and pattern from normal children.Key words: Spastic diplegia, Joint angle     

Analysis of mechanical and metabolic factors in the gait of congenital below knee amputees. A comparison of the SACH and Seattle feet.

Prosthetic feet have been developed with the intention that they deform during the first half of the stance phase to store energy that can be released at the end of stance and contribute to push-off. The purpose of this study was to examine the three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of gait and metabolic energy cost in children and adolescents with below-knee amputations using the SACH and Seattle prosthetic feet. The metabolic test consisted of an 8-min walk around an oval track while expired gases were collected and analyzed. The biomechanical test consisted of 10 walking trials: 5 for each of the prosthetic and sound limbs. Stance and swing phase moments and powers were calculated for both the prosthetic and sound limbs. A four-camera VICON system recorded movements of the limb segments to calculate joint kinematics, and these were combined with ground reaction force data in a three-dimensional model to determine moments and powers about the hip, knee and ankle joints. The Seattle foot produced a small increase in stride length, which led to a small increase in walking velocity. Biomechanical data revealed that the Seattle foot was less resistant to passive dorsiflexion in midstance, and although there was no effect on the work done across the prosthetic ankle, a knee flexor moment dominated the stance phase when the SACH foot was tested, whereas the Seattle foot allowed a normal extensor moment. The profile of work was unaffected by the type of foot. On the sound side, the hip produced most of the positive work while the ankle output was below normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Differences in hip–knee joint coupling during gait after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundAfter anterior cruciate ligament injury, patients have increased risk for developing degenerative osteoarthritis, potentially due to the kinematic changes that persist after surgical reconstruction. Current research only describes single joint kinematic differences rather than the way in which two joints behave concurrently, termed joint coupling. The purpose of this study was to compare knee motion relative to hip motion in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed and healthy limbs during walking and jogging.MethodsThirty-seven recreationally active volunteers (22 reconstructed, 15 healthy) walked and jogged at 4.83 km/h and 9.66 km/h respectively. Vector coding methods were used to calculate stride-to-stride variability, magnitude, and vector angle of 6 joint couples during walking and jogging: hip frontal–knee frontal planes, hip frontal–knee sagittal, hip frontal–knee transverse, hip sagittal–knee frontal, hip sagittal–knee transverse, and hip transverse–knee frontal planes.FindingsThe hip sagittal–knee frontal and hip sagittal–knee transverse joint couples had decreased variability during mid-stance, and all other couples had increased variability during the stance phase in the reconstructed group. The reconstructed group had decreased magnitude of joint excursion in the hip frontal–knee sagittal couple during all phases of gait during walking. Vector angles of the hip frontal–knee transverse couple increased in the reconstructed group during the loading, middle, and terminal stance phases, and swing phase of gait during walking.InterpretationThe increased variability and decreased magnitude of joint excursion indicate that movement patterns were less consistent during walking gait despite employing a more constrained system during movement in the reconstructed limb compared to healthy controls.     

Compensatory advantages of toe walking

OBJECTIVES: The study's hypothesis is that toe walking requires less peak muscle strength distally about the ankle and knee compared with normal heel-toe walking and thus may have compensatory advantages for patients with upper motor neuron injury and distal muscle weakness. DESIGN: Motion analysis and force platform data were collected in able-bodied subjects during toe walking and normal walking. Sagittal plane joint torques reflecting muscle force requirements and joint powers reflecting nonisometric muscle contraction were compared between the two conditions using paired t tests, applying a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. SETTING: A gait laboratory. SUBJECTS: Seventeen able-bodied adults, 9 of whom were ballet dancers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak hip, knee, and ankle joint torque and power variables during walking. RESULTS: Peak ankle plantarflexor torque and ankle power generation during terminal stance and preswing were reduced (p<.001), as compared with normal heel-toe walking. The normal ankle dorsiflexor torque at initial contact-and the knee extensor torque and knee power generation during loading response were all essentially absent during toe walking. Hip extensor torque and hip power generation during the loading response phase were greater for toe walking (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Toe walking may require less ankle plantarflexor, ankle dorsiflexor, and knee extensor strength than normal heel-toe walking and thus may have compensatory advantages for patients with upper motor neuron injury and distal lower extremity weakness.     

Hemiplegic gait of stroke patients: the effect of using a cane.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of cane use on the hemiplegic gait of stroke patients, focusing on the temporal, spatial, and kinematic variables. DESIGN: Case-control study comparing the effect of walking with and without a cane using a six-camera computerized motion analysis system. SETTING: Stroke clinic of a tertiary care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen ambulatory stroke patients were analyzed, including 10 men and 5 women (mean age, 56.9 years; mean time since stroke, 9.8 weeks). Nine age-matched healthy elderly subjects were recruited as a control group. RESULTS: Stroke patients walking with a cane showed significantly increased stride period, stride length, and affected side step length, as well as decreased cadence and step width (p < .05) in comparison with those who walked without a cane. There were no significant differences in the gait phases and the five gait events of hemiplegic gait walking with or without a cane. Cane use thus may have more effect on spatial variables than on temporal variables. The affected-side kinematics of hemiplegic gait with a cane showed increased pelvic obliquity, hip abduction, and ankle eversion during terminal stance phase; increased hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar-flexion during preswing phase; and increased hip adduction, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase as compared with hemiplegic gait without a cane. A cane thus improved the hemiplegic gait by assisting the affected limb to smoothly shift the center of body mass toward the sound limb and to enhance push off during preswing phase. It also improved circumduction gait during swing phase. CONCLUSION: Stroke patients walking with a cane demonstrated more normal spatial variables and joint motion than did those without a cane.