Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor genes in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia in mice

An imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) may contribute to tissue destruction that is found in various inflammatory disorders. To determine in an in vivo experimental setting whether the inflammatory reaction in the course of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia causes an altered balance in the MMP/TIMP system, we analyzed the expression of a number of MMP and TIMP genes as well as MMP enzymatic activity in the liver, kidney, spleen, and brain at various time points after systemic injection of different doses of LPS in mice. Injection of sublethal doses of LPS led to an organ- and time-specific pattern of up-regulation of several MMP genes and the TIMP-1 gene in the liver, spleen, and kidney, whereas in the brain only TIMP-1 was induced. Injection of a lethal dose of LPS caused similar but more prolonged expression of these MMP genes as well as the induction of additional MMP genes in all organs. In LPS-treated mice in situ hybridization revealed collagenase 3 gene induction in cells resembling macrophages whereas TIMP-1 RNA was detected predominantly in parenchymal cells. Finally, gelatin zymography revealed increased gelatinolytic activity in all organs after LPS treatment. These observations highlight a dramatic shift in favor of increased expression of the MMP genes over the TIMP genes during LPS-induced endotoxemia, and suggest that MMPs may contribute to the development of organ damage in endotoxemia.     

Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice

Increased leukocyte trafficking into the parenchyma during inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) is facilitated by the extracellular proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinases that are regulated, in part, by the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), TIMP-1 gene expression is induced in astrocytes surrounding inflammatory lesions in the CNS. The physiological importance of this temporal and spatial relationship is not clear. Herein, we have addressed the functional role of TIMP-1 in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced model of EAE using TIMP-1-deficient (TIMP-1-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Although CD4+ T-cell immune responses to myelin in wild-type (WT) and TIMP-1-/- mice were similar, analysis of CNS tissues from TIMP-1-/- mice after EAE revealed more severe myelin pathology than that of WT mice. This disruption of myelin was associated with both increased lymphocyte infiltration and microglial/macrophage accumulation in the brain parenchyma. These findings suggest that induction of TIMP-1 by astrocytes during EAE in WT mice represents an inherent cytoprotective response that mitigates CNS myelin injury through the regulation of both immune cell infiltration and microglial activation.     

Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor Ro31-9790

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the tissue destruction associated with inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The effect of a hydroxamate inhibitor of MMPs, Ro31-9790, on inflammatory demyelination was assessed in two acute models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Daily intraperitoneal injections of Ro31-9790 (50mgkg^–1), beginning either at the time of disease induction or from day 3 post induction, significantly reduced the clinical severity of adoptively transferred EAE. Administration of the inhibitor from the day of induction of active EAE prevented disease onset in 9/10 animals. However, in a repeat study, in which clinical disease was much more severe in the vehicle treated animals, the inhibitor was less effective. Clinical signs and CNS histopathology correlated well, with greater numbers of inflammatory lesions associated with increased disease severity. The present study confirms a role for the MMP cascade in inflammation in EAE.     

The matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase profile in colorectal polyp cancers

Aims:  The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) system has a major role in tumour invasion and metastasis. Roles in pathways involved in early tumour development are also being identified for this system, and the aim of this study was to define the expression profile of the major MMPs and TIMPs in colorectal polyp cancers.
Methods and results:  The expression and cellular localization of individual MMPs and TIMPs was determined in colorectal polyp cancers by immunohistochemistry. All the MMPs and TIMPs showed immunoreactivity in carcinomatous epithelium. MMP1 ( P  < 0.001), MMP2 ( P  = 0.003), MMP3 ( P  = 0.004), TIMP1 ( P  = 0.01) and TIMP2 ( P  < 0.001) showed significant increases in immunoreactivity in carcinomatous epithelium compared with adenomatous epithelium. MMP7 showed immunoreactivity in carcinomatous epithelium, but showed no immunoreactivity in either normal epithelium or adenomatous epithelium. MMP and TIMP expression was limited in normal epithelium to MMP1, MMP2 and TIMP3.
Conclusions:  This study defines the expression profile of MMPs and TIMPs in colorectal polyp cancers and shows that the increased expression of MMPs and TIMPs occurs at an early stage of colorectal neoplasia. It provides evidence to support the hypothesis that these molecules have a key involvement in the early stages of tumour development.     

Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a neurotropic alphavirus vector expressing tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2

Prompted by our recent observations of increased MMP-8 and MMP-9 with simultaneous downregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and TIMP-3 mRNA levels in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice with severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we used Semliki Forest virus (SFV) to transfer and express recombinant murine TIMP-1-3 genes in the CNS. TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 expression was confirmed in cultured cells and in the CNS of infected mice. Following intraperitoneal infection with 10(6) plaque-forming units (PFU) of SFV-TIMP, focal TIMP protein expression was achieved throughout the brain. Although already treatment with empty vector inhibited development of EAE to some extent, the expression of TIMP-2 by the virus significantly enhanced the inhibition. TIMP-3-administered mice also had lower disease grade, but the inhibition was not statistically significant. In contrast, SFV-TIMP-1 had no effect, similar to co-infection with TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. We found TIMP-2 expression also by non-infected CNS-resident cells surrounding the virus-positive areas, suggesting a bystander TIMP-2 induction. These data strengthen the view that matrix metalloproteinases are involved in the pathogenesis of EAE and provide clear evidence that virus-mediated delivery of their protein inhibitors can be effective in preventing the clinical disease. TIMPs might be candidates for novel treatment regimens in CNS autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis.     

Multiple sclerosis: elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases in blood monocytes

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Disruptions of BBB continuity result in an influx of activated T cells and monocytes, and could contribute to lesion formation in the CNS. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are enzymes implicated in BBB disruption, and in degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and myelin components. An imbalance in levels of MMP and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Since monocytes form a major cell population in acute MS lesions and may facilitate their entrance into the CNS by secretion of MMP, knowledge on MMP expression by blood monocytes could be useful to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS. In the present study, we examined the expression of MMP-1, -3, -7, -9, -14 and TIMP-1 mRNA by blood monocytes in patients with MS using in situ hybridization. Levels of MMP-1, -3, -7, -9 and of TIMP-1 mRNA expressing monocytes were elevated in MS compared to controls, while those of MMP-14 did not differ. We therefore conclude that MS is associated with elevated levels of MMP and TIMP expressing blood monocytes that may contribute to MS pathogenesis.     

An alternate perspective on the roles of TIMPs and MMPs in pathology

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are pleiotropic extracellular proteins. TIMPs are recognized as endogenous regulators of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a large family of extracellular enzymes with proteolytic activities that participate in cellular homeostasis, adaptation, and tissue remodeling. In addition to their roles as endogenous potent MMP inhibitors, accumulating evidence indicates important physiological roles for TIMPs that are independent of their ability to block MMP activities. For instance, MMP-independent actions of TIMP-1 in the central nervous system have been implicated in synaptic plasticity, neuroprotection, oncogenesis, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Expression of TIMP-1 is dramatically increased in response to a variety of injurious and inflammatory insults. In the context of disease pathogenesis, MMP and TIMP expression are interpreted with respect to the proteolytic consequences of increased MMP/TIMP ratios. Here, we provide an alternative perspective on the homeostatic balance of TIMP and MMP proteins, whereby consideration is given to the possible role of MMPs as cognate inhibitors of the signaling functions of TIMPs. Thus, MMPs may regulate the receptor-mediated actions of TIMPs, inasmuch as TIMPs are themselves inhibitors of MMP-mediated proteolytic activities. This broader view reflects our emerging understanding that TIMP signaling and MMP inhibition represent two important functions of TIMPs that have the potential to affect tissue pathology.     

Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo in scleritis tissue and in vitro in cultured human scleral fibroblasts.

