Small cell carcinoma of the cervix: a case report

Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix accounts for 1–3% of all cervix cancers. It is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. To date, no effective treatment protocol has been determined. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been used either alone or in combination. Recent data suggests that survival in patients with early staged small cell carcinoma of the cervix is better with surgery combined with chemo-radiotherapy. Here, we presented two patients with stage IB1 small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. For both patients, definitive surgery was performed with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Subsequently, they were treated with pelvic external radiotherapy and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy with concurrent cisplatin based chemotherapy. They were alive with no evidence of disease at 91 and 65 months, respectively.     

Comparison between conventional surgery and radiotherapy for FIGO stage I-II cervical carcinoma: a retrospective Japanese study

PURPOSE: To compare treatment outcome results of conventional surgery vs. radiotherapy (RT) for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 152 patients with uterine cervical cancer radically treated with surgery or high dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-ICBT) with or without external RT from June 1991 to May 2004. The median follow-up time was 43.5 months (range, 1.0-130.0 months). The median age was 53 years (range, 25-81 years). There were 13 patients (9%) in stage IA, 52 (34%) in stage IB, 24 (16%) in stage IIA, and 63 (41%) in stage IIB. The conventional surgery group included 115 patients (76%) who underwent hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection. Of these, 72 (63%) received postoperative radiotherapy. Thirty-seven patients (24%) were assigned to the RT group. Of these, 14 (38%) received chemoradiotherapy. Three patients with stage I received ICBT-alone without external beam irradiation. RESULTS: The 5-year cause-specific survival (CSS) rates for surgery and RT were 79.9% and 82.3%, respectively; the difference between these two treatments was not statistically significant (P = 0.8524). The differences in the survival rates between the two treatments for each of the stage I or stage II patients were also not statistically significant (P = 0.8407 for stage I and P = 0.6418 for stage II). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study suggests that RT results in compatible survival with conventional surgery for patients with stage I-II cervical carcinoma.     

Results of radiotherapy alone in the treatment of carcinoma of uterine cervix: a retrospective analysis of 1069 patients

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the most common malignancy affecting women in developing countries like India. This retrospective study was made to analyze our results of radiotherapy alone in the treatment of carcinoma cervix. Between January 1996 and December 2001, 1069 patients of carcinoma cervix were treated at our center with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and intracavitary radiotherapy (871) or EBRT alone (198). The median dose to point A was 81 Gy. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and pelvic control at 5 years were 51.8%, 49.4%, and 63.9%, respectively. For the patients who could receive intracavitary radiotherapy (871), the OS, DFS, and pelvic control rates were 60.7%, 58.6%, and 73.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, bulk, overall treatment time (OTT) and response to EBRT were found to affect OS and DFS independently. Similarly, OTT, response to EBRT, stage, and age were the factors that influenced pelvic control. Incidence of severe late toxicities (grade 3/4) in the rectum, bladder, small intestine, and skin were 1.1%, 1.2%, 0.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. In developing countries like India, where chemoradiation can be afforded by a minority only, judicious use of radiotherapy still produces satisfactory results with acceptable toxicity. The addition of chemotherapy may be beneficial in patients with adverse prognostic factors.     

The value of preoperative intracavitary radiation in uterine carcinoma

The analysis comprised 240 uterine carcinomas: 145 carcinomas of the cervix and 95 carcinomas of the corpus uteri. Preoperatively 100 patients--57 with the carcinoma of the cervix and 43 with the carcinoma of the uterine body--were radiated with Co60 intracavitary. In the first stage of the carcinoma of the cervix a five-year survival in primarily operated patients amounted to 74.30% and in the group of preoperatively intracavitary radiated patients to 83%. In patients with the stage I carcinoma of the corpus uteri a five-year survival proved to be 69.57% if primarily operated and 93.75% if preoperatively radiated. Local relapses were recorded in 33 patients surgically treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix and in 9 patients surgically treated for the carcinoma of the uterine body. In both these localizations the relapses were more frequent in the group primarily operated patients: in patients with the primarily operated carcinoma of the cervix the relapses occurred in 20.69% and in preoperatively radiated patients in 3.4% of cases. The same observations were recorded in the carcinoma of the corpus uteri (11.51% : 6.97%). This means that the relapses were six times as frequent in patients with the primarily operated carcinoma of the uterine cervix and about 1.65 times as frequent in those with the primarily operated carcinoma of the corpus uteri as in intracavitary radiated patients.     

