重症肌无力的外科治疗

目的：探索重症肌无力的外科治疗方法。方法：采用胸腺切除及前纵隔淋巴清扫治疗重症肌无力35例。结果：术后早期死亡1例,34例随访2个月至5年,缓解14例,改善16例,无变化2例,死亡3例。结论;胸腺切除及前纵隔淋巴脂肪清扫治疗重症肌无力效果满意。延迟拔管或早期气管切开术,是防止术后重症肌无力危象的有效措施。胸腺肿瘤已侵及包膜或有局限性恶变的术后放疗可以减少复发,延长了生存时间。     

13例重症肌无力胸腺扩大切除术疗效分析

目的探讨胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的远期疗效以及影响预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析1999年3月至2009年7月13例重症肌无力胸腺扩大切除术的病例资料以及术后的远期疗效。结果在平均为5年（0.5～10年）的随访期内,13例患者中完全缓解8例,部分缓解3例,无效2例,完全缓解率为61.5%,有效率为84.6%。不同性别、年龄的患者有效率差异无统计学意义。术前病程短和Ossermann分型为I型I、Ia型的患者有效率更高。术后病理中胸腺囊肿或增生者的有效率显著高于胸腺瘤者。结论胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力可以获得较好的疗效;术前病程、Osserman分型以及胸腺病理为胸腺瘤者可能是影响疗效的相关因素。     

胸腺切除术在治疗重症肌无力中的价值

目的了解采用胸腺切除术治疗的重症肌无力患者的术后临床过程,确认可能影响术后疗效的预后因素。方法对经胸骨正中切口行胸腺切除术治疗的９１例重症肌无力病人,进行定期随访,以ＫａｐｌａｎＭｅｉｅｒ方法计算５年缓解和改善概率。结果症状缓解３６例,改善２７例,无变化１４例,恶化１４例,５年总体缓解和改善概率分别为６４％和８８％。结论大多数重症肌无力病人的症状随术后时间的延长而得到改善,这可能与胸腺切除和病史自然发展的自限性有关。胸腺切除术后的病程变化受病人手术时的年龄,性别,病程的长短和病理分型等因素的影响     

胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床研究

目的:探讨胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力的疗效。方法:对50例胸腺切除术患者应用胸腺切除术治疗。结果:所有患者术后经过顺利,手术时间60～160min,平均120min,术中平均出血量50～120ml,平均80ml,住院时间7～15d,平均8.5d。本组患者无围术期死亡,无肌无力危象发生,无气管切开,手术无上腔静脉、无名静脉损伤,无纵隔、胸骨感染。随访时间6～16个月,平均12个月,其中治愈27例,改善17例,无效6例,恶化0例,总有效率为88.0%。结论:重症肌无力发病与胸腺异常有密切关系,胸腺切除术是治疗重症肌无力最本质、最有效的方法,特别是胸腺增生的和胸腺瘤的重症肌无力患者,一旦明确且有手术适应证,主张尽早手术治疗,提高术后缓解率。     

21例重症肌无力外科治疗体会

目的评价外科治疗重症肌无力（MG）的效果,探讨影响术后肌无力危象发生及治疗效果的因素。方法回顾我院2000-2007年外科治疗21例重症肌无力患者的临床资料,对其疗效及影响术后肌无力危象发生及影响治疗效果的因素进行分析。结果重症肌无力的症状完全缓解有5例（23.8％）部分缓解14例（66.7％）无效1例（4.8％）,死亡1例（4.8％）。病程长短、Osserman分型和胸腺的病理类型是术后肌无力危象发生的相关危险因素,治疗效果与病程、Osserman临床分型有关。结论外科治疗重症肌无力有良好的效果及可行性。     

胸腔镜扩大切除胸腺及胸腺瘤治疗重症肌无力

目的：探讨胸腔镜扩大切除胸腺和胸腺瘤治疗重症肌无力的可行性和疗效。方法：回顾性分析2003年7月至2010年12月北京大学深圳医院收治的45例重症肌无力患者的临床资料．均行电视胸腔镜（VATS）下经右胸前侧径路胸腺及胸腺瘤扩大切除术,切除范围包括胸腺瘤在内全胸腺组织到前纵隔和上纵隔所有脂肪组织。结果：45例患者中顺利完成手术44例,1例因术中左无名静脉损伤出血．转为开胸手术;无死亡病例;平均手术时间102rain、平均胸腔引流时间2d、术后平均住院时间5d。术后随访3～24个月,总有效率为77．7％（35／45）,其中稳定缓解18例、药物缓解17例、无效10例。结论：经右胸前侧径路胸腔镜下胸腺及胸腺瘤扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上可行,具有创伤小、疼痛轻、并发症少、住院时间短、恢复快等优点,但期远期疗效尚待长期随访观察。     

