The effect of osteoporotic vertebral fracture on predicted spinal loads in vivo

The aetiology of osteoporotic vertebral fractures is multi-factorial, and cannot be explained solely by low bone mass. After sustaining an initial vertebral fracture, the risk of subsequent fracture increases greatly. Examination of physiologic loads imposed on vertebral bodies may help to explain a mechanism underlying this fracture cascade. This study tested the hypothesis that model-derived segmental vertebral loading is greater in individuals who have sustained an osteoporotic vertebral fracture compared to those with osteoporosis and no history of fracture. Flexion moments, and compression and shear loads were calculated from T2 to L5 in 12 participants with fractures (66.4 ± 6.4 years, 162.2 ± 5.1 cm, 69.1 ± 11.2 kg) and 19 without fractures (62.9 ± 7.9 years, 158.3 ± 4.4 cm, 59.3 ± 8.9 kg) while standing. Static analysis was used to solve gravitational loads while muscle-derived forces were calculated using a detailed trunk muscle model driven by optimization with a cost function set to minimise muscle fatigue. Least squares regression was used to derive polynomial functions to describe normalised load profiles. Regression co-efficients were compared between groups to examine differences in loading profiles. Loading at the fractured level, and at one level above and below, were also compared between groups. The fracture group had significantly greater normalised compression (p = 0.0008) and shear force (p < 0.0001) profiles and a trend for a greater flexion moment profile. At the level of fracture, a significantly greater flexion moment (p = 0.001) and shear force (p < 0.001) was observed in the fracture group. A greater flexion moment (p = 0.003) and compression force (p = 0.007) one level below the fracture, and a greater flexion moment (p = 0.002) and shear force (p = 0.002) one level above the fracture was observed in the fracture group. The differences observed in multi-level spinal loading between the groups may explain a mechanism for increased risk of subsequent vertebral fractures. Interventions aimed at restoring vertebral morphology or reduce thoracic curvature may assist in normalising spine load profiles.     

骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折的治疗进展

骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture,OVCF）严重影响中老年人的生命健康,被认为是老年人生命健康开始衰退的前兆,因此积极的治疗显得尤为重要。传统的手术方法,如椎板切除内固定术,其创伤大、失血多而失败率高;保守治疗不能早期减轻疼痛症状及改善功能状态,导致骨折延迟愈合及严重骨化,形成陈旧性OVCF,给治疗带来更大困难。随着脊柱外科微创技术的开展为椎体骨折的治疗开拓了新的途径,经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）及经皮椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplast,PKP）成为治疗OVCF的常用方法,其具有止痛效果快速又显著、椎体高度恢复理想、可早期负重活动且术后并发症发生率低的优点。OVCF进行外科手术治疗的同时进行恰当而有效的康复锻炼也是很重要的。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折早期效果

目的总结经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的早期疗效。方法 2008年2月-2010年6月采用PKP治疗31例(31个椎体)骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折。男10例,女21例;年龄64～80岁,平均70.7岁。均为轻微外伤所致,病程1～13 d。病变椎体位于T128例、L19例、L212例、L42例。手术前后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估临床症状;摄X线片测量病变椎体Cobb角及椎体前缘高度,行骨折复位及预防椎体塌陷评估。结果 31例均顺利完成手术,无严重手术并发症。术中透视见11例椎体(35.5%)出现骨水泥渗漏,其中渗漏至椎体前侧3例,椎体侧方4例,沿穿刺通道渗漏4例。患者均获随访,随访时间6～15个月,平均11个月。骨折愈合时间8～12周,平均11.5周。术前、术后3个月及末次随访时VAS评分分别为(8.1±1.2)、(2.5±0.6)、(2.3±0.8)分;Cobb角分别为(30.2±5.3)、(21.3±3.6)、(23.5±3.8)°;椎体前缘高度分别为(13.98±4.62)、(22.03±4.93)、(22.56±4.34)mm。术后VAS评分、Cobb角、椎体前缘高度均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后3个月和末次随访时比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PKP是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的有效方法,能缓解疼痛、矫正后凸畸形、预防椎体塌陷。     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty as a treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review

