国产重组人血小板生成素单次皮下注射的药代动力学研究

目的研究国产重组人血小板生成素单次皮下注射在人体内的药代动力学特征.方法24名健康志愿者随机分为0.5 mg.kg-1,1.0 mg.kg-1和2.0 mg.kg-13个剂量组,单次皮下注射相应剂量的重组人血小板生成素.于给药前和给药后不同时间取血,分离血清,采用ELISA测定血药浓度.结果正常人皮下注射重组人血小板生成素0.5,1.0和2.0 μg.kg-1后,tpeak分别为9.0±1.9 h,10.8±2.4 h和11.8±5.1 h,Cmax分别为0.298±0.081 mg.L-1,0.438±0.076 mg.L-1和0.831±0.079 μg.L-1,AUC与给药剂量基本成正比.人体内重组人血小板生成素的消除较缓慢,3个组的t1/2ke分别为46.3±6.9 h,40.2±9.4h和38.7±11.9 h.结论当以0.5～2.0μg.     

注射用头孢他啶/他唑巴坦(3∶1)在中国健康人体的多剂量药代动力学研究

目的评价多剂量头孢他啶/他唑巴坦注射剂(3∶1)在中国健康人体的药代动力学。方法 10名健康男性受试者接受头孢他啶/他唑巴坦连续给药(1800/600 mg q12h,6 d),用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定血药浓度,用DAS程序求药代动力学参数。结果血药浓度-时间曲线符合二房室模型。多剂量给药血药浓度在第4 d达稳态,稳态后头孢他啶和他唑巴坦的Cmax分别为(135.28±25.46),(27.37±3.69)mg.L-1;Cmin分别(1.75±0.49),(0.02±0.26)mg.L-1;AUC0-t分别为(254.12±35.98),(36.26±11.26)mg.h.L-1;Css分别为(21.29±2.97),(3.16±1.03)mg.L-1。单次给予头孢他啶/他唑巴坦1800/600 mg和连续6 d给予头孢他啶/他唑巴坦1800/600 mg后,2组头孢他啶和他唑巴坦的Cmax、t1/2β、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、CL/F、V/F均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论连续给予头孢他啶/他唑巴坦与单次给药相比在体内的消除过程也无明显改变,无体内蓄积作用。     

注射用头孢他啶/他唑巴坦(5∶1)在中国健康人体的多次给药的药代动力学

目的 评价多剂量头孢他啶/他唑巴坦注射剂(5∶1)在中国健康人体的药代动力学.方法 10名受试者接受了复方头孢他啶/他唑巴坦连续给药(2000/400 mg q12 h,6d),用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定头孢他啶和他唑巴坦的血药浓度,用DAS程序处理求药代动力学参数.结果 血药浓度-时间曲线符合二房室模型.多剂量给药血药浓度在第4d达稳态,稳态后头孢他啶和他唑巴坦的药代动力学参数如下.Cmax分别为(130.93±30.6),(21.89±7.73) mg·L-1;Cmin分别为(1.29±0.37),(0.09 ±0.28) mg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(242.92±34.81),(21.52±6.49) mg·h·L-1;Css分别为(20.24±2.90),(1.79±0.54) mg·L-1.单次给予头孢他啶/他唑巴坦2000/400 mg和连续6d给予头孢他啶/他唑巴坦2000/400 mg,Cmax、t1/2β、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、CL/F及V/F差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 连续给予头孢他啶/他唑巴坦与单次给药相比在体内的消除过程无明显改变,无体内蓄积作用.     

