下颈椎前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉的解剖学研究

目的 测量正常成人下颈椎椎弓根的解剖学参数,探讨下颈椎前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉内固定技术的可行性。 方法 随机选取80例正常成人颈椎CT影像资料,将扫描数据导入MIMICS 19.0软件。测量C3~C7椎体的椎弓根宽度（OPW）、椎弓根高度（OPH）、内侧皮质骨厚度（MCT）以及颈前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉置钉参数,进行统计学分析。 结果 各节段左右两侧 OPH 和 MCT 参数的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。测量男性的 OPH 和 OPW 参数均大于女性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。C3~C4进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面椎弓根的对侧1.0~3.0 mm,距椎体上终板平面1.0~3.5 mm;C5进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面椎弓根同侧或对侧1.0~2.0 mm,距椎体上终板平面3.0~4.0 mm;C6~C7进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面椎弓根的同侧2.0~4.5 mm,距椎体上终板平面4.5~7.0 mm。C3~C7的皮质骨螺钉总体内倾角平均值分别是：39.13°、41.00°、40.91°、37.28°、31.84°,总体矢状角是：90.85°、97.23°、108.97°、111.60°、104.83°。螺钉的直径为3.5 mm,长度选择30 mm,32 mm较为适宜。 结论 下颈椎前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉内固定技术在理论上具有可行性,并总结出置钉规律,为其下一步的临床应用提供了理论依据。     

以CT三维重建技术测量颈椎椎弓根螺钉的置入参数

背景:因颈椎椎弓根细小,走行方向复杂,个体变异大,椎弓根钉置入时易误伤脊髓、椎动脉及神经根,颈椎节段椎弓根螺钉固定技术的应用和推广受到限制,术前测量椎弓根螺钉置入参数的准确度有待提高。目的:应用CT三维重建技术模拟颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入,获取预植螺钉的椎弓根三维定量解剖数据及置钉参数的方法。方法:将颈椎16排CT扫描的Dicom数据导入Mimics软件和GE后处理工作站,进行颈椎三维重建和图像处理,测量在置入椎弓根螺钉情况下的置钉参数。结果与结论:应用CT三维重建技术可以获得清晰颈椎三维图像,使用软件测量功能可精确地获取预置螺钉的椎弓根管宽度、轴线长度、α及β角;在颈椎椎弓螺钉置入情况下,可测量置钉的水平角度安全范围。通过本方法可模拟手术过程,进行常规方法难以完成的三维测量,获取椎弓根螺钉置入个体化数据,为研究颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入的安全性提供了一种可靠的研究方法。     

个体化3D打印导向模板辅助上颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入的实验研究

目的 评价个体化3D打印导向模板辅助上颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性和安全性。方法 纳入2013年10月—2015年9月蚌埠医学院第二附属医院CT中心的13例上颈椎疾病患者术前CT检查数据,利用Mimics 15.0、Geomagic Studio 2013、NX 8.5三种计算机软件设计出寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉置钉导向模板,并运用3D打印技术打印出颈椎等比例实体模型和上颈椎椎弓根置钉导向模板。每例颈椎模型3D打印2份,分为两组:实验组利用导向模板辅助置入寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉;对照组采用影像学透视徒手置入寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉。两组上颈椎椎弓根螺钉均由同一名脊柱外科主任医师负责置入。以术后CT扫描数据评估上颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉导向模板辅助置钉的准确性,对螺钉置入情况分类,依据螺钉在矢状面和横断面穿破椎弓根皮质程度以及是否需要翻修将其分为3类,其中Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类螺钉为可接受置钉,Ⅲ类螺钉为不可接受置钉。结果 实验组设计并打印出上颈椎3D打印导向模板19块,辅助置入螺钉37枚,其中Ⅰ类33枚(86.49%)、Ⅱ类2枚(8.11%)、Ⅲ类2枚(5.40%);模拟手术置入1枚螺钉平均时间为(5.37±1.26) min,X线机透视次数为(5.48±1.19)次,螺钉长(28.38±2.98)mm。对照组使用C形臂X光机透视下徒手置入上颈椎椎弓根螺钉合计37枚,其中Ⅰ类23枚(62.16%)、Ⅱ类3枚(8.11%)、Ⅲ类11枚(29.73%);模拟手术置入1枚螺钉平均时间为(11.48±2.32) min,X线机透视次数平均为(17.85±2.96)次,螺钉长(28.65±2.83)mm。实验组与对照组螺钉置入的成功率分别为94.60%(35/37)和70.27%(25/37),差异有统计学意义(Z=-5.790, P<0.05);实验组与对照组使用螺钉长度差异无统计学意义(t=0.399, P>0.05);实验组置入单枚螺钉用时和X光机透视次数均明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-14.078、-23.586, P值均<0.01)。结论 个性化导向模板辅助上颈椎置钉显著提高了置钉的安全性和准确性,尤其适用于严重畸形的上颈椎椎体。3D打印个体化上颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉导板体现了个体化置钉原则,置钉成功率高、安全、有效、可行,有临床推广价值。     