Percutaneous vertebroplasty has been performed for more than ten years to treat painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Clinical results have been encouraging, but little is known about the efficacy and safety of this minimally invasive procedure. We therefore performed a systematic review to assess the efficacy and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A search was conducted using Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. The search yielded fifteen studies, eleven prospective, three retrospective and one controlled trial. Totally 1,136 interventions were performed on 793 patients. Mean pain scores, measured using a 0 to 10 VAS score, improved significantly from 7.8 to 3.1 (−60.3%) immediately after percutaneous vertebroplasty. The short-term complication rate varied between 0.4 and 75.6%. Leakage of cement outside the vertebral body was markedly common, ranging from 3.3 to 75.6%. Although the majority was asymptomatic, a few devastating clinical adverse effects were reported (mean 2.4%). Although percutaneous vertebroplasty is a widely accepted treatment for osteoporotic vertebral fractures, we revealed only a single controlled trial. We conclude that there are insufficient data available to reliably assess efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty. The procedure has a low rate of clinical complications, but potential complications can be devastating. In the future, assessing the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty requires controlled trials with long-term follow-up.     

Altered disc pressure profile after an osteoporotic vertebral fracture is a risk factor for adjacent vertebral body fracture

This study investigated the effect of endplate deformity after an osteoporotic vertebral fracture in increasing the risk for adjacent vertebral fractures. Eight human lower thoracic or thoracolumbar specimens, each consisting of five vertebrae were used. To selectively fracture one of the endplates of the middle VB of each specimen a void was created under the target endplate and the specimen was flexed and compressed until failure. The fractured vertebra was subjected to spinal extension under 150 N preload that restored the anterior wall height and vertebral kyphosis, while the fractured endplate remained significantly depressed. The VB was filled with cement to stabilize the fracture, after complete evacuation of its trabecular content to ensure similar cement distribution under both the endplates. Specimens were tested in flexion-extension under 400 N preload while pressure in the discs and strain at the anterior wall of the adjacent vertebrae were recorded. Disc pressure in the intact specimens increased during flexion by 26 ± 14%. After cementation, disc pressure increased during flexion by 15 ± 11% in the discs with un-fractured endplates, while decreased by 19 ± 26.7% in the discs with the fractured endplates. During flexion, the compressive strain at the anterior wall of the vertebra next to the fractured endplate increased by 94 ± 23% compared to intact status (p < 0.05), while it did not significantly change at the vertebra next to the un-fractured endplate (18.2 ± 7.1%, p > 0.05). Subsequent flexion with compression to failure resulted in adjacent fracture close to the fractured endplate in six specimens and in a non-adjacent fracture in one specimen, while one specimen had no adjacent fractures. Depression of the fractured endplate alters the pressure profile of the damaged disc resulting in increased compressive loading of the anterior wall of adjacent vertebra that predisposes it to wedge fracture. This data suggests that correction of endplate deformity may play a role in reducing the risk of adjacent fractures.     

骨质疏松症与脊柱骨折

骨折为骨质疏松最为严重的并发症，骨质疏松性脊柱骨折既是发生再骨折的高危因素，又是预测再次骨折发生的最重要指标。脊柱骨折作为再次骨折的高危因素，它反映了患者骨结构的退变和骨强度(BMD)的下降。预测再次骨折发生的危险性时，结合骨密度降低和有无脊柱骨折，将更有价值。通过X线片可以对脊柱骨折进行评估和分级，Genant半定量法对脊椎骨折进行评估，不需测量椎体高度，较为简便、实用。在药物疗效的评估上，只有将BMD和脊柱骨折结合起来，结果才更为客观、准确。既能增加骨密度又能减少脊椎骨折发生的药物是最为理想的药物。     

椎体后凸成形术与椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的Meta分析

目的:用Meta分析的方法评价椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)与椎体成形术(percu-taneous vertebroplasty,PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)的疗效及安全性。方法:计算机检索1997年1月～2011年1月的Ovid medline数据库、Web of science数据库、EMbase数据库及Cochrane central register of controlled trial(2011年第1期),手工检索相关杂志,搜集关于PKP与PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折疗效比较的对照研究。按纳入和排除标准筛选文献,评价文献质量后采用RevMan 5.0.25进行数据分析。结果:最终纳入9个非随机前瞻性对照试验,1个随机对照试验,共749例患者。两组(PKP组及PVP组)病例术后疼痛症状均得到缓解,随访1年内患者,PKP组疼痛缓解效果略高于PVP组(P<0.05);随访大于1年者,PKP组效果明显高于PVP组(P<0.05);两组病例术后疼痛功能障碍均得到缓解,但两组间效果无明显差异(P>0.05)。大多数研究表明PVP组在矫正畸形和恢复椎体高度方面更有优势(P<0.05),但亦有部分研究认为2组间无差异性(P>0.05);两组病例在生活质量改善上效果相似(P>0.05);两组病例术后并发症发生率上PKP组小于PVP组(P<0.05)。结论:PKP在缓解疼痛、增加椎体高度及纠正畸形方面较PVP更有优势,且更为安全,但不能完全否定PVP的作用。     

