伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病

目的：探讨γ－刀对颅内疾病的疗效。方法：Ｃ地１５０８便不同类型的颅内疾病用Ｌｅｋｓｅｌｌ伽玛刀实施２治疗，病种达１７余种，年龄跨工１．０８－８５岁，处方剂量９－１５０Ｇｙ，结果：随访１１－３２个月，疗效是确切的。统计所随访的病例，ＡＶＭ有这９０．９８％，良性脑肿瘤有效率为７７．２７－１００％，恶性肿瘤为７０．５０－１００％，功能性疾病其有效率为６６．６７－８８．８７％。结论：伽玛 科治疗简便、安全     

伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病3094例临床报告

目的： 探讨立体定向放射手术（伽玛刀） 对颅内疾病的疗效。方法： 用１．５Ｔｅｓｌａ 磁共振仪和γ－ ｐｌａｎ 计算机联网定位, γ－ ｐｌａｎ４．０ 版剂量规划系统作治疗方案设计, 剂量规划, 对３０９４ 例不同类型的颅内疾病包括肿瘤、血管畸形及功能性疾病等实施立体定向放射外科治疗, 病种达２０ 余种,年龄１．１～８６ 岁,周边剂量９～７５Ｇｙ,中心剂量１８～１５０Ｇｙ,等剂量曲线３０％ ～９０％ ,靶点数１～１２ 个。结果： 随访１０～４７ 个月, 统计结果表明： 伽玛刀疗效是确切的。对脑动静脉畸形, 随防一年半以上, 完全闭塞率可达４４．６％ , 体积越小, 周边照射剂量越大, 闭塞率越高。对颅内肿瘤的生长控制率, 良性肿瘤≥８０．０％ , 恶性肿瘤≥６６．７％ ,对功能性疾病的治疗有效率, 帕金森病为８５．２％ , 三叉神经痛为７６．９％ 。结论： 伽玛刀是治疗颅内疾病又一种可选择方法。治疗技术良好, 指征掌握严格, 可提高疗效, 降低并发症。     

伽玛刀治疗颅内疾病3094例临床报告

目的：探讨立体定向放射手术伽玛刀(γ-刀）对颅内疾病的疗效。方法：用1．5Tesla磁共振仪和γ-plart计算机联网定位,γ-plan4.0版剂量规划系统作治疗方案设计,剂量规划,并用Leksellγ-刀对3094例不同类型的颅内疾病包括肿瘤、血管畸形及功能性疾病等实施立体定向放射手术．病种达20余种．年龄1．1～86岁,周边剂量9～75Gy．中心剂量18～150Gy,等剂量曲线30％～90％,靶点数1～12个。结果：随访10～47个月,统计结果表明：γ-刀疗效是确切的。脑动静脉畸形,随防一年半以上,完全闭塞率可达44.6％,体积越小．周边照射剂量越大,闭塞率越高。颅内肿瘤的生长控制率,良性肿瘤≥80.0％．恶性肿瘤≥66.7％。功能性疾病的治疗有救率,帕金森病为85．2％,三叉神经痛为76．9％,癫痫是667％。结论：γ-刀立体定向放射手术较常规开颅手术安全,痛苦少,是治疗颅内一些疾病有效的方法。严格掌握治疗指征,精确定位,合理剂量规划．可确保疗效,降低并发症。     

三叉神经痛伽玛刀治疗(附30例分析)

目的：介绍伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛３０例。方法：采用１．５ＴＭＲ影像、Ｇａｍｍａ－Ｐｌａｎ定位和治疗计划，γ－刀（ＬＥＫＳＥＬＬ）治疗。治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根桥脑进入区，用４ｍｍ准直器，最大剂量７２～８０Ｇｙ，５０％等剂量线限定靶点；颅底肿瘤１２～１５Ｇｙ治疗。结果：随访３～２４个月。疼痛１００％缓解占６０％，疼痛缓解＞９０％占２３．３％，疼痛缓解＞５０％占６．３３％，总有效率８９．７％，２例无效，１例５个月后复发。无效和复发病人经再次治疗后疼痛１００％缓解。全组病人无任何并发症。结论：伽玛刀是治疗三叉神经痛一种安全和有效的方法     

