手法小切口白内障手术治疗糖尿病性白内障的疗效分析

目的分析手法小切口白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术治疗糖尿病性白内障的疗效。方法对68例（96眼）糖尿病合并白内障的患者行小切口白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。统计术后1、30d的视力,术后视力与糖尿病病程的关系以及术后并发症。结果术后第1天裸眼视力〉0.5者69眼（71.88%）,0.3～0.5者18眼（18.75%）,0.1～0.25者6眼（6.25%）,〈0.1者3眼（3.13%）;术后第30天裸眼视力〉0.5者74眼（77.08）,0.3～0.5者16眼（16.67%）,0.1～0.25者4眼（4.17%）,〈0.1者2眼（2.08%）。术后并发症主要有角膜水肿、前房纤维素性渗出、虹膜粘连、继发青光眼。结论手法小切口白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术治疗糖尿病性白内障是安全有效的,术后视力的恢复与糖尿病病程及糖尿病视网膜病变有关。     

改良手法小切口白内障手术治疗软核白内障效果观察

目的探讨改良手法小切口白内障治疗软核白内障的方法和效果。方法对186例软核白内障实施改良手法小切口白内障手术,对其疗效进行评价分析。结果 159眼在连续环形撕囊囊袋内植入人工晶体,撕囊成功132眼(85.5%),失败27眼(14.5%)。18眼在截囊、撕囊及剪囊情况下囊袋内植入人工晶体,4眼人工晶体植入睫状沟内。2眼悬韧带断裂1/4周(1.07%),行囊袋内植入人工晶体。2眼后囊破口较小睫状沟植入人工晶体。1眼后囊破裂口较大未植晶体,后囊膜破裂3眼(1.6%)。术中虹膜损伤4眼(2.1%),后弹力层脱离1眼(0.54%),皮质残留6眼(3.2%),角膜水肿、内皮混浊16眼(10.7%),术后高眼压14眼(7.5%),术后虹膜反应6眼(3.2%)。术后第3天矫正视力:视力≥0.6者158眼(84..9%)。0.3~0.5者19眼(10.2%)。0.1~0.2者9眼(4.8%)。结论改良手法小切口白内障手术治疗软核白内障,效果肯定。为开展超声乳化手术打下良好基础。     

微创眼前后节联合手术治疗黄斑前膜的临床观察

目的 观察微创眼前后节联合手术治疗合并白内障的黄斑前膜患者的疗效. 方法 24例患者中男性6例,女性18例;年龄56 ～ 77岁,平均64岁;病程2～ 36个月,平均9.3个月.所有患者均行了1.8 mm微切口白内障超声乳化吸除,人工晶状体植入术,23G玻璃体切割,内界膜剥离术.观察术前晶状体混浊情况,术前术后裸眼视力、矫正视力、OCT结果、术中术后并发症. 结果 术后随访3～18个月,平均8.3个月,术前:裸眼视力＜0.1者6例,0.1至0.2者18例;最佳矫正视力0.1 ～0.2;术前最佳矫正视力明显优于裸眼视力(t=-7.647,P＜0.05).术后最佳矫正视力0.1 ～0.3的有14只眼,＞0.3的有10只眼;术后裸眼视力与最佳矫正视力相比无明显统计学差异(t=-1.813,P ＞0.05).术后裸眼视力均提高两行以上,最佳矫正视力提高两行以上的占95.8％ (23/24).术后OCT显示黄斑结构大致恢复正常,中心凹厚度由术前的(299.25±25.14) μm降低至(229.50±20.80) μm(t=12.206,P ＜0.05). 结论 微创眼前后节联合手术治疗黄斑前膜,能有效恢复黄斑结构,提高患者视力,是值得推荐的联合手术方式.     