The frequency of bacterial and yeast infection in women with different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Objective: To determine bacterial and yeast infection of the uterine cervix in women with different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Study design: 578 patients with CIN were included in this study. In order to determine the presence of bacterial and yeast infection, a cervical swab was obtained before conization of the uterine cervix. After surgery and the definitive histology report, the frequency of bacterial and yeast infection in different grades of CIN was calculated. Results: Among 578 patients with CIN, bacterial or yeast infection was present in 379 (65.6%) patients. In patients with CIN 1, infection was present in 20 (71.4%), in CIN 2 in 106 (69.7%) and in CIN 3 in 252 (63.3%) cases. The differences in the frequency of infection among all three groups are not significant. Conclusion: In patients with CIN bacterial and yeast infection of the uterine cervix is very common. Its occurrence does not depend on the grade of CIN.     

Optimal dose for stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix on the basis of biological effective dose

PURPOSE: Prognosis of uterine cervical adenocarcinoma in locally advanced stage treated with radiation therapy has been considered to be much worse than that of squamous cell carcinoma because the optimal dose for the former one has not been determined. Thus, the current study was performed to investigate the optimal dose for Stage IIIB, locally advanced stage, adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix on the basis of the biological effective dose (BED). METHODS: One-hundred and seventy-nine patients with Stage IIIB carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with curative intended therapy at Kitasato University Hospital between 1976 and 2000. Out of them, 13 patients had an adenocarcinoma component in pathological findings. Nine patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and four patients were diagnosed with adenosquamous cell carcinoma. All patients were treated with external radiation therapy combined with intracavitary radiation therapy. The total BED10 (T-BED10) was caluculated from the BED of the external beam radiation therapy (E-BED10) plus the BED of the intra-cavitary radiation therapy (A-BED). RESULTS: Overall survival rate was 51%. Stratified by T-BED10 overall survival rate of the T-BED10 > or = 100 Gy group was 57% and that of the T-BED10 < 100 Gy group was 30%. There was a trend toward a better survival rate of the T-BED10 > or = 100 Gy group than the T-BED10 < 100 Gy group. CONCLUSION: The current study suggested that the optimal dose for Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix might be T-BED10 > or = 100 Gy.     

Concomitant chemobrachyradiotherapy with ifosfamide and cisplatin followed by consolidation chemotherapy for women with locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix--final results of a prospective phase II-study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of ifosfamide and cisplatin administered concomitantly with low-dose rate brachyradiotherapy followed by consolidation chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (LASCC) or adeno/adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with primary uterine cervical cancer were enrolled between August 1999 and November 2004. The patients had to have FIGO-stage IB2 bulky to IVA disease, biopsy-proven squamous cell or adeno/adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The patients were to receive external radiotherapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions); ifosfamide 2 g/m2 plus cisplatin 75 mg/m2 was applied concomitantly during two low-dose rate brachyradiotherapy applications; the planned dose to point A was 85 Gy in total. After the completion of radiotherapy, i.e. external and concomitant chemobrachyradiotherapy, four cycles of consolidation chemotherapy with the same drug combination were to be administered. RESULTS: The clinical complete response rate according to WHO-classification (assessed after the completion of the whole treatment procedures by gynecologic and radiologic evaluation and cervical biopsy) was 100%. After a median follow-up of 49 months (range 11-74 months), the recurrence-free and overall survival rates were 88.7%, respectively. The most frequent early toxicities were grade 3 and 4 leukopenias occurring in 25% and 11% of the cycles, respectively. Major delayed local complications occurred in 10 patients (16.1%). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that concomitant chemobrachyradiotherapy with ifosfamide and cisplatin followed by consolidation chemotherapy with the same drug combination is a highly efficacious and very promising treatment protocol for patients with locally advanced LASCC or adeno/adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix.     