多剂量皮下注射重组人促红细胞生成素在健康人体的药代动力学

目的　观察不同剂量国产重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)皮下注射在健康人体的药代动力学。方法　12名健康志愿者随机分为2个剂量组(50和150IU·kg-1 ),每组6例。分别皮下注射rhEPO,共7次。用酶联免疫吸附实验法测定血清rhEPO浓度。结果　给药前12名健康志愿者血清EPO基础水平波动于3. 75~13. 75mU·ml-1。2组谷浓度(Cmin)在给药4~6次后,达稳态水平。高剂量组首次和末次给药后的AUC(0-96h)分别是低剂量组的2. 8倍和3. 0倍,Cmax分别是3. 1倍和3. 6倍。第1次给药后,每个受试者的tmax和t1 /2等药代动力学参数与末次给药后比较无明显差异。结论　剂量在50~150IU·kg-1,多次皮下注射rhEPO,血药浓度水平与给药剂量呈正相关;药物吸收和清除基本上无时间依赖性;在给药7次内,未观察到体内蓄积倾向。     

依帕司他单剂量与多剂量给药的药代动力学研究

对10例健康志愿者按50mg单剂量和多剂量口服依帕司他(Epalrestat)后的药代动力学进行了研究.多剂量给药方案按q.8h共服药10次.应用高效液相色谱-紫外检测方法测定依帕司他血药浓度.血药浓度数据用3p87药代动力学软件处理,按两室模型拟合并求算药代动力学参数.单剂量给药后的药代动力学参数分别为:Tmax2.25±0.95h,Cmax4104.91±849.87mg.L-1,AUC13016.6±2865.4mg.h.L-1,T1/2b1.11±0.35h.多剂量给药达稳态后的药代动力学参数分别为:Tmax2.00±1.03h,Cssmin146.24±54.50mg.L-1,Cssmax4769.99±897.86mg.L-1,Cavg1789.03±416.04mg.L-1,AUC14689.5±3472.3mg.h.L-1,T1/2b1.21±0.26h.依帕司他在人体内的吸收速度和消除速度不随连续给药变化,按50mg,q.8h方案给药,药物在体内基本没有蓄积,性别对药代动力学参数没有影响.     

不同剂量阿折地平在中国健康人体内的药代动力学

目的研究阿折地平(抗高血压药)在健康人体的药代动力学。方法 24名健康受试者分为3组,单次口服高、低(16,8 mg)2个剂量组和多次口服剂量组(每天服药1次,每次8 mg,连续服药7 d)。用液相串联质谱法测定血浆中阿折地平的血药浓度变化,药代动力学参数以SPSS 13.0软件求算。结果阿折地平高、低剂量组及多次给药组的代谢参数如下:Cmax分别为(10.61±3.93),(5.91±2.83)和(5.88±1.90)μg.L-1;Tmax分别为(3.67±0.99),(3.33±1.30)和(3.17±0.72)h;t1/2分别为(28.00±7.72),(20.34±7.60)和(28.17±7.93)h;AUC0-t分别为(139.50±72.90),(61.17±33.78)和(86.72±41.59)μg.h.L-1。多次给药的稳态AUCss(55.54±18.78)μg.h.L-1。健康受试者口服阿折地平片8,16 mg后,主要药代动力学参数除t1/2外,AUC0-t/D、AUC0-∞/D、Cmax/D在2个剂量组间均无统计学差异。多次给药t1/2与单次给药t1/2相比有所升高,CLz/F略有下降,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿折地平在中国健康人体内在8～16 mg内呈线性药代动力学特征;本品每天给药1次,在中国人体内几无蓄积作用。     

四烯甲萘醌软胶囊在健康中国志愿者体内的药动学研究

目的:建立人血浆中四烯甲萘醌的LC-APCI-MS测定方法,研究四烯甲萘醌软胶囊在健康中国人体内的单、多剂量药动学特征.方法:24名健康受试者随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组,每组12人,男女各半,进行单剂量口服四烯甲萘醌软胶囊15 mg、30 mg、45 mg的低、中、高三个剂量的单次给药药动学试验,以及每日3次,每次15mg的多次给药药动学试验.以LC-APCI-MS法测定血浆中口服四烯甲萘醌的浓度,计算药代动力学参数.结果:高、中、低3个单剂量组口服四烯甲萘醌的消除半衰期及体内平均驻留时间相近,AUC0-10、Cmax均与剂量呈线性关系;15 mg剂量组多次给药后的平均稳态血药浓度为(87.3±23.4)ng·mL-1,稳态血药浓度波动系数为1.1±0.5.结论:在15～45 mg剂量范围内口服四烯甲萘醌在健康受试者体内呈线性药代动力学特征,多剂量给药与单剂量给药的药代动力学参数基本一致.     