超声乳化吸除人工晶状体植入术治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病白内障

目的 报道糖尿病白内障超声乳化吸除人工晶状体植入手术的临床疗效. 方法 选择糖尿病白内障进行超声乳化吸除人工晶状体植入手术共30例(36眼)进行回顾性分析,包括手术方法、术后视力与糖尿病病程的关系、手术并发症及术后糖尿病性视网膜病变情况. 结果 术后2周视力在0.5及以上者24眼(66.7%),0.1～0.4.之间者8眼(22.2%),低于0.1者4眼(11.1%),视力恢复与糖尿病病程有关,糖尿病性视网膜病变是影响视力恢复主要原因. 结论 术前控制血糖后进行手术可提高术后视力、减少并发症.     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎16例临床与病理分析

目的:了解乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎的临床与病理特点.方法:对近5年收治的16例乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎患者的临床表现、病理特征、治疗方法及转归等进行综合分析.结果:16例患者中,血清HBV标志物阴性者5例(31.25%),阳性者11例(68.75%);临床表现为肾病综合征12例(75.00%),慢性肾炎综合征4例(25.00%);病理诊断为膜性肾病12例(75.00%),其中10例为非典型膜性肾病(62.50%),轻度系膜增生性肾炎2例(12.50%),IgA肾病1例(6.25%),膜增殖性肾炎1例(6.25%);免疫荧光:免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)及补体成分(C3、C1q)全阳性者11例(68.75%),部分阳性者5例(31.25%);肾组织内HBAg:HBsAg阳性者16例(100%),HBsAg HBcAg阳性者9例(56.25%),HBsAg HBeAg阳性者4例(25.00%),HBsAg HBcAg HBeAg阳性者2例(12.50%).经中西医结合治疗后,完全缓解1例(6.25%),显著缓解4例(25.00%),部分缓解3例(18.75%),无效8例(50.00%),总缓解率(包括完全缓解、显著缓解及部分缓解)50.00%.结论:血清HBV标志物阳性不是诊断本病的必备条件;乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎临床主要表现为肾病综合征;主要病理类型为膜性肾病,特别是非典型膜性肾病最为多见;免疫荧光呈现多种免疫复合物沉积现象;肾组织中以HBsAg沉积最为常见,其次为HBcAg,HBeAg最少;无论乙型肝炎的治疗或继发肾病的治疗均较困难、疗效较差.     

综合手术治疗青光眼临床分析

目的观察小梁切除联合羊膜移植手术治疗青光眼的临床疗效。方法将53例57眼青光眼患者采用小梁切除联合羊膜移植手术治疗青光眼,并观察术后患者的视力、眼压及术后并发症情况。结果术后随访4～10个月,患者视力〉0.5者48眼（84.2%）、0.3～0.4者6眼（10.5%）、0.1～0.2者3眼（5.3%）;眼压控制在正常范围内,〈21 mmHg者52眼（91.2%）,22～25 mmHg者5眼（8.8%）,点滴0.5%噻吗心安滴眼液可将眼压控制在正常范围内;术后并发症少且无严重并发症发生。结论小梁切除联合羊膜移植手术治疗青光眼可有效恢复患者视力和控制眼压,术后并发症少且无严重并发症出现,适宜临床应用。     

改良小切口白内障手术150例临床观察

目的分析改良小切口非超声乳化白内障手术联合人工晶体植入术治疗的老年白内障患者的临床疗效。方法我院2012年3月至2013年9月收治150例(213眼)老年白内障患者,接受小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶体植入术,对其术后视力及并发症进行临床分析。结果术中发生后囊破裂致玻璃体脱出6眼(2.8%);虹膜根部断离8眼(3.8%)。术后发生虹膜炎症反应19眼(8.9%);一次性高眼压9眼(4.2%);角膜内皮水肿10眼(4.7%)。术后3~12个月视力0.5以上者104眼,0.3~0.5者89眼,0.1~0.3者10眼,低于0.1者10眼。患者脱残率为95.31%。结论行小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶体植入术疗效显著且适应证广,特别适合在基层医院推广应用。     

