Effects on health status in students from attending a "juku"]

Between November and December 1993 a questionnaire survey concerning the lifestyle and health status was performed on 1.314 elementary school children living in Tokyo and its suburbs. In this study the following items were included: 1) sleeping habits, 2) physical activity, 3) playing habits, 4) eating habits, 5) attending a "juku", private cram school to prepare children for entrance examinations, 6) commuting hours, 7) 20 subjective symptoms regarding health, and so on. The results were as follows: 1. 61.9% of students were attending a "juku". 2. The number of hours of sleep, playing after school and watching TV decreased with the frequency of attending a "juku". The students who were attending "juku" more than 3 times a week had the shortest number of those hours, and the students who did not attend any "juku" had the longest of those hours. 3. To determine health status, 20 subjective symptoms were scored. The average number of subjective symptoms was 5.0. That of the students who were attending "juku" more than 3 times a week was 5.5. 4. Of the 20 subjective symptoms, 7 items were correlated to the frequency of attending "juku". To remove the effect of other factors, multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine correlation of 7 subjective items and other factors including attending "juku". As a result attending "juku" more than three times a week were associated with the two symptoms of "sleepy" and "eye fatigue".     

Analysis of factors affecting breakfast skipping by male students undergoing hard training for sports

PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to find factors affecting breakfast skip rates for male students participating in sports, and to determine how to improve their nutrition. METHODS: The survey was conducted on 86 male students (58 who played sports and 28 who did not). A questionnaire was supplied to all, containing questions concerning daily food eating behavior. The student's answers were evaluated according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. In addition, blood pressure, body mass index, and serum levels of uric acid, triglycerides and ferritin were measured in all subjects. RESULTS: The breakfast skip rate was 36% for the sports club affiliation group, and 46.4% for the non-affiliation group. Students who were not supplied with meals from their mothers or dormitory food service had more irregular meal times, skipped breakfast more, and drank less milk and miso soup often than the students supplied with meals. Students playing sports, but not supplied with meals, had a lower evaluation regarding eating habits and higher serum levels of serum uric acid and ferritin, compared to the students supplied with meals. CONCLUSIONS: The eating habits of male students are affected by whether they receive meals or not. It is considered that the higher levels of serum uric acid and ferritin in the students not supplied with meals is due to their irregular eating habits and heavy exercise. It is suggested that nutritional guidance is needed for such students.     

Dietary habits, lifestyle and physical condition of junior high school students

Dietary habits, lifestyle and thirty subjective physical symptoms of all students at the first year level of junior high school were investigated by means of a specially designed questionnaire. After two years, the same questionnaire was again used on the same students who were now in their third year of junior high school. The students (305 boys and 319 girls totalling 624 students) who were included in both the first and the second surveys were used to analyze the relationship between physical conditions and lifestyle. The results were as follows: 1. The number of subjective symptoms increased significantly during the two years. 2. The students in their third year consumed less of a variety of foods than those in their first year. Dietary habits such as having a breakfast, lunch, or eating a meal with the family were worse at the third year level compared to the first year level. 3. In regard to lifestyle, recreational time or sleep time decreased while study time, dissatisfaction with life, or the rate of getting in or being in trouble increased during the two years surveyed. 4. Balance score and Dietary habits score decreased during the two years along with the increase in subjective symptoms. The survey suggests that better dietary habits and lifestyle are necessary in order to maintain good physical condition in junior high school students.     

徐州市农村中学生睡眠状况及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨徐州市农村中学生睡眠质量现状以及影响因素,为中学生睡眠障碍的有效干预提供科学依据.方法 分层整群随机抽取徐州市部分农村的1385名中学进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)测评,并同时调查研究对象的社会人口学特征及睡眠质量的相关影响因素.结果 徐州市农村中学生睡眠障碍的发生率为36.6％,初中生的发生率为32.4％,高中生为40.0％.男生睡眠障碍的发生率为39.7％,女生为32.5％.年级和性别差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).年级、睡眠环境、交往压力、体育锻炼进入睡眠障碍的多因素Logistic回归方程.结论 徐州市农村中学生的睡眠障碍问题较为严重,且与多种因素有关,应及时采取有效的干预措施,提高中学生的睡眠质量.     