Paraspinal muscle control in people with osteoporotic vertebral fracture

The high risk of sustaining subsequent vertebral fractures after an initial fracture cannot be explained solely by low bone mass. Extra-osseous factors, such as neuromuscular characteristics may help to explain this clinical dilemma. Elderly women with (n = 11) and without (n = 14) osteoporotic vertebral fractures performed rapid shoulder flexion to perturb the trunk while standing on a flat and short base. Neuromuscular postural responses of the paraspinal muscles at T6 and T12, and deep lumbar multifidus at L4 were recorded using intramuscular electromyography (EMG). Both groups demonstrated bursts of EMG that were initiated either before or shortly after the onset of shoulder flexion (P < 0.05). Paraspinal and multifidus onset occurred earlier in the non-fracture group (50–0 ms before deltoid onset) compared to the fracture group (25 ms before and 25 ms after deltoid onset) in the flat base condition. In the short base condition, EMG amplitude increased significantly above baseline earlier in the non-fracture group (75–25 ms before deltoid onset) compared to the fracture group (25–0 ms before deltoid onset) at T6 and T12; yet multifidus EMG increased above baseline earlier in the fracture group (50–25 ms before deltoid) compared to the non-fracture group (25–0 ms before deltoid). Time to reach maximum amplitude was shorter in the fracture group. Hypothetically, the longer time to initiate a postural response and shorter time to reach maximum amplitude in the fracture group may indicate a neuromuscular contribution towards subsequent fracture aetiology. This response could also be an adaptive characteristic of the central nervous system to minimise vertebral loading time.     

Validity and role of vertebral fracture assessment in detecting prevalent vertebral fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

ObjectivesWe aimed to identify the validity and the role of vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) for the diagnosis of prevalent vertebral fracture (VF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.MethodsTotal of 100 women with RA who were 50 years or older were enrolled. All participants underwent lateral imaging of the thoraco-lumbar spine by radiography and VFA. All radiographs were analyzed by two radiologists. Discrepancies between radiologists for spine radiography were resolved by consensus and these results were defined as the reference standard. VFA interpretation was done independently by two nuclear medicine physicians. Fracture defined by VFA measure was done only when two physicians both independently reported fracture. The inter-rater agreement for the detection of VF on VFA was evaluated by kappa statistics. We calculated percent values for the diagnostic validity of VFA in detecting VF in the 100 women as a whole and according to the presence of previous fracture or back pain.ResultsThe prevalence of VF identified by spine radiography was 47%. Inter-rater agreement of VFA per vertebra by two VFA readers showed moderate agreement (kappa = 0.60). The sensitivity, PPV, specificity and NPV of VFA compared to spine radiography were 57.3%, 30.9%, 89.1% and 96.1% for total vertebrae. All patients with history of previous VF (n = 13) were visualized with VFA with 100% sensitivity but it has 64.7% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity in patients without previous VF (n = 87).ConclusionVFA is most useful to identify patients without VF because of its high specificity and NPV in all spine level.     

椎体后凸成形术和椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折疗效的对比研究

目的探讨椎体后凸成形术（percutaneou8kyphoplasty,PKP）和椎体成形术（percutaneousvertebroplasty,PVP）在治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折中的应用。方法共562例骨质疏松性椎体骨折,采用PVP治疗256例,PKP治疗306例。统计分析手术前后视觉模拟疼痛评分（vAS）、SF-36评分系统、伤椎高度及后凸畸形的X线片测量。结果患者获随访6。12个月,术后症状缓解,无神经损伤,骨水泥渗漏并发症2组比较差异无统计学意义fP〉0．05）。2组手术前后VAS和SF-36评分比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PKP组术前与术后1周、6个月椎体高度恢复率、椎体后凸角度改善率与PVP组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PKP组的术后12个月和术后6个月的椎体压缩率、后凸角度比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论PVP与PKP均可显著缓解椎体压缩骨折患者的疼痛,PKP矫正椎体高度及改善后凸畸形比PVP好;骨水泥渗漏发生率2组相当。     