下颈椎椎弓根的数字化影像学观测

目的:探讨成人下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的相关解剖学参数,为临床选择应用螺钉的直径、长度、角度,进钉点定位及判断手术复位等提供理论依据.方法:采集颈椎CT图像,并依据性别与身高等因素分组,对椎弓根具有临床意义的数据进行测量.结果:椎弓根皮质、松质骨高度、宽度,第3～7颈椎同节段侧别间比较因性别和身高因素差异有统计学意义.男性较女性均宽大,第3～7颈椎总的趋势均逐渐增大.椎弓根轴线骨性长度、椎弓根长同节段侧别间比较与性别和身高因素关系密切,男性第3颈椎椎弓根轴线骨性长度最短,第7颈椎椎弓根长度最短;女性第4颈椎椎弓根轴线骨性长度最短,第7颈椎椎弓根长度最短.椎弓根外展角度及向头、尾侧倾斜角度,无性别差异.结论:下颈椎椎弓根等骨性结构个体差异较大(性别、身高因素关系密切),但仍是有规律可循的.术中螺钉直径的选择主要取决于下颈椎椎弓根松质骨的宽度,但应注意个体差异,第3～7颈椎均可用3.5mm的螺钉;螺钉长度选用范围29～32 mm,置入角度有明显规律性,是术中螺钉进钉定位、判断手术复位程度的重要依据.     

颈椎侧块的应用解剖及其在后路钢板螺钉内固定术中的意义

目的 :为经颈椎后路侧块和椎弓根螺钉在颈椎的应用提供解剖学基础。方法 :对 10套成年C3～ 7段 5 0节防腐颈椎标本的颈椎侧块和椎弓根的高度、宽度、长度、椎弓根轴线的角度及进钉点定位等作了三维形态学观测。结果 :颈椎侧块的斜径线为 (10 .5 7± 1.41)mm、其倾斜角为 5 .14°± 0 .82° ,后表面中心点距椎动脉距离为 (13 .99± 1.63 )mm ;颈椎椎弓根的高为 (6.77± 0 .61)mm、宽为 (5 .18± 0 .5 9)mm、侧块后表面经椎弓根至椎体前缘间距为 (3 1.70± 1.44 )mm、椎体矢状面与经椎弓根轴线的夹角为 42 .90°±3 .2 1°。颈椎经侧块和经椎弓根螺钉内固定术在进钉的深度、方向、以及螺钉的选择上均有明显的区别。结论 :根据不同节段颈椎后侧路侧块和椎弓根的解剖特点 ,合理设计经颈椎侧块和椎弓根螺钉的直径和长度 ,准确选择相应的进钉点和进钉方向 ,可以保证颈椎后路侧块和椎弓根螺钉内固定在下颈椎的安全应用。     

三维CT辅助颈椎椎弓根螺钉的置入

目的探讨三维CT在颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入手术中的应用。方法22例患者,其中男性14例,女性8例,年龄28～67岁(中位年龄46岁);9例为颈椎椎骨骨折,4例为颈椎肿瘤,6例为颈椎滑脱失稳,3例颈椎病。术前行SCT扫描三维重建,测量钉道的角度和安全范围,术中根据相关的数据选择螺钉,并进行个体化置钉,术后进行CT扫描,评估螺钉位置,计算每个螺钉置入的时间。结果导航下成功对22例患者共置入112枚颈椎椎弓根螺钉。术后CT椎弓根位置扫描:A级,104枚(92.8%);B级,5枚;C级,2枚;D级1枚。平均每枚螺钉置入的时间为9.3min(8～11min),术后临床无脊髓、神经和椎动脉损伤。结论在三维CT辅助下可以进行颈椎椎弓根个性化置钉,并能提高螺钉的准确性和效率。     