北京市海淀区618名高中生睡眠质量及相关因素分析

目的了解北京市海淀区高中生睡眠质量及其影响因素,为采取有效措施改善高中生的睡眠质量提供参考。方法采用匹茨堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)对北京市海淀区6所学校618名高中生的睡眠情况进行调查。结果高中生睡眠障碍的检出率为22.7%;重点学校学生入睡时间明显多于普通学校学生,高三年级学生的睡眠时间明显少于高二和高一年级学生;与实验班的学生比较,普通班高中生睡眠时间较少,且睡眠效率较低。个人情绪、学习负担和考试成绩是影响高中生睡眠时间和质量的主要因素。结论高中生出现各类睡眠障碍的情况较为普遍,睡眠时间不足为主要特征。     

学龄前儿童龋齿发病的影响因素及对策

目的:分析目前学龄前儿童龋齿发病的影响因素,制定相应预防措施。方法:对宜昌市城区8所幼儿园1213名年龄3~6岁的儿童进行现场调查(体检及对家长进行问卷调查),体检项目主要查龋齿患病情况并对其头发中钙、镁、锌、铁的含量进行检测。问卷调查内容为儿童饮食习惯与卫生习惯和睡眠习惯等。结果:所调查儿童头发中钙、镁、锌、铁的含量有龋组与无龋组之间均有高度显著性差异(P<0.01,);经常吃零食儿童患龋率高于较少吃零食儿童患龋率,两者有高度显著性差异(P<0.01);经常刷牙儿童患龋率低于不刷牙或偶尔刷牙儿童患龋率,两者有高度显著性差异(P<0.01),性别,睡眠习惯,常嚼口香糖,家长文化程度也是儿童患龋的相对相关因素,吃零食、不刷牙是儿童患龋的独立相关因素。结论:儿童饮食习惯、卫生习惯以及营养状况等均是龋齿发病的影响因素。     

Preparation and effect of a behavioral science-based education program for sleep improvement among medical students

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate a simple education program that is effective for sleep improvement among medical students who will be medical doctors in the future. The education program applied in the present study was developed for sleep improvement based on behavioral science and changes in knowledge and sleeping habits were observed. METHODS: Subjects were 6th-year medical students of 2002 and 2003. Students of 2002 attended a program including a 90-minute lecture and a 2-week practice learning session, and students of 2003 attended only the lecture. In the lecture, behavior therapy for chronic insomnia was explained using a booklet. In the practice learning session, students set a target behavior for improvement and conducted self-monitoring of their sleep and the targeted behavior. Changes in knowledge about sleep, attitude toward the therapy, sleep, and sleep-related habits were observed and compared between the 2 groups of subjects immediately and 2-weeks after the lecture. RESULTS: It was found that after both programs subjects had more knowledge about sleep than before. In the program including practice learning session, subjects' attitude for managing patients changed from before the lecture to after the lecture, and after the practice learning session. It was found that more than half of the students thought that they could provide sleep guidance based on the behavior therapy. Regarding the subjects' sleep, significant improvements were observed for "having nightmares upon falling asleep," "sleepiness during daytime," "sense of getting a sound sleep," and "mood upon waking up." Regarding sleep-related habits, significant improvements were observed for "taking a nap," "dozing off," and "eating breakfast." On the other hand, only the lecture subjects improved irregularity of bedtime and sleeping time. Although an increase in knowledge and improvement of sleep were observed among students who attended only the lecture, a further increase in knowledge and improvement of sleeping habits were observed among students who also attended the practice learning session. CONCLUSION: The results described herein suggest developing and providing a simple and convenient education program for sleep improvement was effective for increasing students' knowledge about sleep, developing improved coping methods regarding sleep, and improving sleep. It is also suggested that behavioral scientific instructive methods, including practice learning, are effective for medical education.     