应用经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的研究

目的 探讨椎体成形术（PVP）在治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折（OVCF）中的作用.方法 31例骨质疏松性压缩性骨折患者接受了椎体成形术,患者均有背部疼痛.在X线透视引导下,经单侧或双侧椎弓根入路行PVP,每个椎体注入骨水泥量为3～8 ml,平均6.0 ml,完成46个椎体成形术.术后患者随访1～18个月.结果 31例中绝大多数患者术后6 h～2 d疼痛明显缓解或消失.结论 椎体成形术为骨质疏松压缩性骨折经保守治疗无效患者提供了一种安全、微创、有效的治疗方法.     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的微创治疗

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折常导致患者疼痛、活动受限，特别是随着老龄人群的增加，其发病率逐渐升高。传统采用保守治疗或者手术治疗效果不理想。近年采用椎体成形术(PVP)或后凸成形术(PKP)微创治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折，经皮穿刺椎体内注入骨水泥或先用球囊撑开压缩的椎体后再注入骨水泥进行椎体强化，可以达到稳定骨折、恢复椎体力学强度和缓解疼痛的目的=本文就有关这种微创治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的最新进展加以综述。     

PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折120例疗效分析

目的分析经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)在骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折治疗中的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析自2012-06—2015-03采用经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗的120例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折。术前1 d、术后3 d、术后3个月采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价患者的疼痛程度,采用活动能力评分评价腰部功能障碍情况,采用矢状面指数(SI)评价伤椎椎体高度矫正情况。结果本组120例均获得3个月以上随访,平均随访5.2个月,随访期间未出现病椎塌陷及邻近椎体骨折等并发症。术后3 d VAS评分(t=-25.912,P0.001)、活动能力评分(t=-3.623,P0.001)、SI(t=12.251,P0.001)较术前1 d明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月VAS评分(t=-30.968,P0.001)、活动能力评分(t=-3.961,P0.001)、SI(t=12.238,P0.001)较术前1 d明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论PKP手术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折具有手术创伤小、手术时间短、操作简便、安全可靠等优点,疗效满意。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗36例骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的经验

目的分析经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的疗效。方法对2011年1月至2014年6月在我院应用PVP治疗的36例单椎体骨折病例进行回顾分析,患者平均年龄74岁。从疼痛程度变化、伤椎压缩率、后凸角、并发症发生情况进行评价。结果术后24小时所有患者腰背疼痛均显著缓解,VAS评分较术前明显下降,术后各时间点与术前比较均存在统计学差异(P0.001)。压缩率及后凸角术前、术后各时间点之间比较均无统计学差异。4例存在无症状椎体外骨水泥渗漏。所有病例至今获随访24~42个月,平均33个月。4例于术后2年内出现腰背部疼痛症状,经X线证实为邻近椎体新发骨折;余患者无疼痛复发,无原有症状加重或神经受压症状出现,伤椎及邻近椎体形态未发生明显变化。结论对任何年龄段的OVCF,采用积极的PVP有利于减轻患者痛苦,而且安全。     