子宫颈原发性透明细胞癌五例临床分析

目的 探讨宫颈原发性透明细胞癌的临床诊治特点及预后相关因素.方法 收集中山大学附属第二医院2003年1月至2006年12月收治的5例宫颈原发性透明细胞癌患者的临床病理及随访资料,进行回顾性分析.结果 5例宫颈原发性透明细胞癌患者的临床分期:1例Ⅰ b1期,2例Ⅰ b2期,1例Ⅱ a期,1例Ⅳa期;平均年龄40.2岁(32～50岁);首发症状主要表现为不规则阴道流血,占3/5;大部分肿瘤为内生型,占4/5.宫颈细胞学检查的阳性率为2/4,宫颈人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)DNA检测的阴性率为4/4.血清CA125水平于术前及复发时升高,范围为62.5～592.1 kU/L,术后恢复至正常水平.5例患者中3例肿瘤浸润至宫颈深1/2肌层,2例浸润至颈体交界处.5例患者均行手术治疗,4例行广泛性子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结切除术,术后辅以氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)+卡铂静脉化疗4个疗程,其中1例Ⅱ a期患者另辅以腔内放疗,此4例患者随访期内(10～44个月)均无复发转移;1例Ⅳa期患者首次手术方式为子宫+直肠前肿物切除术,术后3个月盆腔复发,后行二次手术,术后辅以盆腔外照射+腔内放疗,并予紫杉醇+卡铂静脉化疗8个疗程,随访26个月无再次复发转移.结论 宫颈原发性透明细胞癌发病可能与HPV感染无关,肿瘤以内生型为主,倾向于向宫颈深部浸润及向宫体扩散,手术联合铂类与5-FU或紫杉醇化疗的综合治疗方案有较理想的近期疗效,血清CA125水平有助于预后监测.     

子宫颈鳞状细胞癌复发患者血清鳞状细胞癌抗原监测的意义

目的探讨血清鳞状细胞癌抗原（SCCAg）在监测宫颈鳞癌患者复发中的意义。方法对1999-2005年收治的72例宫颈鳞癌复发患者血清SCCAg水平与诊断、预后的关系进行单因素和多因素分析。结果72例复发患者中,术后复发30例、放化疗后复发42例,其中血清SCCAg水平升高者61例（占85％）。此61例患者中,20例在随诊中首先出现血清SCCAg水平升高而临床及影像学检查未发现肿瘤,血清SCCAg水平提前升高的中位时间为3个月,平均4．6个月（1～13个月）。72例复发患者中,45例患者无任何临床症状,仅因血清SCCAg水平升高或常规随诊发现复发;27例患者有症状,其中单侧下肢水肿或疼痛15例,阴道不规则流血7例,出现远处转移相关症状5例。细胞或组织病理学检查诊断复发者33例;临床及影像学检查结合血清SCCAg水平诊断复发者39例,其中29例仅依靠血清SCCAg水平升高及影像学检查即诊断复发。72例复发患者的中位生存时间为11个月,平均生存时间为23个月（2～62个月）,总的3年生存率为25％,5年生存率为19％。单因素分析发现,初治前患者血清SCCAg水平、病理分级、复发部位、复发后治疗方式以及复发时、复发后治疗中、治疗后血清SCCAg水平对患者的3年生存率有明显影响（P〈0．01）;但20例血清SCCAg水平提前出现升高的患者与52例血清SCCAg水平未提前升高的患者相比,3年生存率分别为22％、27％,差异无统计学意义（P=0．5761）。多因素分析发现,复发患者仅病理分级、复发后的治疗方式是独立的预后影响因素（P〈0．05）;而复发部位及各种血清SCCAg状态不是独立的预后影响因素（P〉0．05）。结论血清SCCAg水平监测在宫颈鳞癌复发患者中的诊断及其对预后的判断中有一定的价值。     

Cisplatin, radiation, and amifostine in carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Gallardo D, Mohar A, Calderillo G, Mota A, Solorza G, Lozano A, Solano P, de la Garza J. Cisplatin, radiation, and amifostine in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 225–230.
A pilot, open, comparative study was performed on patients with locally advanced cervical cancer to investigate the efficacy and safety of amifostine. Twenty patients with a histologic diagnosis of squamous cervical cancer were treated with radiotherapy and randomized in two groups. Group A received cisplatin at 20 mg/m² for five days in two cycles during intracavitary radiotherapy and 100 mg/m²× 2 cycles during external radiotherapy, and amifostine 825 mg/m² 15 min before the cisplatin infusion. Patients in group B received cisplatin in the same doses without amifostine. All patients had complete responses during a median follow-up of 20 months. Grade three neutropenia was present in two patients in group A and in four of the control group, P = 0.31; grade 2 neurologic toxicity was seen in four patients in group B and in one of the patients in group A, P = 0.15. One patient needed temporary interruption of amifostine due to hypotension. Eight of 10 patients in group A developed hypocalcemia during the treatment with amifostine.
Our findings indicate that amifostine was well tolerated. In this series a mild neurologic and hematologic protection was found in patients that received amifostine, although this was not statistically significant. No differences in disease-free survival response and overall survival was seen between the two groups.     