Adolescents from low‐income families in Hong Kong and unhealthy eating behaviours: Implications for health and social care practitioners

The development of dietary preferences of adolescents involves a complex interplay of individual behaviours and environmental factors. Interpersonal factors—such as peer influences and unpleasant school experiences—and institutional factors—such as school rules and policies—are closely associated with unhealthy eating of adolescents. Family support and guidance are also crucial in influencing adolescents’ eating habits. However, the low social status, low educational levels, and low household incomes of disadvantaged parents can markedly prevent their children from establishing healthy eating habits. Therefore, adolescents from low‐income families are more likely to engage in unhealthy dietary behaviours and hence to be more susceptible to diet‐related health problems. However, few studies have addressed the difficulties associated with inculcating healthy eating habits among adolescents from low‐income families. Therefore, to investigate the barriers to adopting healthy eating habits, this study adopted a qualitative research approach and conducted five focus‐group semistructured interviews with 30 junior‐ and senior‐form students of a secondary school in Hong Kong, all of whom were from low‐income families. The results revealed skipping meals because of poverty, following irregular meal patterns on school holidays, receiving poor guidance from family and peers, perceiving healthy eating as expensive and unappealing, and geographical inaccessibility to healthy food all prevented these students from healthy eating. These mutually reinforcing factors were interlocking with the economic strain that was experienced by the participants and their families. In particular, the stereotype of “healthful food is expensive” was strong. Therefore, we suggest students from low‐income families should be enabled to understand that healthy eating is not necessarily expensive. The participants’ stereotypes about healthy food was handed down by their parents. Such stereotypes, together with the low health literacy, influence the food preparation habits of the parents. Therefore, parents should be made to aware that healthful food can also be affordable.     

The characteristics of fatigue symptoms and their association with the life style and the health status in school children

In order to evaluate the characteristics of fatigue symptoms and their association with the life style and the health status, we examined using data accumulated by the longitudinal surveys from 1992 to 1998, in 118 six-year primary school children and 129 second-year junior high school children. The complaints of "drowsiness and dullness", such as "become drowsy" (71%), "give a yawn" (59%) and "want to lie down" (51%), respectively, were most frequently observed. The proportion of these complaints was high before the first morning class, but decreased when the children leave school. Notably, the complaints of "difficulty in concentration" annually have increased. Children with undesirable eating habits, particularly those who often eat salty foods, or poor life style, such as staying up late at night tended to have more complaints of fatigue symptoms. By correlation analysis, these complaints were significantly related to the obesity degree, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and atherogenic index. These results support the hypothesis that fatigue symptoms increase or are associated with life style and health status. Consequently, it is necessary to improve the life style such as dietary habits and rhythm of life for the reduction of fatigue symptom.     

北京市西城区712名初二学生口腔健康行为现状

目的探讨北京市西城区初中学生口腔健康行为现状，为初中生口腔健康教育提供依据。方法抽取北京市西城区7所中学初二年级学生712名，以班级为单位，采用集体方式填写调查问卷。采用Epidata 3. 0建立数据库，SAS 6.12软件进行统计分析结果每天刷牙2次以上、采用梳头式或转圈式刷牙、刷咬颌面和舌侧牙面、牙刷头向上放置、晚上睡前不吃甜食的人数比例大于75％．而饭后刷牙、经常使用牙签和牙线、定期进行口腔洁治的人数比例小于30％。结论调查对象的口腔健康行为在全国处于较高水平，但还存在一些不足，口腔健康的意识还有待提高。     

A survey on the dietary and health habits according to action styles for unbalanced diets among female university students