高度近视白内障超声乳化人工晶体植入术临床观察

目的观察超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术治疗高度近视白内障的手术效果。方法回顾性分析53例(77眼)高度近视并发白内障手术病例。其中眼轴<30mm者46例,眼轴≥30mm者31眼。行表面麻醉下透明角膜切口超声乳化白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术,观察术前、术后最佳矫正视力、术中术后并发症情况。随诊时间5～12个月,平均8.3个月。结果本组病例眼轴26.67～35.57mm,术后75眼视力明显提高,术后3个月最佳矫正视力≥0.3者65眼,占84.42%,术后3个月最佳矫正视力≥0.5者47眼,占61.04%,不同眼轴长度组术后最佳矫正视力有明显差异。术后视力无提高者2眼,主要影响因素为高度近视黄斑病变。术中3眼发生后囊膜破裂,其中2例仍植入晶体于囊袋内,1例行人工晶体睫状沟植入。随访其术后并发症主要为后囊膜混浊。结论表面麻醉下透明角膜切口超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗高度近视并发白内障效果理想,最终视力决定于眼底情况,眼轴越长,视力预后越差。     

球后注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的护理

目的探讨球后注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的护理方法。方法对9例(17眼)糖尿病视网膜病变患者行脐带间充质干细胞球后注射治疗并实施系统护理。结果2眼视力提高0.5,出血灶、渗出基本完全吸收;8眼视力提高0.3,出血灶、渗出有所吸收,微血管瘤数减少;5眼视力提高0.2,出血灶、渗出略有吸收,无新鲜出血;2眼视力和眼底无变化。结论对糖尿病视网膜病变行球后注射脐带间充质干细胞治疗的患者术前进行心理疏导和血糖血压的调节,术中严密执行无菌操作常规,术后预防并发症可保证疗效。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的消化系统临床特征分析

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎患者是否合并消化道症状及对消化系统相关生化指标的影响。方法观察笔者所在医院收治的16例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者,统计分析其流行病学资料、临床表现、临床检验指标等信息。结果患者年龄5～75岁、中位年龄46.0岁,男性居多(9例,56.25%),家族性聚集染病(12例,75.00%),37.50%(6例)的患者合并基础疾病;以消化系统症状为首发症状者3例(占18.75%),主要表现为腹泻(2例,12.5%)和黑便(1例,6.25%);在患病过程中有31.25%(5例)出现消化系统症状,主要表现为腹泻、黑便、食欲减退,分别为3例(18.75%)、1例(6.25%)、5例(31.25%)。16例患者粪便中SARS-Cov-2核酸检测结果均为阴性;50.00%(8例)患者粪便中SARS-Cov-2核酸检测为阴性但同时或之后再检测咽拭子/痰液核酸仍存在阳性。患者入院时有2例(12.50%)出现丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)升高,1例(6.25%)出现天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)升高。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎患者可能会同时存在消化系统临床症状。     

雷米芬太尼导致术后痛觉过敏的剂量依赖关系

目的 观察雷米芬太尼引起术后痛觉过敏的剂量依赖关系.方法 择期腹部手术患者300例随机均分成五组.各组维持麻醉的雷米芬太尼剂量分别为0.1μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.1)组),0.2 μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.2)组)、0.3μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.3)组)、0.4μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.4)组)、0.5μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.5)组).分别于术前(T_0)和静脉停止泵注雷米芬太尼后1 h(T_1)、1.5 h(T_2)、2 h(T_3)、3 h(T_4)、6 h(T_5)、12 h(T_6)、24 h(T_7)、48 h(T_8)应用机械压力法测定各组患者胫骨前皮肤的疼痛阈值,同时在T_1～T_8时记录患者VAS评分;记录患者术后镇痛药物的使用情况.结果 R_(0.3)、R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组机械压力痛觉阈值T_1～T_5时较T_0时明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组T_6时仍然偏低(P<0.05).T_4～T_8时五组VAS评分均低于T_1时(P<0.05或P<0.01);T_1～T_6时R_(0.3)、R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组VAS评分较R_(0.1)组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),T_7时R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组VAS评分仍然偏高(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 雷米芬太尼剂量达到0.3μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)时可以降低患者机械压力痛觉阈值,并导致痛觉过敏.     