Correlations of dose and time-dose-fractionation factors (TDF) with treatment results and side effects in cancer of the uterine cervix

Treatment results and side effects were analyzed for 57 patients with stage IB-IIIA cancer of the uterine cervix who received external beam radiotherapy combined with intracavitary insertion of cesium-137 sources. The total dosage and time-dose-fractionation (TDF) factors were calculated at point A and at points of maximum exposure in the rectum and bladder. The overall 5-year survival was 62%, and 78% of the complete responders were free of disease at 5 years. A total of 12 patients (21%) developed rectal complications. Two patients (4%) had rectal fibrosis and proctitis; seven cases of rectal bleeding occurred (12%), and 3 patients (5%) developed rectovaginal fistulas. There was no correlation between dose and TDF at point A and treatment failure or appearance of rectal complications. However, the occurrence of radiation damage in the rectum was consistently associated with high values of TDF when they were calculated in the region of maximal exposure in the rectum. The results suggest that TDF may be a useful parameter for predicting radiation damage in combined external beam and intracavitary treatment of cervical cancer.     

Ultrasonic assessment of efficacy of radiotherapy in cases of carcinoma of the cervix uteri by using rectosonography

To assess the efficacy of radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix uteri, we used transrectal radial scan ultrasonography with the purpose of making an objective evaluation. The subjects were 29 patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri who had radiotherapy between October 1984 and October 1986. Six cases (non-effective cases) showed localized relapse within 2 years of the end of radiotherapy. Transrectal radial scans were performed before, during, and at the end of radiotherapy, as well as two and six months after the end of radiotherapy. The characteristic ultrasound findings in the non-effective cases after radiotherapy were as follows: 1) increasing width of the parametrial echo; 2) a band or massive type parametrial echo; 3) a high intensity parametrial echo; 4) a rough contour of the parametrial echo, and 5) an increase in the size of the uterine cervix. It is considered that rectosonography is a useful diagnostic method for checking the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy in cervical carcinoma, and for the early detection of patients with poor prognosis.     

Fast growing cervical carcinomas. A retrospective analysis of 20 IB-IIB FIGO

INTRODUCTION: Fast growing cervix carcinomas have a pejorative outcome: they may occur quickly after cervical smears qualified as normal - within an interval from 12 to 18 months in women less than 50 years old, and involveing the endocervix. This retrospective analysis is aimed at assessing 5-year outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty cases of fast-growing cancer of the uterine cervix classified according to the FIGO clinical staging system as IB (n=14), IIA (3), and IIB (3), have been reviewed and compared to a cohort of 160 cases not having this feature. As regard to fast-growing carcinoma, the median age was 41 years (range 25-50), and the median follow-up 22 months (8-213) as compared to 54 years (27-79) and 80 months (5-199) for the reference cohort. The comparison of the two cohorts shows only a difference of breakdown which concerns the histological pelvic lymph nodes status (P<0.05), more often positive in fast-growing forms. The treatment policy was equally distributed between a radio-surgical approach, cesium 137 intracavitary irradiation followed by radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy, or a definitive irradiation with pelvic external irradiation followed by cesium 137 intracavitary irradiation. RESULTS: Thirteen deaths are reported in the fast-growing series instead of 54 in the other series. The 5-year overall survival is, respectively, 34 (13-55) vs. 74% (68-82) (P<0.001), the loco-regional-free survival 58 (33-84) vs. 85% (79-81) (P<0.001), the 5-year metastasis-free survival 61 (38-84) vs. 84% (78-90) (P=0. 004). CONCLUSION: These poor results emphasize the need to intensify loco-regional therapy with a concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy within the framework of a multidisciplinary approach.     

Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor as a prognostic factor for radiotherapy outcome in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and VEGF expressions of tumor cells as prognostic factors for radiotherapy outcome in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS: In 47 formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix which had been treated with radiation (1970-1995), PD-ECGF and VEGF expressions were determined using immunohistochemistry, and the relationships between PD-ECGF or VEGF expressions and local control or survival were assessed. RESULTS: PD-ECGF and VEGF expressions were successfully detected in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of adenocarcinoma cells of the uterine cervix. Of the 47 patients, 44.6 (21/47 cases) and 57.4% (27/47 cases) were positive for PD-ECGF and VEGF, respectively. There was no correlation between PD-ECGF or VEGF expressions and age, grade, or histologic subtypes. Stage and high expression of PD-ECGF showed a significant correlation to local control (P = 0.0025, P = 0.0057, respectively) and were significant independent prognostic factors for 5-year survival in multivariate analysis (P = 0.0039, P = 0.0032, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that PD-ECGF expression was a significant prognostic factor for radiotherapy outcome in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Preradiation assessment of PD-ECGF expression may be helpful in selecting high-risk patients, providing them with opportunities to receive more sophisticated and individualized treatments.     

Concurrent carboplatin/5-FU and radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma

Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A, Cormio G, Placa F, Nava S, Rossi R,Mangioni C. Concurrent carboplatin/5-FU and radiotherapy for locally advancedcervical carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1997; 7 :471–476.
Despite innovative techniques in radiotherapy delivery no significant improvement in survival rates for cervical carcinoma has been achieved during the last few decades. Concurrent chemoradiation (CR) is one of the several avenues being explored to improve these results.
Forty-seven women with locally advanced (IB2-IVA) squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with CR, comprising a combination of external and intracavitary radiation along with three cycles of 5-FU and carboplatin.
Treatment was well tolerated with 81% of the patients completing the CR protocol as planned. Acute toxicity was severe but manageable: 16 patients (34%) experienced grade 3–4 acute toxicity. Late morbidity occurred in 15% of the patients. Overall response rate was 88%. At a median follow-up time of 19 months (range 12–59) 62% of the patients are alive without disease and 18% are dead of disease. Actuarial two-year survival rate for the whole group of patients is 64%.
Concomitant carboplatin/5-FU and radiotherapy is a safe and tolerable mean of treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. The true advantage for survival, however, can be demonstrated only after completion of randomized trials comparing CR with conventional radiation therapy.     

单纯放疗与以顺铂为主的同步放化疗治疗子宫颈癌的临床效果对比分析

目的对比分析单纯放疗及应用以顺铂为主的同步放化疗治疗宫颈癌初治患者的疗效和并发症。方法选择2000-2006年北京妇产医院收治的初治宫颈癌患者共197例,临床分期为Ⅰb-Ⅳa期,按治疗方法不同分为单纯放疗组（共100例,给予^60Co盆腔外照射及^192Ir腔内后装照射）和同步放化疗组（共97例,给予以顺铂为主的化疗,同步给予放疗,放疗方案与单纯放疗组相同）,对两组患者的疗效及并发症发生情况进行对比分析。结果单纯放疗组与同步放化疗组有效率分别为92％和89％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0．500）;其5年生存率分别为82％和79％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0．177）。单纯放疗组和同步放化疗组中Ⅲ期以上、病理分级G3、鳞癌患者的5年生存率分别为56％和84％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;同步放化疗组和单纯组的近期并发症均以骨髓抑制为主,其中Ⅲ度以上骨髓抑制的发生率分别为14％和3％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;其远期并发症的发生率分别为11％和8％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0．496）。结论应用以顺铂为主的同步放化疗治疗Ⅲ期以上、病理分级G3、鳞癌患者可明显提高其5年生存率。     

Does hydrosalpinx reduce the pregnancy rate after in vitro fertilization?

Objective: To determine the effect of hydrosalpinges on the pregnancy rate in an IVF program.

Design: Multicentric retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data.

Setting: Two assisted reproductive technology centers in university hospitals.

Patient(s): Four hundred forty-three women, under 38 years of age, with pure tubal infertility. The patients were classified into the following five groups: bilateral hydrosalpinges (n = 37), unilateral hydrosalpinx (n = 54), bilateral tubal occlusion (n = 207), unilateral tubal occlusion (n = 55), and severe tubal disease without complete occlusion (n = 90).

Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy and implantation rates.

Result(s): The pregnancy and the implantation rates per transfer (12.3% and 5.4%) obtained by women with bilateral hydrosalpinges are significantly lower than the rates (means = 23.1% and 12%) for all other tubal infertility groups.