OBJECTS: A survey of woman's students, who had grown up in a time of change-over of Japanese customs regarding food, was conducted to investigate dietary habits, a focus on actions in response to with set needs, The aim was to obtain to measure prospective health maintenance and promotion. METHODS: The authors carried out a questionnaire for woman's students in 6 universities of Kanto area (a junior college and graduate courses were included) in years 1999 and 2000. RESULTS: In actions regarding the diet, 19.1% of the 815 students responded "I eat everything without fail", 17.7% "I eat almost everything irrespective of likes and dislikes", 24.5% "I strive to eat everything", 19.8% "I leave almost everything I dislike", and 18.5% "I don't eat what I dislike". The students who responded "I leave almost everything I dislike" and "I don't eat what I dislike" had low scores in the questionnaire for dietary and health habits, and they tended to like noodles and popular snacks, and also made frequent use of fast food restaurants. There was not a problem with the majority, but about 30% of the students were judged as confirming an unbalanced diet by this questionnaire. It was found that there were "gaps" and "bad habits" in the regular diet. Moreover, we recognized a tendency to prefer convenience and taste to nutritional balance. CONCLUSION: This simple questionnaire is suitable for rapid identification of unbalanced distory habits, and both "gaps" and "bad habits" in the regular system diet. It is the most important that we induce students who leave or don't eat what they dislike, to strive to eat everything, irrespective of likes and dislikes.     

Association of smoking with other lifestyle factors and mental health status of Japanese factory workers

A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among factory workers in Japan. The questionnaire included items concerning eight health practices recommended by Morimoto and the General Health Questionnaire-28. Data from 1598 male workers were analyzed. There were few differences in comprehensive health status due to smoking status, but smokers under the age of 30 years had worse lifestyle habits than nonsmokers with regard to favorable drinking and eating breakfast, and smokers between the ages 30 and 44 years had worse lifestyle habits with regard to favorable drinking and eating breakfast, and better habits regarding sleeping hours and working hours. Smokers under 30 showed worse mental health status than ex-smokers with regard to social dysfunction, though there was little difference between those aged from 30 to 44 and those 45 and older. The results suggested the importance of considering the difference in lifestyle and mental health status due to smoking status when providing advice for improving health habits.     

Effects of food intake, dietary habits and life style on health status as determined by clinical blood tests of adult men]

A survey of the frequency of various kinds of foods, dietary habits, life style, and health status was performed on 2,049 men aged from 40 to 59 living in an urban area who were participants in a "human dock" medical checkup. The relationships between these factors and health status were studied in order to identify a particular life style associated with good health status. The instrument utilized in this survey was a special form of a structured questionnaire. The results are summarized below. 1. The frequency of various kinds of foods were correlated with the kind of breakfast eaten, dietary habits, physical exercise habits, daily physical activity, smoking, and occupation. The strongest correlation to frequency of various kinds of foods was found to be with the kind of breakfast eaten and dietary habits. 2. Dietary habits were also correlated to various aspects of life style: smoking, drinking, the frequency of various kinds of foods, kind of breakfast eaten, daily physical activity, sleeping hours, habits related to physical exercise, and the frequency of meals eaten away from home. Dietary habits correlated most closely with the frequency of various kinds of foods and daily physical activity. The frequency of various kinds of food and dietary habits were found to correlate with various aspects of life style, and those subjects with good overall life styles were also found to have desirable dietary life styles. The correlation of desirable dietary habits, food intake and a suitable life style with good health status was confirmed by the results of clinical blood tests used as an index of health status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prevalence of eating disorders among dietetics students: does nutrition education make a difference?

Several studies have indicated that college students majoring in dietetics have more problems associated with food than do students majoring in other disciplines. If this is true, dietetics students may need more counseling and education on eating disorders, especially because many will eventually be counseling others professionally. To assess the prevalence of negative eating behaviors among college dietetics majors, surveys based on the Eating Pattern Questionnaire were distributed to college women with majors in dietetics and other selected disciplines at a medium-sized California university. Two surveys were administered 1 year apart; the first was distributed to junior and senior women only, and the second was distributed to women of all class levels. Results from the first survey revealed that the incidence of eating disorders was not greater among the dietetics majors than among the other selected majors. In fact, dietetics majors often had more positive responses to questionnaire items, which suggests that dietetics students have better eating habits and fewer eating disorders. The results of the second survey, however, indicated that dietetics majors had significantly more negative eating patterns than did students from other majors. When separated by class, junior and senior dietetics majors had significantly more positive eating habits than did freshmen dietetics majors. These findings imply that junior and senior dietetics majors may have more positive eating patterns than freshmen dietetics majors as a result of their increased exposure to nutrition information.     