Age-related influence of common aromatase gene polymorphisms on bone mass of healthy men

Androgens and estrogens are critical factors for bone homeostasis; hence, polymorphisms of genes involved in the metabolism and activity of sex steroids are likely candidates to influence bone mass. Therefore, we studied the association of two of those microsatellite polymorphisms, situated in intron 4 of CYP19-aromatase and exon 1 of androgen receptor, with bone mass in a group of 324 healthy men of a wide age range (mean age 49, range 22-75). CYP19 and androgen receptor alleles were typed by capillary electrophoresis after PCR amplification. Bone mass was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry at the hip and the spine. No association was found between androgen receptor variation and bone mass. However, among the 184 subjects aged more than 45 years, a significant association was found between CYP19 alleles and bone mass at the lumbar spine (P = 0.001) and total hip (P = 0.01). Individuals with long alleles had higher bone mass, even after adjusting for body weight, height, or calcium intake. Mean spine Z scores were -0.1 (95% CI, -0.3 to 0.2), -0.1 (-0.4 to 0.2), and 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) for individuals with short, intermediate, and long alleles, respectively. Total hip Z scores were 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6), 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6), and 0.8 (0.5 to 1.0), respectively. Longer CYP19 alleles were also associated with higher free estradiol index. These results suggest that common variations in CYP19-aromatase gene may have an important influence on the maintenance of male skeleton after peak bone mass is reached.     

Effect of increasing amounts of epinephrine during isobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in elderly patients

The effects of adding epinephrine to isobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia were investigated in 96 ASA class II-III patients aged 75 yr or more scheduled for lower extremity surgery. The subjects were randomly allocated into six groups. All patients received 15 mg bupivacaine plain solution in 4 ml, in the horizontal position. Patients in group 1 received bupivacaine plus 1 ml normal saline; patients in other groups received bupivacaine plus increasing dosages of epinephrine: 0.1 mg (group 2), 0.2 mg (group 3), 0.3 mg (group 4), 0.4 mg (group 5), 0.5 mg (group 6). The segmental level of sensory loss was tested using forceps. The time required for maximal spread of the sensory blockade was significantly 50% greater in group 5 than in group 1. No difference was observed, however, between mean highest levels. Addition of 0.2 mg epinephrine prolonged by a significant 25% regression time to L-2 level. Addition of 0.3 and 0.4 mg epinephrine significantly prolonged two-segment regression time by 36 and 53%, respectively, and regression to L-2 level by 29 and 44%, respectively. Addition of 0.5 mg epinephrine did not result in further prolongation of anesthesia. Motor blockade was also increased by addition of epinephrine. It is concluded that addition of 0.3 mg epinephrine may be useful to increase duration of isobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia.     

Staff/population ratios in South African public sector mental health services.

OBJECTIVE: To document existing staff/population ratios per 100,000 population in South African public sector mental health services. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed to provincial mental health co-ordinators requesting them to provide the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) staff responsible for mental health care at all service levels. These data were supplemented by consultations with mental health co-ordinators in each of the nine provinces. Population data were obtained from preliminary findings of the 1996 census. RESULTS: The overall staff/population ratio per 100,000 population was 19.5, with an interprovincial range of 5.7-31.5. The staff/population ratios per 100,000 population for selected personnel categories (with the interprovincial ranges in brackets) were as follows: total nursing staff 15.6 (4.4-28.4), occupational therapists 0.4 (0.1-0.8), occupational therapy assistants 0.5 (0.0-1.3), social workers 0.5 (0.1-0.9), community health workers 0.3 (0.0-1.0), psychologists 0.3 (0.0-0.7), intern psychologists 0.3 (0.0-0.7), psychiatrists 0.4 (0.1-0.8), psychiatric registrars 0.4 (0.0-1.2), medical officers 0.4 (0.2-1.3), pharmacists 0.2 (0.1-1.1), and pharmacy assistants 0.2 (0.0-0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to international settings, there are low levels of mental health staff provision in South Africa, and there is a large amount of variability between provinces. There are considerable challenges in monitoring mental health staff resources within an integrated health service.     