Conclusion(s): Bilateral hydrosalpinges have a deleterious effect on the outcome of IVF program.     

宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床特点及治疗分析

目的: 回顾性分析宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床资料,以期为该病的诊断、治疗提供依据。方法: 收集广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院收治的59例宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌患者的临床资料,并随访患者的预后情况。分别对患者的发病年龄、临床表现、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）分型检测、病理诊断、不同临床分期的术后病理情况、治疗方案及生存情况进行统计分析。结果: 59例患者的中位发病年龄为43.6岁。临床表现以不规则阴道出血为主（53例,89.8%）。HPV分型检测中HPV18阳性率最高（48例,81.4%）。免疫组织化学检测中,Syn阳性58例（98.3%）,CgA阳性49例（83.1%）,NSE阳性58例（98.3%）,CD56阳性50例（84.7%）。39例临床分期为ⅠB期和ⅡA期的患者接受了手术治疗,其中深肌层浸润者23例（59.0%）,淋巴脉管间隙浸润（LVSI）阳性者11例（28.2%）,盆腔淋巴结转移者9例（23.1%）。随访截止日期为2019年7月31日,所有患者均随访了5年以上,59例患者中有19例存活,40例死亡。平均生存时间为22.6个月,中位生存时间为20.2个月。采用Kaplan-Meier法Log-Rank检验进行生存分析,临床分期（Log-Rank P=0.000）、淋巴结转移（Log-Rank P=0.015）、肿瘤浸润深度（Log-Rank P=0.009）是影响患者预后的因素,而LVSI（Log-Rank P=0.450）、新辅助化疗（Log-Rank P=0.856）、术后辅助放疗（Log-Rank P=0.900）、采用TP/TC（紫杉醇或多西他赛+铂类）方案或EP（依托泊苷+顺铂）方案（Log-Rank P=0.939）对预后的影响不显著。结论: 该病临床表现以不规则阴道出血为主,与HPV18型感染密切相关。早期病例出现浸润及转移,需要免疫组织化学确诊,临床分期越晚、伴淋巴结转移、肿瘤浸润深层预后相对不好,早期诊断和治疗是提高疗效的关键。     

Prostaglandin-induced cervical dilatation prior to intracavitary radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix: a pilot study

The efficacy of 1 mg 16,16-dimethyl-trans-Δ2 prostaglandin E1 (Gemeprost) pessaries in achieving cervical dilatation prior to intracavitary brachytherapy was investigated in 16 post-menopausal women with cervical carcinoma. All had received external beam pelvic radiotherapy in the preceding 6 weeks. Four patients were nulliparous and 12 multiparous (mean parity 1.9). FIGO stages were IB (2), IIA (4), IIB (5), IIIA (1), IIIB (3), IVB (1). The cervical os was assessed before pessary insertion and again at the time of intracavitary insertion. The os was closed in 100% (16/16) of patients before and open in 75% (12/16) of patients after pessary insertion. The maximum size of Hegar dilator passed without mechanical dila-tation was recorded. Mean cervical dilatation was 4.25 H (5.5 H in those with a clinical response). The 12 responding patients had rapid and uncomplicated procedures with no need for additional mechanical dilatation. Both patients in whom attempted mechanical dilatation failed had had previous conization of the cervix. The following mild side-effects were reported: abdominal cramps (43.8%), headache (12.5%) and fever (6.3%). These data support the use of Gemeprost pessaries to achieve cervical dilatation in post-menopausal women undergoing intracavitary brachy-therapy following external beam radiotherapy.     

Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen in the monitoring of radiotherapy treatment response in carcinoma of the cervix

In this study, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) was detected in 96 of 157 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and the percentage of patients with raised SCC levels increased with the stage of disease (P less than 0.01). The use of serial SCC assays and cervical biopsy histology during the course of radiotherapy to predict tumor response to irradiation was assessed. In patients who were given external irradiation before intracavitary radium, a high SCC level or the presence of viable tumor cells in the biopsy was found to be of no predictive value. However, at completion of radiotherapy, i.e., after intracavitary radium application, patients with persistently high SCC levels had a significantly higher incidence of residual tumor than patients whose SCC levels returned to normal (P less than 0.01). In 60% of patients with a persistently high SCC level, viable tumor was found in the cervical biopsy at the end of radiotherapy. On the other hand, only 5.4% of patients whose SCC level returned to normal had residual tumor.