Enhanced prediction of fracture risk combining vertebral fracture status and BMD

Summary Prevalent vertebral fractures are associated with increased fracture risk, but the magnitude of this effect across a range of BMD T-scores has not been quantified. In this analysis, for any given BMD T-score, incident fracture risk varied up to twelve fold when information regarding prevalent radiographic vertebral fracture status was considered. Background Clinical fracture risk evaluation of older women usually includes assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) but often not vertebral fracture status. In this analysis, we quantified the impact of vertebral fracture burden on two year fracture risk across a range of BMD T-scores. Methods Data were from 2,651 postmenopausal women who were assigned to the placebo groups of the Fracture Prevention Trial (median observation 21 months) and the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Trial (MORE; observation 2 years). Using the Genant visual semiquantitative criteria, we defined prevalent vertebral fracture status as: a) presence or absence of fracture; b) fracture number; c) maximum semi-quantitative (SQ) score (normal=0, mild fracture=1, moderate fracture=2, severe fracture=3); and d) spinal deformity index (SDI) score (sum of SQ scores of T4 to L4 vertebrae). Incident fractures over two years were identified via lateral spine radiographs and outside the spine by questioning of patients and review of radiographs or radiographic reports. Results Femoral neck BMD T-score provided significant information regarding fracture risk. Across the range of T-scores, vertebral fracture status provided additional prognostic information. The risk increased with increasing number and severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and SDI, a summary measure of spine fracture burden. Across a range of BMD values, prevalent spine fracture burden as assessed by SDI increased the risk of incident vertebral fractures by up to 12-fold, nonvertebral fractures by about twofold, and any fractures by up to sevenfold. Conclusions These findings indicate that at any given BMD T-score, the risk of incident vertebral, non-vertebral, and any fracture depended heavily on prevalent radiographic vertebral fracture status. Assessment of vertebral fracture status, in addition to BMD, provides practical and relevant clinical information to aid in predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. This study was supported by Eli Lilly and Company.     

Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and new classification of the osteoporotic vertebral fracture

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of, and when deciding on treatment policies for, vertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis by comparing the diagnostic success rates for such fractures using MRI and plain radiographs. We also devised a new classification of vertebral fractures in osteoporotic patients based on MRI findings. The subjects were 34 patients with a total of 316 osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures treated in our department during the past 2 years. They consisted of 30 women and 4 men with an average age of 82 years (range 61–95 years). The site diagnostic rates of plain radiographs and MRI for the vertebral fractures were compared, and changes in signal intensity of the fractured vertebrae in MRI were examined. The areas of change in signal intensity in T1-weighted sagittal images were classified into six types: total, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, central. The site diagnostic rate for vertebral fractures was 98% for MRI, which was better than the 87% obtained with plain radiographs. Changes in signal intensity in the vertebrae showed no intraspinal protrusion in the inferior and superior types, and neurological stability was achieved; but there was a high frequency of intraspinal protrusion in the total and posterior types.     

应用Fabric pod行椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的:评估应用fabric pod行椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的临床效果。方法:2007年12月～2010年4月应用fabric pod行椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者13例共15个椎体,男2例,女11例;年龄56～81岁,平均72.2岁;T9 1例,T11 2例,T12 5例,L1 5例,L2 2例;椎体后壁骨折2个椎体,其余椎体后壁完整。均无脊髓和神经受损的症状和体征,疼痛节段椎体MRI脂肪抑制序列均为高信号,VAS评分为8.9±1.4分,Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)为(86.1±9.7)%,伤椎椎体前缘高度为14.50±1.34mm,伤椎后凸Cobb角度为28.50°±1.85°。随访观察患者的VAS评分、ODI及影像学改变情况。结果:患者均安全耐受手术,手术时间每节段36～58min,平均45min。未出现骨水泥渗漏,无感染、血管栓塞、脊髓或神经损伤等并发症。术后患者疼痛均明显缓解,术后24h VAS为2.1±1.3分,ODI为(30.5±7.6)%,伤椎椎体前缘高度为23.20±1.12mm,伤椎后凸Cobb角度为11.30±1.40°,与术前比较均有差异性差异(P<0.05)。随访6~22个月,平均12个月,末次随访时VAS为2.2±1.5分,ODI为(32.7±8.4)%,伤椎椎体前缘高度为22.82±0.85mm,伤椎后凸Cobb角度为12.48°±0.70°,与术前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),与术后24h比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:应用fabric pod行椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折可显著缓解疼痛、有效恢复骨折椎体的高度,避免骨水泥渗漏,近期疗效满意。     

Effectiveness of instant vertebral assessment to detect prevalent vertebral fracture