快速成型个体化导航模板辅助颈椎椎弓根螺钉的置入

背景:颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗颈椎疾病可获得坚强的三柱稳定,但目前关于颈椎椎弓根置钉方法选择尚未达成一致,力求寻找一种更加简单、安全、准确的置钉方法。目的:综合利用逆向工程原理和快速成型技术设计出一种新型个体化颈椎椎弓根置钉导航模板,观察并评估其辅助颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入的安全性和准确性。方法:对8具成人尸体标本颈椎(C3-6)进行CT扫描获取DICOM数据,MIMICS软件重建颈椎三维模型,寻找颈椎椎弓根的最佳进钉通道。根据颈椎椎板的表面解剖学形态,设计与颈椎椎板相吻合的反向模板。最后将设计的椎弓根螺钉进钉通道和反向模板合成在一起,建立个体化导向模板的数据模型并以STL格式保存。利用快速成型技术打印出导航模板实物。将导航模板与椎体的后部结构贴合,辅助置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉,根据术后X射线片及CT扫描评价椎弓根螺钉位置的准确性。结果与结论:(1)利用导航模板辅助置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉共64枚,62枚螺钉完全在椎弓根内,其中1枚螺钉穿破椎弓根内侧壁,1枚螺钉穿破椎弓根外侧壁,置钉准确性为97%左右;(2)快速成型个体化导航模板辅助颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入准确率高,增加了颈椎手术的安全性,具有较大的临床应用前景。     

三维重建腰椎椎弓根螺钉置入的精确性

背景：三维重建技术已经广泛应用于椎弓根螺钉置入前规划,但是就其预测参数的准确性目前尚未见直接的分析与报道。 目的：基于CT三维重建技术应用于临床,对腰椎椎弓根螺钉置入前指导作用的精确性作初步分析。 方法：在Mimics软件下,随机对30例行腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的患者共136个椎弓根行内固定前CT三维重建,并通过内固定前模拟模块预测钉长、直径、水平面角及矢状面角度并与内固定后实际数据进行统计学比较。 结果与结论：内固定前通过Mimics软件对腰椎行三维重建,设计最佳钉道并模拟置钉,预测椎弓根螺钉长、直径、水平面角及矢状面角度与通过C型臂及内固定中导航系统等方式置钉后实际数据的差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),并且内固定后行CT扫描见置钉位置及长度均良好。说明通过Mimics软件对腰椎进行三维重建模拟置钉并制定置钉参数,能比较精确的指导内固定中实际置钉,提高椎弓根螺钉的置钉安全。     

胸椎椎弓根-肋骨复合体螺钉置入内固定的应用解剖学特征

背景：上、中胸椎周围结构复杂,椎弓根的横径相对窄小,如再合并发育畸形,导致螺钉不能置入,或者置入后造成副损伤,置钉安全性和有效性得不到保证。 目的：提出“椎弓根-肋骨复合体”的概念,观察其形态结构,分析其在解剖学上置入螺钉的可行性。 方法：观察6具成人尸体胸椎标本(T1~12)椎弓根及椎弓根-肋骨复合体的形态结构,测量下列参数：横径、纵径、椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线螺钉置入最长值、椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线螺钉横断面角及椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线螺钉与椎弓板的夹角。 结果与结论：椎弓根-肋骨复合体是一立体结构,椎弓根与肋骨不在同一平面,且两者位置关系随不同节段而发生变化。横径为13.0~17.3 mm,纵径为5.8~8.0 mm,椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线螺钉置入最长值为43.4~60.5 mm,椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线螺钉横断面角为15.4°~36.7°,椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线螺钉与椎弓板的夹角为76.2°~85.4°。提示沿胸椎经椎弓根-肋骨复合体轴线置入螺钉内固定时,安全范围较大。应用于临床时,可作为椎弓根螺钉内固定的一种补充,特别是在无法完成椎弓根螺钉置入的胸椎平面。     

下颈椎椎弓根置钉偏差的CT多平面及三维重建研究

目的：通过颈椎CT多平面和三维重建资料的观测，了解下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入的可行性，评价置钉偏差后的风险。方法：对8例非颈椎椎弓根病患者进行颈椎CT多平面和三维重建观察，对C3椎弓根内外径、内倾角及四壁皮质厚度行数据测量。结果：组成横突孔的四界不在同一高度同时出现，形成内界的椎弓根明显高于外界。CT示部分椎弓根外壁及横突孔前壁存在滋养血管孔（10％和8．8％）。C3椎弓根内壁厚（1．8±0．3）mm，，外壁厚（0．9±0．3）mm，上壁厚（1．3±0．4）mm，下壁厚（1．4±0．4）mm，外径（5．3±0．6）mm，内径（2．6±0．7）mm，内倾角（45．9±4．4）°。结论：下颈椎椎弓根内径小，外壁薄，椎弓根螺钉置入时，外壁容易穿破；椎弓根主体高于横突孔外界，椎弓根螺钉穿破外壁时，椎动脉可向外逃逸，减少损伤。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.