Renal substrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis during hypoglycemia in humans

To examine the potential contribution of precursor substrates to renal gluconeogenesis during hypoglycemia, 14 healthy subjects had arterialized hand vein and renal vein (under fluoroscopy) catheterized after an overnight fast. Net renal balance of lactate, glycerol, alanine, and glutamine was determined simultaneously with systemic and renal glucose kinetics using arteriovenous concentration differences and 6-[2H2]glucose tracer dilution. Renal plasma flow was measured by para-aminohippurate clearance and was converted to blood flow using the mathematical value (1-hematocrit). Arterial and renal vein samples were obtained in the postabsorptive state and during a 180-min hyperinsulinemic period during either euglycemia or hypoglycemia. Insulin increased from 49 +/- 14 to 130 +/- 25 pmol/l (hypoglycemia) and to 102 +/- 10 pmol/l (euglycemia). Arterial blood glucose decreased from 4.5 +/-0.2 to 3.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/l during hypoglycemia but did not change during euglycemia (4.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). After 150 min, endogenous glucose production reached a plateau value that was higher during hypoglycemia (10.3 +/0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) than during euglycemia (5.73 +/-0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001). Hypoglycemia was associated with a rise in renal glucose production (RGP) from 3.0 +/- 0.7 to 5.4 +/- 0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.05), although glucose utilization remained the same (2.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.1 +/-0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)). As a result, net renal glucose output increased from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 3.3 +/- 0.40 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1). Elevations in net renal uptake of lactate (2.4 +/- 0.5 to 3.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.8 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)), glycerol (0.6 +/- 0.3 to 1.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.2 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)), and glutamine (0.7 +/- 0.2 to 1.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.1 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) during hypoglycemia versus euglycemia (P < 0.05) could account for nearly 60% of all glucose carbons released in the renal vein during hypoglycemia. Our data indicate that extraction of circulating gluconeogenic precursors by the kidney is enhanced and responsible for a substantial fraction of the compensatory rise in RGP during sustained hypoglycemia. Increased renal gluconeogenesis from circulating substrates represents an additional physiological mechanism by which the decrease in blood glucose concentration is attenuated in humans.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后硬膜外自控镇痛

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛(patient-controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)的效果.方法 下腹部择期手术120例,年龄28 ～66岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,应用随机数字表法分为3组(每组40例):0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼复合0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅰ组)、5 mg/L芬太尼复合0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅲ组).所有患者术后镇痛均采用PCEA模式,观察镇痛后4、8、16、24、48 h的MAP、HR、VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分(ramsay sedationscore,RSS)情况,并记录48 h内镇痛泵总按压次数以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及呼吸抑制的发生率.结果 各时点Ⅰ组VAS评分[(1.4±0.4)、(1.6±0.5)、(1.5±0.4)、(1.6±0.3)、(1.3±0.3)分]和Ⅱ组VAS评分[(1.5±0.6)、(1.6±0.4)、(1.7±0.6)、(1.5±0.4)、(1.4±0.6)分]明显低于Ⅲ组[(2.1±0.7)、(2.4±0.6)、(2.4±0.5)、(2.3±0.7)、(2.2±0.8)分](P＜0.05);在8、16、24 h,Ⅰ组RSS[(2.4±0.6)、(2.1±0.9)、(2.4±0.5)分]高于Ⅱ组[(1.4±0.7)、(1.6±0.6)、(1.6±0.4)分]和Ⅲ组RSS[(1.7±0.6)、(1.4±0.3)、(1.6±0.6)](P＜0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组镇痛泵总按压次数与Ⅲ组比较,差异有统计学意义(分别为3、4、18次,P＜0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组恶心呕吐的发生率高于Ⅲ组(分别为15％、12.5％、0,P＜0.05);3组皆未发生呼吸抑制.结论 0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼配伍0.2％罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后PCEA效果确切,且副作用发生率低.     