伽玛刀治疗颅脑、眼、鼻咽、口腔疾病1200例分析

目的:通过对伽玛刀治疗的1200例患者结果分析,总结伽玛刀针对不同疾病制订不同的治疗方案,以期达到最佳治疗效果的经验。方法:1200例患者经MRI、CT、DSA或病理论断作出初步诊断,筛选病人以符合伽玛刀适应证,然后均经Leksell B型伽玛刀按不同治疗方案治疗,部分病人术后辅以放疗。结果:经2～45月随诊,脑动静脉畸形的有效率达85％,海绵状血管瘤有效率为70％,颅内各种良、恶性肿瘤的有效率为65％～96％不等。功能性疾病如巴金森氏病有效率为85％,原发三叉神经痛的有效率为95％。结论:伽玛刀治疗颅脑、眼、鼻咽和口腔疾病安全、有效、并发症少,是一种先进、新型的治疗手段。     

原发性三叉神经痛的伽玛刀双靶点治疗

目的 探索使用双靶点来改进伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛的技术，提高有效率，减少复发率。方法 55例病人接受了伽玛刀双靶点治疗，9例失随访。87％的病人术前有手术史。一个靶点放在三叉神经根近桥脑处，另一个放在近半月神经节处，中心剂量84～90Gy，周边剂量42～45Gy，桥脑临界剂量20Gy。结果 随访4～72个月(平均30个月)。术后疼痛消失时间为2h～16个月(平均4个月)。按疼痛缓解评分，在随访时点，总有效率为95．7％，面部感觉异常等并发症的发生率为10．8％。经统计学分析，某些因素与疗效相关。结论 采用伽玛刀双靶点治疗三叉神经痛，因增加了辐射容量，比单靶点的成功率高、复发率低，并发症发生率与双靶点相近。特别值得一提的是，当病人术前有沿三叉神经注射史的，双靶点治疗比单靶点治疗的优越性更明显。     

伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤远期临床效果研究(附487例分析)

目的 评估伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤的远期临床效果。方法 对487例垂体腺瘤病人进行伽玛刀治疗。并进行了5年以上的随访调查，依据不同病理类型和治疗剂量随访其影像学变化和临床症状改善情况。结果 影像学随访获完整记录395例。肿瘤体积控制占91．1％；临床症状随访461例，症状改善占77．7％。对284例功能性腺瘤和112例无功能性腺瘤临床疗效和处方剂量进行了分析．发现随着剂量增加，无论影像学或临床症状随访有效率均上升；但功能性腺瘤随着剂量增加有效率上升更明显。结论 伽玛刀治疗垂体腺瘤无论是控制肿瘤生长还是改善临床症状均取得较好效果，但应严格选择适应证、保护重要结构并掌握剂量。     

伽玛刀治疗继发性三叉神经痛

目的：评估伽玛刀（γ－刀）治疗继发性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法：对４３例不同颅内疾病引起的继发性三叉神经痛患者,针对原发病灶,用γ－刀实施放射外科手术。结果：本组病例随访４～３３个月,有随访资料２９例,随访时间超过一年者１８例。显效５例（２７．８％）,有效１１例（６１．１％）,总有效率８８．９％,无效２例（１１．１％）,无严重并发症。结论：继发性三叉神经痛的γ－刀治疗主要治疗原发病,随着γ－刀治疗后原发病灶的坏死或缩小,其临床症状随之好转。     

伽玛刀立体定向放射外科治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效观察

目的观察伽玛刀治疗原发性三又神经痛的近期临床疗效。方法应用伽玛刀治疗35例原发性三叉神经痛患者,选择4mm准直器沿患侧三叉神经根走向设置前后2个靶点,取50％等量曲线包绕,边缘剂量35～42Y,靶中心剂量75-90Gy,三又神经受照长度8～10mm,脑干临界剂量〈20Gy。结果35例原发性三叉神经痛患者随访3～30个月,一次性治疗总有效率为94．2％（33／35）,其中治愈20例（57．1％）,疗效显著8例（22．9％）,显效5例（14．3％）,无效2例（5．7％）。2例无效病例1年后行第二次伽玛刀治疗,疼痛完全缓解,二次治疗总有效率为100％。结论伽玛刀治疗ITN安全、有效,可以作为药物难治性三又神经痛的首选治疗方法。     

伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤 (附72例报告)

目的 探讨伽玛刀对脑转移瘤的治疗作用。方法 从2001年9月～2003年9月．79例脑转移患者接受伽玛刀治疗。其中72例(162个病灶)获得完全随访。该72例患者以50％～70％等剂量曲线包绕肿瘤，边缘剂量为14-24Gy，60例患者同时接受全脑照射，外照射剂量为30～40Gv。结果 72例患者(162个病灶)，随访期1～22个月，平均随访期10个月。完全缓解(CR)87例．部分缓解(PR)52例，无变化(NR)23例，总有效率为93．8％。结论 伽玛刀是一种安全的治疗脑转移瘤的方法，它可以缓解神经症状．提高生存质量，局部控制率较高。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。