术前用强的松降低术后重症肌无力危象的研究

目的 探讨降低胸腺切除术后发生重症肌无力危象的方法。方法 将本院40例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的患者进行随机分组,分为实验组20例,对照组20例。实验组术前联合溴吡斯的明及强的松个体化治疗2个月左右,对照组术前用溴吡斯的明治疗2个月左右。两组患者均在重症肌无力症状缓解或明显改善后,再行胸腺切除＋纵隔脂肪清除术治疗。结果 实验组术后出现重症肌无力危象1例（5%）,无死亡病例;对照组术后出现重症肌无力危象9例（45%）,死亡2例,重症肌无力危象的发生率明显下降,两者有显著意义（P=0.0035〈0.05）。结论 胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的患者术前联合用溴吡斯的明及强的松个体化治疗2个月左右,术后重症肌无力危象的发生率显著降低,并发症少,恢复快。     

术前用强的松降低术后重症肌无力危象的研究

目的探讨降低胸腺切除术后发生重症肌无力危象的方法。方法将本院40例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的患者进行随机分组,分为实验组20例,对照组20例。实验组术前联合溴吡斯的明及强的松个体化治疗2个月左右,对照组术前用溴吡斯的明治疗2个月左右。两组患者均在重症肌无力症状缓解或明显改善后,再行胸腺切除 纵隔脂肪清除术治疗。结果实验组术后出现重症肌无力危象1例(5%),无死亡病例;对照组术后出现重症肌无力危象9例(45%),死亡2例,重症肌无力危象的发生率明显下降,两者有显著意义(P=0.0035<0.05)。结论胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的患者术前联合用溴吡斯的明及强的松个体化治疗2个月左右,术后重症肌无力危象的发生率显著降低,并发症少,恢复快。     

胸腺瘤切除术后的重症肌无力发生情况及影响因素

目的 分析胸腺瘤切除术后的重症肌无力发生情况及影响因素,旨在为临床预防术后重症肌无力提供参考依据。 方法 选取金华市中心医院2019年3月—2020年3月收治的92例胸腺瘤切除术患者,观察并记录术后重症肌无力的发生情况,统计发生率,并根据术后是否发生重症肌无力将患者分为重症肌无力组(A组,11例)与未发生重症肌无力者(B组,81例),收集2组患者的一般资料,整理临床资料,对比2组一般资料与临床资料的差异性,应用多因素logistic回归分析法分析术后发生重症肌无力的危险因素。 结果 92例患者术后发生重症肌无力11例,发生率为12.0%;2组患者的术前病程、合并免疫疾病、手术路径、合并前纵隔脂肪清扫术、术后肺部感染、术后放化疗情况对比,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,术前病程(>12个月)、合并免疫疾病、手术路径(开胸)、术后肺部感染是术后发生重症肌无力的危险因素,合并前纵隔脂肪清扫术、术后放化疗是其保护因素。 结论 胸腺瘤切除术后的重症肌无力发生率较高,影响因素也较多,常见如术前病程长、合并免疫疾病、开胸手术、术后肺部感染等,因此行胸腺瘤切除术时应针对患者的危险因素采取对症处理措施,以降低重症肌无力发生率,提高手术治疗效果。      

胸腔镜与经胸骨切除胸腺手术治疗重症肌无力的疗效比较

目的通过与经胸骨切除胸腺手术对比,探讨胸腔镜胸腺切除术在治疗重症肌无力中的安全性及可行性.方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2015年12月于中日友好医院胸外科行胸腺切除术的62例重症肌无力患者的临床及病理资料.结果62例患者中,38例(61.3％)行胸腔镜胸腺切除术,24例(38.7％)行经胸骨胸腺切除术.胸腔镜手术组患者术中出血量少于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后带管时间、术后住院时间均短于传统组(P＜0.05).而手术时间、术后引流量及术后并发症发生率两组无明显差异(P＞0.05).手术总有效率在两组MG患者之间无明显差别(83.3％ vs.88.9％,P=0.962).结论电视辅助胸腔镜技术对于重症肌无力的疗效不差于传统经胸骨手术,且具有出血少、损伤小及住院时间短等优点,值得临床推广使用.     

胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力36例

目的:探讨胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的疗效。方法:对1992年1月~2004年1月胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力36例患者进行了随访,本组男19例,女17例,年龄15~69岁。术后随访2年以上(平均26.6个月)。疗效评价按Monden提出的标准,分为缓解、改善(以上二项称为有效)、无效和恶化。结果:本组36例中,缓解19例(52.7%),改善14例(38.9%),无效2例(5.6%),恶化1例(2.8%)。结论:胸腺扩大切除术是治疗重症肌无力有效而安全的方法。     

胸腺瘤术后重症肌无力的临床分析

目的分析胸腺瘤术后发生的重症肌无力(MG)患者的临床特点,进一步认识胸腺瘤与MG的关系.方法总结11例胸腺瘤术后MG患者的临床资料及辅助检查.结果11例患者胸腺瘤平均发病年龄52岁,胸腺瘤病理为AB型或B1型.术后MG发生时间平均为23个月,临床表现均为全身型.全部病例用胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗,部分加用肾上腺糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂,1例死亡,其余病情均得到缓解,随诊至今无危象发生.结论由于胸腺瘤合并MG的发生率较高,需对胸腺瘤病例进行临床随诊.     

Myasthenia Gravis: Comparative Evaluation of Medical and Surgical Treatment

Sixty-eight patients with myasthenia gravis were evaluated and compared to determine the results of medical and surgical treatment; eight patients with thymoma were evaluated separately. In the group of 30 non-thymoma patients treated medically 50% of patients derived moderate to good improvement over a mean follow-up period of 11 years. Ten per cent of patients in this group died from myasthenia.

In the group of 30 non-thymoma patients treated by thymectomy, 83% achieved good to excellent improvement. There was no surgical or myasthenic mortality over a mean follow-up period of nine years.

The results of treatment in the eight thymoma patients were decidedly inferior and there was no significant difference between the medically and surgically treated patients. Fifty per cent showed only moderate improvement during a mean follow-up of five years and 50%, after initial improvement, deteriorated later and died from myasthenia between three and four years after thymectomy.

Two additional patients had thymoma without myasthenia. Neither of them had developed myasthenia, two years following thymectomy in one case and after 25 years in the other, despite recurrence of the tumour with extensive invasiveness in the very long-standing case.

     

Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.

The pathophysiological role of the thymus in myasthenia gravis, and the mechanism of therapeutic effect of thymectomy, are incompletely understood. Nevertheless, thymectomy is a valuable treatment modality in selected patients with generalised myasthenia gravis. There are several types of thymectomy operation, but no one operative approach is clearly superior to the others. Total removal of the thymus gland is essential. Additional excision of associated mediastinal and cervical tissue, that may harbor ectopic thymic rests, is a controversial surgical issue. Surgeons that advocate thymectomy through small, cosmetically favourable, incisions usually believe that simple removal of the thymus gland is an adequate operation. Surgeons that emphasise the importance of removing extrathymic tissue, in addition to the thymus gland, usually favour greater operative exposure through a median sternotomy. To minimise operative morbidity, surgery for myasthenia gravis requires a multidisciplinary (neurology, surgery, anaesthesia) approach to peri-operative care.     

胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术的方法和效果分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜(VATS)下胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力(MG)的手术方法和效果。方法 52例重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤或者单纯胸腺增生的患者在胸腔镜下完成胸腺瘤、胸腺扩大切除术。结果手术均在VATS下完成,无中转开胸者,无严重围手术期并发症,其中胸腺增生45例,胸腺瘤7例。随访6～12个月,完全缓解6例,部分缓解42例,无效4例。结论 MG患者行VATS胸腺瘤、胸腺扩大切除术安全、可行,效果理想,值得临床推广。     

胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力探讨

目的分析在电视胸腔镜下行胸腺扩大切除术的注意事项及术后效果。方法对我科近5年应用电视胸腔镜行胸腺扩大切除术的10例重症肌无力进行回顾分析。结果术后随访48个月，完全缓解4例，改善5例，缓解率90％，无死亡病例。结论电视胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力具有创伤小的特点，治疗效果与胸骨正中切口无区别。     

Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: response, complications, and associated conditions

BACKGROUND: Thymectomy is considered the most effective treatment for achieving sustained improvement as well as remission in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), and most neurologists favor the use of this procedure. The main focus of many current studies is to determine response-predicting factors. METHODS: Clinical records of 152 patients with an established diagnosis of MG who underwent thymectomy at our institution were reviewed. The purpose was to evaluate outcome of surgical management for MG and prognostic factors that influence that outcome. RESULTS: The majority of patients were women (119 of 152); mean age was 32.10 +/- 14.42 years, while time elapsed from diagnosis to surgery was 20.67 +/- 19.7 months. Transsternal thymectomy was performed on 113 patients and transcervical on 39. Forty percent of patients achieved remission and 28% showed improvement; with this, a good response to thymectomy was seen in 68% of patients (n = 103). The most important variables associated with remission were <60 years of age, <2 years of preoperative symptoms, and use of pyridostigmine at low doses. Factors related with poor response were >60 years of age, preoperative Osserman stage other than II, use of high doses of pyridostigmine, use of corticosteroids, and presence of thymic atrophy or thymoma in histopathologic analyses. There was no mortality, although 20 patients (13%) presented complications. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican patients with MG undergoing thymectomies show improvement and remission rates similar to those reported by other studies. Age, length of symptoms, thymic pathology, and medications appear to be predictors of response to thymectomy for MG.     

Thymic surgery in Jamaica 1992-2000

The treatment for thymic tumours and/or myaesthenia gravis (MG) includes thymectomy. Controversy exists as to the optimal timing and operative approach to thymectomy. At the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, the results of thymic surgery during the period 1992 to 2000 were studied retrospectively. There were 26 patients operated on, 17 females and nine males. Twenty-three underwent thymectomy to treat MG, and three to remove a thymoma. The average age for females was 30.7 years, and 25.1 years for males. Average duration of symptoms prior to surgery was 16 months (all patients), and the interval between diagnosis and referral averaged 2.6 months. All patients underwent thymectomy via median sternotomy with a cervical extension of the incision if required. A policy of phrenic nerve preservation, even if residual tumour was left behind, was followed. Patients with thymomas were given post-operative radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was not given to any patient. The medium and long term results of thymic surgery in a developing country are presented. The results are within international norms, although the small patient population makes statistical analysis difficult. There appears to be no need to change current practice, despite the reported efficacy of less invasive approaches to thymic surgery.     

经右胸胸腔镜下全胸腺切除术附38例报道

 目的 探讨胸腔镜下全胸腺切除术的可行性和有效性。方法 回顾分析了2006年8月至2008年11月间38例胸腺疾病和重症肌无力手术患者的临床资料。结果 37例在胸腔镜下行全胸腺切除术,重症肌无力患者行全胸腺及前纵隔脂肪和心包脂肪垫切除术;1例因肿瘤较大,予以小切口辅助行全胸腺切除术。肿瘤最大横径1.5~7 cm;手术时间1.5~2 h;术中出血50~200 mL;术后胸管放置时间为1~3 d;术后住院时间3~18 d,ICU住院时间1~2 d;无围手术期并发症及死亡发生。重症肌无力患者术后无肌无力危象或胆碱能危象发生。全组随访时间为1~27月,失访2例。根据美国重症肌无力协会（MGFA）疗效判断标准,重症肌无力（20例）术后完全缓解6例（6/20）,药物缓解8例（8/20）,无明显改变5例（5/20）,症状加重1例（1/20）。所有患者术后行胸部CT、MRI等检查,未见肿瘤复发。结论 胸腔镜下全胸腺切除术安全可行,具有创伤小、并发症少、效果好等优点,可以成为治疗部分胸腺疾病和重症肌无力的有效手术方法之一。     

胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力48例

目的总结胸腺扩大切除术在重症肌无力治疗中的经验。方法回顾性分析1993年-2008年本科收治的48例重症肌无力病人的临床资料。48例病人按改良Osserman标准分为Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱa型27例,Ⅱb型11例,Ⅲ型2例。均行扩大胸腺切除术,随访结果按完全缓解、部分缓解、无效进行评价。结果全部患者术后随访6-48个月,完全缓解15例,部分缓解27例,无效6例,总有效率87.5%。结论扩大胸腺切除术是治疗重症肌无力的有效方法。