Erythropoietin protects against ischaemic acute renal injury.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin (EPO) has recently been shown to exert important cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects in experimental brain injury and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether EPO administration is also renoprotective in both in vitro and in vivo models of ischaemic acute renal failure. METHODS: Primary cultures of human proximal tubule cells (PTCs) were exposed to either vehicle or EPO (6.25-400 IU/ml) in the presence of hypoxia (1% O(2)), normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia followed by normoxia for up to 24 h. The end-points evaluated included cell apoptosis (morphology and in situ end labelling [ISEL], viability [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH release)], cell proliferation [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] and DNA synthesis (thymidine incorporation). The effects of EPO pre-treatment (5000 U/kg) on renal morphology and function were also studied in rat models of unilateral and bilateral ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. RESULTS: In the in vitro model, hypoxia (1% O(2)) induced a significant degree of PTC apoptosis, which was substantially reduced by co-incubation with EPO at 24 h (vehicle 2.5+/-0.5% vs 25 IU/ml EPO 1.8+/-0.4% vs 200 IU/ml EPO 0.9+/-0.2%, n = 9, P<0.05). At high concentrations (400 IU/ml), EPO also stimulated thymidine incorporation in cells exposed to hypoxia with or without subsequent normoxia. LDH release was not significantly affected. In the unilateral IR model, EPO pre-treatment significantly attenuated outer medullary thick ascending limb (TAL) apoptosis (EPO 2.2+/-1.0% of cells vs vehicle 6.5+/-2.2%, P<0.05, n = 5) and potentiated mitosis (EPO 1.1+/-0.3% vs vehicle 0.5+/-0.3%, respectively, P<0.05) within 24 h. EPO-treated rats exhibited enhanced PCNA staining within the proximal straight tubule (6.9+/-0.7% vs vehicle 2.4+/-0.5% vs sham 0.3+/-0.2%, P<0.05), proximal convoluted tubule (2.3+/-0.6% vs vehicle 1.1+/-0.3% vs sham 1.2+/-0.3%, P<0.05) and TAL (4.7+/-0.9% vs vehicle 0.6+/-0.3% vs sham 0.3+/-0.2%, P<0.05). The frequency of tubular profiles with luminal cast material was also reduced (32.0+/-1.6 vs vehicle 37.0+/-1.3%, P = 0.05). EPO-treated rats subjected to bilateral IR injury exhibited similar histological improvements to the unilateral IR injury model, as well as significantly lower peak plasma creatinine concentrations than their vehicle-treated controls (0.04+/-0.01 vs 0.21+/-0.08 mmol/l, respectively, P<0.05). EPO had no effect on renal function in sham-operated controls. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, in addition to its well-known erythropoietic effects, EPO inhibits apoptotic cell death, enhances tubular epithelial regeneration and promotes renal functional recovery in hypoxic or ischaemic acute renal injury.     