Scleritis is a sight-threatening inflammatory disorder of the eye characterized by the degradation of scleral matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are ubiquitous proteolytic enzymes important in physiological and pathological processes, the activity of which is stringently controlled by the action of a family of natural antagonists, the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We hypothesized that enhanced expression of MMPs, without the negative regulatory influence of TIMPs, may be a key feature of tissue destruction in inflammatory eye diseases, such as scleritis. The aim of this study was to localize and characterize cells expressing MMPs and TIMPs in sclera affected by necrotizing scleritis and, in a parallel study, to establish whether cytokines modulate MMP expression in cultured human scleral fibroblasts. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that resident scleral fibroblasts as well as inflammatory cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes express stromelysin, gelatinase B, and TIMP-1 in necrotizing scleritis tissue. In addition, cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, an inducer of MMPs, was detected in infiltrating inflammatory cells. Cultured scleral fibroblasts stimulated with the combination of interleukin-1 alpha plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased TIMP-1 mRNA twofold above constitutive levels. By contrast, these cytokines induced a sevenfold increase in the steady-state levels of stromelysin mRNA. Using Western blotting, stromelysin and TIMP-1 protein production paralleled mRNA induction in cytokine-stimulated human scleral fibroblasts. Culture supernatants harvested from cytokine-stimulated human scleral fibroblasts were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gelatin substrate zymography. Our results revealed a prominent 92-kd gelatinolytic band corresponding to gelatinase B, which was inducible with interleukin-1 alpha. These data provide evidence for our hypothesis, that an imbalance between enzyme/inhibitor ratios may be the underlying mechanism of the tissue destruction characteristic of scleritis. Our results demonstrate the potential involvement of MMPs and their modulation by cytokines produced by infiltrating inflammatory cells in destructive ocular inflammation.     

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors during the resorption of schistosome egg-induced fibrosis in praziquantel-treated mice

Schistosomiasis mansoni is a tropical helminthic disease characterized by parasite egg-induced granulomatous inflammation and cumulative fibrosis. Because fibrosis is influenced by the imbalance between degradative matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), we analysed the resorption of fibrous tissue and MMP/TIMP expression in the livers of S. mansoni-infected and praziquantel-cured mice. Worm elimination significantly enhanced survival rate, ameliorated the granulomatous pathology and reduced collagen I, III and IV gene expression at 6 and 12 months post-treatment. Compared to 6 months infected, untreated controls, liver fibrous tissue was resorbed by 71.4% at 12 months after treatment. At 3 months post-treatment, expression of the MMP-2, -3, -8, -10, -13, -14 and -16 genes decreased compared with untreated controls. By 6 months, a highly significant increase in MMP-10 gene expression was manifest. At 12 months, messages for all MMP genes decreased in relation to untreated controls. TIMP-1, -2 and -3 gene expression drastically decreased between 3 and 6 months. At 1 year, only TIMP-1 expression was significantly diminished. Overall, profibrogenic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression decreased. Antigen-stimulated splenocytes secreted significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 cytokines between 3 and 12 months after treatment. Production of interferon (IFN)-gamma was higher than in untreated controls 3 and 6 months after treatment. In conclusion, praziquantel-treated mice showed a slow resorption of liver fibrous tissue. Resorption is attributed to the precipitous drop in TIMP-1 gene expression level, which shifted the balance in favour of MMP message expression and presumed enhanced collagenase activity.     

Mechanisms for pro matrix metalloproteinase activation

The activation of pro matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by sequential proteolysis of the propeptide blocking the active site cleft is regarded as one of the key levels of regulation of these proteinases. Potential physiological mechanisms including cell-associated plasmin generation by urokinase-like plasminogen activator, or the action of cell surface MT1-MMPs appear to be involved in the initiation of cascades of pro MMP activation. Gelatinase A, collagenase 3 and gelatinase B may be activated by MT-MMP based mechanisms, as evidenced by both biochemical and cell based studies. Hence the regulation of MT-MMPs themselves becomes critical to the determination of MMP activity. This includes activation, assembly at the cell surfaces as TIMP-2 complexes and subsequent inactivation by proteolysis or TIMP inhibition.     

Kinetics of matrix metalloproteinases and their regulatory factorsin mercuric chloride-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosisin Brown Norway rats

We investigated the kinetics of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulatory factors mRNAs in the kidneys of mercuric chloride-treated Brown Norway rats. The expression of MMP-1 mRNA remained at lower levels than control, while other MMPs mRNAs were upregulated. The expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 mRNA showed significant upregulation. On the other hand, the expressions of TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 mRNAs were not significantly changed. In the plasmin-dependent pathway, the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) mRNA was continuously increased, while the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) mRNA was not increased. The signals of TIMP-1 and PAI-1 mRNAs examined by in situ hybridization, were localized in the regenerative epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the activity of MMPs may bealtered by MMP-1 downregulation and inhibition of MMP activity by PAl-1 and TIMP-1 generated from tubular epithelial cells.     

Prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 expression in prostate cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading the structural support network for normal and malignant cells, promoting neoplastic cell invasion and metastasis. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) maintain connective tissue integrity by modulating MMP activity. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 138 prostatic adenocarcinomas (PACs) were immunostained by a combined automated/manual method using monoclonal antibodies against MMP2 and TIMP2. Immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively scored based on stain intensity and distribution, and results were correlated with Gleason grade, pathologic stage, ploidy status, and disease recurrence. One hundred five of 138 (76%) and 113/138 (82%) PACs expressed MMP2 and TIMP2, respectively. Co-expression was observed in 94/138 (68%) of PACs (P =.01), correlated with advanced tumor stage (P =.05), and tended to be associated with disease recurrent cases (P =.07). TIMP2 expression individually correlated with advanced tumor stage (P =.04) and reached near significance with disease recurrence (P =.06). MMP2 expression was also more frequent in recurrent PACs, although this value did not reach statistical significance (P =.07). However, on multivariate analysis, only pathologic stage (P =.009) and ploidy status (P =.03) independently predicted disease recurrence. In conclusion, MMP2 and TIMP2 are co-expressed in a majority of PACs and correlate with prognostic variables. Interestingly, contrary to the previously documented anti-tumor effects of TIMPs, TIMP2 expression appears to have a tumor-promoting role in PACs and warrants further investigation.     

Study of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in ductal in situ carcinomas of the breast

Aims: To analyse the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS). Methods and results: An immunohistochemical study was performed in 56 patients with pure DCIS, in 39 with DCIS adjacent to invasive carcinoma (IDC) and 63 patients with T1 IDC, using tissue microarrays and specific antibodies against MMPs and TIMPs. Immunohistochemical results were categorized using a specific software program. The data were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis by each cellular type. IDC showed a higher expression rate of MMP‐7 and TIMP‐1 than pure DCIS, as well as a higher expression rate of MMP‐9 and TIMP‐3 than the DCIS component of mixed cases, whereas pure DCIS showed a higher rate of expression of MMP‐9 and ‐11 and TIMP‐3 than in the DCIS component of mixed cases. Pure DCIS with a periductal inflammatory infiltrate showed significantly higher MMP‐2, ‐14 and TIMP‐1. Dendograms identified two cluster groups with distinct MMP/TIMP expression profiles in neoplastic cells and fibroblastic or mononuclear inflammatory cells surrounding the neoplastic ducts of pure DCIS. Conclusions: The results indicate the distinct variability in MMP/TIMP expression by DCIS, which may be of potential biological and clinical interest in breast cancer.     

Human lung tissue macrophages, but not alveolar macrophages, express matrix metalloproteinases after direct contact with activated T lymphocytes

Human alveolar macrophages (AM) and lung tissue macrophages (LTM) have a distinct localization in the cellular environment. We studied their response to direct contact with activated T lymphocytes in terms of the production of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), 92-kD gelatinase (MMP-9), and of TIMP-1, one of the counter-regulatory tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Either AM obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage or LTM obtained by mincing and digestion of lung tissue were exposed for 48 h to plasma membranes of T lymphocytes previously activated with phorbol myristate acetate and phytohemagglutinin for 24 h. Membranes of activated T cells strongly induced the production of MMP-1, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 exclusively in LTM but not in AM, whereas membranes from unstimulated T cells failed to induce the release of MMPs. Both populations of mononuclear phagocytes spontaneously released only small amounts of MMPs and TIMP-1. Similar results were obtained when MMP and TIMP-1 expression was analyzed at pretranslational and biosynthetic levels, respectively. Blockade experiments with cytokine antagonists revealed the involvement of T-cell membrane-associated interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in MMP production by LTM upon contact with T cells. These data suggest that the ability of lung macrophages to produce MMPs after direct contact with activated T cells is related to the difference in phenotype of mononuclear phagocytes and cell localization. In addition, these observations indicate that cell-cell contact represents an important biological mechanism in potentiating the inflammatory response of mononuclear phagocytes in the lungs.     

Expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinases under oscillatory shear in IL-1-stimulated synovial cells

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play a critical role in tissue disintegration, and an elevated level of MMPs is observed in synovium and synovial fluid of joints with rheumatoid arthritis. During joint movement, synovial tissue receives various mechanical stimuli, but effects of mechanical challenges on regulation of MMPs in rheumatic synovium are poorly understood. Focusing on cellular responses to oscillatory fluid shear in human synovial cells, we determined the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 by polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting as well as proteolytic activities of total MMPs by a fibril degradation assay and zymography. The results revealed that approximately 0.5 dyn/cm2 oscillatory shear at 1 Hz not only reduced an mRNA level and a protein level of MMP-1 and MMP-13, but it also decreased collagenase and gelatinase activities of total MMPs. Furthermore, the induction of the MMP expression and activities by interleukin-1 was suppressed by the oscillatory shear. Interestingly, the oscillatory shear upregulated the mRNA expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Our results support a potential role of oscillatory shear in regulating expression and activities of MMPs in the presence and the absence of proinflammatory cytokine.     

Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the nasal mucosa of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis and asthma show many similarities in their epithelial and inflammatory responses to allergens. However, one notable difference is that disruption and desquamation of the epithelium is a characteristic feature of asthma, whereas in perennial allergic rhinitis the epithelium is intact and thickened. One reason for this might be differing expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or their inhibitors (TIMPs). There are few published data on the presence of MMPs or TIMPs in the nasal mucosa in rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate MMP and TIMP mRNA and protein in nasal mucosa from subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis and from nonrhinitic control subjects. METHODS: Biopsy specimens of nasal mucosa were taken from 10 well-characterized subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis and 10 nonrhinitic control subjects. MMP and TIMP mRNA was quantified through use of competitive RT-PCR, and protein was detected by means of Western blotting and ELISA. RESULTS: TIMP-1 mRNA and TIMP-2 mRNA were present in nasal samples, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Only small amounts of MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9 mRNA were detected in the same samples. The corresponding proteins were detected by means of Western blotting. TIMP-1 protein and TIMP-2 protein were quantified in tissue homogenates; there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Our studies have demonstrated the presence of large amounts of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA and protein in nasal mucosa. There is no upregulation of MMPs or changes in TIMP expression in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis.     

Matrix metalloproteinase expression is related to angiogenesis and histologic grade in spindle cell soft tissue neoplasms of the extremities

We defined the immunocytochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in benign soft tissue neoplasms, fibromatoses, and sarcomas, together with the activity of gelatinase MMPs and TIMPs measured by zymography and reverse zymography in a subset of cases. The most strongly expressed MMP in all tumors was MMP-1, with weaker expression of MMP-10, MMP-11, and MMP-14 in most tumors. Nuclear expression of MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13 was an unusual feature. TIMP-2 was expressed in all tumors, with stronger expression in fibromatoses than in sarcomas. Fibromatoses and high-grade sarcomas showed greater MMP-1 expression than other groups, and endothelial MMP-2 expression was more extensive in sarcomas. Differences in MMP and TIMP expression might be linked to the biologic behavior of soft tissue neoplasms. The activation of endothelial MMP-2 linked to widespread MMP-14 expression provides a mechanism for sarcomas to modulate their matrix and facilitate angiogenesis.     

Up-regulation of MMP-8 and MMP-9 activity in the BALB/c mouse spinal cord correlates with the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Induction of EAE can be inhibited or repressed by administration of soluble metalloproteinase inhibitors. We studied the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and their tissue inhibitor (TIMP) expression pattern in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) of the resistant Th2 prone BALB/c mouse, where the disease can be induced with ultrasound-emulsified antigen/adjuvant (son-ag), but not with conventional technique (syr-ag). We found highly elevated expression of MMP-8 (neutrophil collagenase) mRNA and protein in diseased son-ag challenged mice, colocalizing to neutrophil infiltrates found in brain and extensively in the spinal cord submeningeal space. MMP-8 expression has not been found previously in sensitive mouse strains. The infiltrates stained positive also for MMP-9 protein, and brain homogenates from corresponding mice showed MMP-9 activity during overt disease (days 12-16 post-immunization). TIMP-1 gene expression could be detected in CNS samples from diseased son-ag challenged mice but not in syr-ag or control mice, and the TIMP-1 protein colocalized with GFAP-staining. In contrast, in syr-ag mice both TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 gene expression in the spinal cords was elevated. The results show that sonication, but not extrusion, creates an adjuvant formula potent in activating the matrix metalloproteinase cascade similar to sensitive mouse strains, strongly implicating their role in EAE induction in this Th2 prone strain. The study provides the basis for establishment of MMP-specific therapy in this model.