Introduction Vertebral fracture is currently underdiagnosed, despite its common severity and its value to predict further osteoporotic fracture. Morphometry using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [vertebral fracture assessment (VFA)] is a new technique that may facilitate detection of many vertebral fractures, as images are obtained at the same time as bone mineral density (BMD) measurement, and would also allow avoiding spine radiographs.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the diagnostic value of Instant Vertebral Assessment (IVA), which is a morphometry scan using the Hologic Delphi densitometer, to detect prevalent vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women. Interobserver precision was assessed, then IVA scans were compared with lateral spine radiographs, considered the gold standard, to test diagnostic agreement between the two techniques. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated, as well as the likelihood ratio of the positive test, using sensitivity and specificity at each vertebral level.Results Among 85 patients of whom 50% had at least one vertebral fracture identified with radiographs, we found that interobserver precision was moderate, with frequent difficulties in discerning upper thoracic vertebrae. On a per-vertebra basis, sensitivity was around 70% from L4 to T11 and lower above T11 whereas specificity was above 90% for all vertebrae, and the negative predictive value remained above 80% from L4 to T7 and decreased above T7. On a per-patient basis, sensitivity was 0.69, specificity 0.74, positive predictive value equalled 0.72 and negative predictive value 0.71. When only grades 2 and 3 fractures were considered, results were comparable, with slightly improved specificity. Then, with the likelihood ratios calculated in our sample, we obtained posttest probabilities using the prevalence of vertebral fracture at lumbar and thoracic levels in a large sample of postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis with and without vertebral fracture [baseline data in women of the Multiple Outcomes on Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial]. At levels where fractures were most common, likelihood ratios of the positive test were good or excellent, associated with sizeable posttest probabilities.Conclusion IVA allowed diagnosis of vertebral fracture at levels where vertebral fracture were most common, i.e., the lumbar and mid and lower thoracic levels, but its value was weaker at the upper thoracic levels.     

Intravenous pamidronate for pain relief in recent osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a randomized double-blind controlled study

Introduction We performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial comparing intravenous pamidronate and placebo for pain relief in recent osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCF).Methods Patients suffered from recent (<21 days), painful, osteoporosis-related VCF. They were randomized to receive daily intravenous infusions of either placebo or 30 mg pamidronate for three consecutive days (total pamidronate: 90 mg). The main criterion for efficacy was improvement in standing pain on a 100-mm visual analogical scale (VAS) at day 7. Secondary criteria were standing pain at days 3 and 30; supine pain at days 3, 7, and 30; patients’ overall assessment of improvement; mobility index; and number of “20% responders” and “50% responders” (respectively, 20% and 50% improvement in standing pain at days 7 and 30). Statistical analysis with non-parametric tests was carried out on an intention to treat basis.Results Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the study; 16 were given placebo and 16 pamidronate. Thirty-one patients were evaluated at day 7 and 26 patients at day 30. VAS pain decreased significantly in both groups at day 7 (placebo −23 mm, pamidronate −42 mm, p<0.01). The difference in pain scores between groups was −23.25 mm (confidence interval (CI) [−42.3; −4.2], p=0.018) at day 7 and −26 mm at day 30 (p=0.03), in favor of pamidronate. At day 7, there were 4 versus 12 “50% responders,” respectively, in the placebo and in the pamidronate groups (likelihood ratio: 8.372; p=0.004) and 9 versus 14 “20% responders” (likelihood ratio: 4.038; p=0.044). At day 30, there were 5 versus 10 “50% responders,” respectively, in the placebo and in the pamidronate groups, and 7 versus 11 “20% responders.” Patients’ overall assessment of improvement at day 7 was 37±26 mm in the placebo group and 59±30 mm in the pamidronate group (p=0.019), and 42±26 mm and 72±21 mm at day 30 (p=0.07). The two groups did not differ significantly at days 7 and 30 for supine pain, Schober index, or finger–ground distance. No significant adverse reaction related to treatment occurred.Conclusion Pamidronate provides rapid and sustained pain relief in patients with acute painful osteoporotic VCF and is well tolerated. Further investigations are needed to better define the place of pamidronate in the management of painful recent osteoporotic collapse.     

经皮椎体成形术和经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的评估经皮椎体成形术（PVP）和经皮椎体后凸成形术（PKP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效。方法30例老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折患者随机分成PVP组和PKP组,PVP组7例单椎体,5例2个椎体、2例3个椎体、1例4个椎体,共27个椎体接受治疗;PKP组9例单椎体、5例2个椎体、1例3个椎体,共22个椎体接受治疗。结果30例患者手术操作全部成功。PVP组8例完全缓解,7例部分缓解;PKP组10例完全缓解,5例部分缓解。术后PKP组椎体压缩率和Cobb角与术前比较有改善（P〈0．05）。结论PVP和PKP两种手术方法均具有显著止痛效果,PKP较PVP在椎体高度恢复及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果更好。