霉酚酸在肾移植病人术后首次给药和稳态后的药代动力学

目的 研究免疫抑制剂霉酚酸酯(MMF)的活性代谢产物霉酚酸(MPA)在肾移植病人首次给药和稳态后的药代动力学,评价其蓄积情况。方法选择肾移植病人8例(男3例,女5例),在术后第1天首剂服用MMF1g,按每次1g,每12h给药1次,连续服药7天达稳态,用高效液相色谱法测定MPA血药浓度,血药浓度数据用3P87药代动力学软件,按两室模型拟合并计算药代动力学参数。结果 首次服药及稳态后的药代动力学参数t1/2β分别为12.78±7.29和12.30±5.57 h(P>0.05);Cmax分别为14.29±6.85和19.72±5.83 mg·L-1(P<0.01);AUC0-12h分别为44.57±9.61和64.26±16.59 mg·h·L-1(P<0.01);CL(s)分别为15.51±2.53和11.16±3.53 L·h-1(P<0.01);稳态后,Cmax和AU0-12h与首次服药的比值分别为1.54±0.56和1.48±0.36,均增加了50％。结论MMF连续给药后,MPA在体内存在明显蓄积现象,临床用药时需要对MPA的血药浓度进行常规监测。     

重组人白细胞介素-11在肿瘤病人体内的药代动力学

目的 研究重组人白细胞介素-11(rmhlL-11,血小板生长因子)在肿瘤病人体内的药代动力学.方法 用开放、单组试验设计.7例肿瘤患者单次及连续10次皮下注射rmhIL-11后,定时采血,ELISA法测定不同时间点血浆rmhIL-11的浓度,求算药代动力学参数.结果 7名受试者单次皮下注射rmhIL-11 7.5 μg·kg-1后,主要药代动力学参数:Cmax为(10.53±4.10) μg·L-1;t1/2为(5.19±1.66)h;tmax为(2.29±0.91)h;平均AUC0-tn和AUC0-∞分别为(91.51±37.29)和(92.11±37.33) μg·h·L-1.多次皮下注射rmhIL-11 7.5μg·kg-1后,主要药代动力学参数分别为:Cmax为(9.39±2.76) μg·L-1;t1/2为(3.96±1.42) h;tmax为(2.71±0.81) h;平均AUC0-tn和AUC0-∞分别为(76.24±34.21)和(76.62±34.27) μg·h·L-1;Css_av为(3.10±1.30) μg·L-1;AUCss为(74.42±31.13) μg·h·L-1;DF为(307.42±57.52)%.结论 ELISA法测定血浆nnhIL-11浓度,方法稳定可靠,特异性好,可满足药代动力学研究的需要.     

多剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星片在健康志愿者的药代动力学

目的 研究多剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的药代动力学。方法 选择中国健康成年志愿者1 0名,1 8～40岁男性,口服甲磺酸加替沙星片,每次400mg,每日1次,连续10日。用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3P97软件拟合药代动力学参数。结果 受试者口服甲磺酸加替沙星片,体内过程为二房室模型。连续给药10日后,Auc0-8AUC0-t值比首次给药显著增加,但第10日给药后AUC0-t与首次给药后AUC0-8比较差异无统计学意义。其余参数Cmax,t1/2β,Vd等差异亦无统计学意义。平均稳态血药浓度Cav为0.84±0.18 mg·L-1,稳态血药浓度时间曲线下面积AUCss为26.16±4.53 mg·h·L-1,累积比为1.35±0.87,波动系数1.68±0.16。受试者给药期间未出现严重药物不良反应。结论 本文给药方案,在人体内可达到有效血浆浓度,且连续给药1 0日体内未见蓄积。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.