武汉市某大学学生饮食行为调查

目的了解武汉某高校大学生的日常饮食习惯和态度，为有针对性的培养良好的饮食行为提供依据。方法2007年5月采用问卷调查的方法对四个年级276名大学生进行饮食行为调查结果能够保证三餐非常规律的大学生仅有33．9％，39．9％的大学生早餐很不规律，有29．2％的大学生经常吃零食，两项不同问题调查显示，有49．5％的大学生和高达56．7％的大学生在饮食中关注感官享受重于健康。结论武汉某高校大学生存在不利于健康的饮食习惯和态度，学校应给予合理的建议和指导，培养他们良好的饮食行为。     

Snacking behavior among elementary and junior high school students and its relationship to stress-coping

The aim of the present study was to investigate current problems of snacking behavior and their relationship to stress coping among 1,486 fourth through ninth grade students from 10 elementary schools and six junior high schools. An anonymous self-completed questionnaire was utilized which included items about 1) selection of snack foods, which were classified into healthy, popular, complementary and western-style snacks, 2) problems of snacking behavior, which included external and emotional eating scores, and 3) stress coping scale. The stress coping scale contained two sub-scales; problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. The results were as follows: 1) Students who frequently went without breakfast did not select healthy foods, i.e., fruits and dairy products, but popular snacks, i.e., potato chips, pop corn and sweet beverage. 2) Both external and emotional eating scores increased by age in girls but was not apparent in boys. 3) Students who preferred either western-style or popular snacks showed higher score of external and emotional eating. 4) The score of problem-focused coping was positively correlated with preference for health snacks, but emotion-focused coping was positively correlated with external and emotional eating scores. The close relationship between snack food selection and problematic aspects of eating behavior suggests that modification of eating behavior is necessary to develop healthy snack habits in early adolescents. Also, it is interesting that snacking behavior is closely related to stress coping, which suggested the behavioral intervention for healthy eating habit should be included in development of stress-coping skills against various kinds of demands in life.     

上海市初中生生活方式现状及其相关因素分析

目的 了解上海市初中生的生活方式现状及其相关因素。 方法 2015年12月-2016年1月采取二阶段分层整群抽样,抽取并调查了徐汇、长宁、黄浦、闵行和奉贤5个区的5所普通公立初级中学学生3 108名,采用自编问卷和中国青少年生活方式问卷调查学生个人、家庭、学校情况以及生活方式等。 结果 回收有效问卷3 021份,上海市初中生的生活方式问卷因子分均大于3分,除睡眠状况评分以外,其余各因子优于全国水平(P＜0.001)。单因素分析显示:在个人特征中,男生在睡眠状况、体育锻炼以及生活满意度的评分优于女生(P＜0.01),而女生则在卫生习惯、学习习惯、人际关系和应对方式方面优于男生(P＜0.01);独生子女的饮食、卫生习惯评分优于非独生子女(P＜0.01)。家庭因素方面,核心家庭学生的生活方式各因子评分均高于非核心家庭者(P＜0.01);父母无不良嗜好的初中生在生活方式各因子评分均要优于有不良嗜好者(P＜0.05)。学校因素中,不同学习压力、不同学习氛围的学生生活方式各因子评分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。多元逐步回归分析表明,社会支持、学习氛围、年级、学习压力、学校所在区县、家庭经济、父亲文化程度、家庭结构和父母不良嗜好等因素对初中生生活方式有较强的影响作用(P＜0.05),回归模型有统计学意义(F=122.413,P＜0.01,R²=0.374)。 结论 初中生生活方式受个体、家长和学校等多维度影响,应建立综合性的干预机制,积极培养学生健康生活方式。     