Effect of sodium balance and the combination of ultrafiltration profile during sodium profiling hemodialysis on the maintenance of the quality of dialysis and sodium and fluid balances

Excessive sodium gain is a major hindrance of sodium profiling hemodialysis (HD) that offsets the benefit in reducing intradialytic hypotension-related discomforts (IHD). Patients who showed frequent IHD (>30% of the sessions; n = 11) were enrolled in a prospective study that consisted of two phases. In the phase 1 study, eight treatment modalities were evaluated: Conventional HD (control), sodium balance-positive step-down sodium profiling HD (PS), sodium balance-neutral step-down sodium profiling HD (NS), sodium balance-neutral alternating sodium profiling HD (NA) without ultrafiltration (UF) profile, and all those with UF profile (UF only, PS+U, NS+U, and NA+U). The incidences of "dialysis failure," defined as the occurrence of one or more of (1) session failure (discontinuation of session <75% of planned time), (2) UF failure (%UF achieved <70%), and (3) delivery failure (Kt/V <1.1), were 48.5, 21.2, 42.4, 39.4, 45.5, 18.2, 21.2, and 18.2% in control, PS, NS, NA, UF only, PS+U, NS+U, and NA+U, respectively. Four treatments, PS, PS+U, NS+U, and NA+U, reduced the incidence of dialysis failure significantly as compared with control (P < 0.05) and were evaluated in the phase 2 study, a randomized controlled 6-wk crossover study. Parameters were measured in the steady state after a 6-wk maintenance of each treatment. Diffusive sodium gain (DeltaNa) was significantly increased with sodium balance-positive profiles with or without UF profile, PS and PS+U (PS 1.9 +/- 1.1, PS+U 1.7 +/- 1.0 mEq/L; both P < 0.05 to control -0.1 +/- 0.2, NS+U 0.5 +/- 0.4, NA+U 0.4 +/- 0.2 mEq/L). They also increased the interdialytic weight gain (PS 3.8 +/- 0.6, PS+U 4.0 +/- 0.6 kg; both P < 0.05 to control 2.7 +/- 0.6, NS+U 3.3 +/- 0.6 kg; both P = NS to NA+U 3.5 +/- 0.6 kg). Predialysis weight and the required amount of UF also increased significantly with these sodium balance-positive profiles. Although the absolute amount of UF was larger with PS and PS+U, %UF achieved targeting dry weight was higher with sodium balance-neutral profiles with UF profiles, NS+U and NA+U (NS+U 92.7 +/- 3.8, NA+U 93.7 +/- 6.8%; both P < 0.05 to control 72.6 +/- 14.0, PS 88.3 +/- 6.6, PS+U 88.2 +/- 8.2%). Postdialysis weight was closest to dry weight with these treatments showing Delta (postdialysis weight - dry weight) of 0.3 +/- 0.1 and 0.3 +/- 0.2 kg in NS+U and NA+U (both P < 0.05 to control 1.0 +/- 0.6 kg; both P = NS to PS 0.5 +/- 0.3, PS+U 0.5 +/- 0.4 kg). Incidence of excessive weight gain and subjective discomforts during the interdialytic period increased significantly with PS. In conclusion, continuous use of sodium balance-positive sodium profiles resulted in an undesirable steady state with sodium and fluid expansion offsetting their hemodynamic benefit. Sodium balance-neutral sodium profiles in combination with UF profile were associated with less sodium and weight gains, better UF performance with postdialysis weight closest to dry weight, and fewer interdialytic problems with the equivalent hemodynamic benefit. Therefore, it is proposed that sodium balance-neutral sodium profiling HD with UF profile is a better choice, ensuring the dialysis of quality without sodium gain-related complications.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的眼部护理

目的总结获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）合并隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的眼部并发症及眼部护理方法。 方法回顾性分析42例AIDS合并隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的眼部并发症,总结其护理方案。 结果19例患者（37只眼）出现视乳头水肿,6例患者（12只眼）出现视神经萎缩,2例患者（4只眼）出现脉络膜病灶,3例患者（6只眼）出现复视,1例患者单眼合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎（CMVR）。11例患者眼底正常。42例患者（84只眼）中17只眼视力为光感～0.1,12只眼视力为0.12～0.3,视力≤ 0.3的患眼占总数的34.5%,55只眼视力为0.4～1.0。 结论临床护理工作中应密切观察患者的颅内压、视力及眼底变化,对低视力患者加强生活技能及视力的训练,有利于控制病情,提高患者的生活质量。