Irregular Menses Linked to Vomiting in a Nonclinical Sample: Findings from the National Eating Disorders Screening Program in High Schools

PURPOSE: Using data from an eating disorders screening initiative conducted in high schools across the United States, we examined the relationship between vomiting frequency and irregular menses in a nonclinical sample of adolescent females. METHODS: A self-report questionnaire was administered to students from U.S. high schools participating in the National Eating Disorders Screening Program in 2000. The questionnaire included items on frequency of vomiting for weight control in the past 3 months, other eating disorder symptoms, frequency of menses, height, and weight. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted using data from 2791 girls to estimate the risk of irregular menses (defined as menses less often than monthly) associated with vomiting frequency, adjusting for other eating disorder symptoms, weight status, age, race/ethnicity, and school clusters. RESULTS: Girls who vomited to control their weight one to three times per month were one and a half times more likely (risk ratio [RR] = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-2.2), and girls who vomited once per week or more often were more than three times more likely (RR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.3-4.4), to experience irregular menses than were girls who did not report vomiting for weight control. Vomiting for weight control remained a strong predictor of irregular menses even when overweight and underweight participants were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Our study adds to the evidence that vomiting may have a direct effect on hormonal function in adolescent girls, and that vomiting for weight control may be a particularly deleterious component of eating disorders.     

The relationship between lifestyle, social characteristics and obesity in 3-year-old Japanese children.

It has been observed that obese children receive genetic and environmental effects that are associated with them being overweight. With regard to the latter, lifestyles such as eating habits and physical activity have been focused on. In the present study, the social characteristics which would dominate their lifestyles were investigated as background variables. For this purpose, 9668 Japanese children aged three years who were all born in Toyama prefecture, Japan, in 1998, served as birth cohort subjects. For the comparison between obese (Kaup Index; mass in kg/(height in m)2 > or = 18) and nonobese (Kaup index < 18) children, irregular snack intake, physical inactivity and reduced sleeping hours were chosen as statistically significant obesity-related lifestyle indicators for the children. For social characteristics, family construction (expanded family with grandparents/nonexpanded family), main caregiver (mother/other), attending a nursery school (yes/no) and mother's employment (full-time worker/other) were chosen. These were significantly associated with the obesity-related lifestyles mentioned above using multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for other variables of social characteristics as well as for gender and birth month (July-December/January-June). The two greatest population-attributable risk percentages were observed for mother as main caregiver (-36.5%) and attending a nursery school (-28.9%) for irregular snack intake. Therefore, these two social characteristics substantially reduced the number of children with irregular snack intake. On the other hand, the two social characteristics were reversed in children with reduced sleeping hours (population-attributable risk percentage of mother as main caregiver: 15.4%; attending a nursery school: 17%). In contrast with favourable effects on snack intake these social characteristics showed an adverse influence on the sleeping habits of children.     

Relationships between smoking and eating habits or behavior in male students

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between smoking and eating habits or behavior in male students. METHODS: We performed a questionnaire regarding smoking, eating habits, eating behavior, and the frequency of food intake for 277 male students. We also measured bone mass by a quantitative ultrasound device, along with height, weight, body fat, and gripping power. RESULTS: The percentage of students who had a smoking habit was 22.4%. No significant differences in physical factors between the smoker and non-smoker groups were observed. However, there was significant variation for having meals regularly, and for the habit of assessing their own eating behavior (both P < 0.05). The percentage of students who wanted to obtain nutritional support for maintaining their health, or desiring nutritional support in order to keep a good body style was significantly lower in the smoker group compared to the non-smoker group (P < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the percentage of students who had a habit of drinking alcohol or skipping meals was significantly higher in the smoker group (P = 0.002). In addition, the percentage of smoking students who had a habit of exercise was significantly lower (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, we obtained useful data regarding relationships between smoking and eating habits in male students. These results suggested that appropriate nutritional education is important in the smoker group of male students for promotion of their health.