经颈内静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术治疗BuddChiari综合征

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)治疗Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)的疗效。方法本组14例患者经影像学检查确诊为BCS,因进行性肝功能损害,或严重门脉高压并发症(顽固性腹水,食管胃底静脉曲张上消化道出血),或广泛肝静脉闭塞而行TIPS术治疗。其中混合型8例,肝静脉型5例,肝静脉广泛闭塞型1例。TIPS术中对于下腔静脉、肝静脉的不同情况,灵活选择肝静脉或下腔静脉穿刺点进行穿刺,7例从肝静脉开口处行门静脉穿刺,建立门-腔静脉分流道,4例从下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支,3例经皮穿刺开通肝右静脉后再经肝右静脉穿刺门静脉。术后对分流道支架开通情况进行长期随访。结果14例手术均获成功,门静脉压力由术前平均(4.9±1.4)kPa,降至术后(3.2±1.5)kPa,术后随访5～64个月,2例因支架狭窄分别于术后13、24个月再发上消化道出血,行分流道球囊扩张治疗,术后恢复良好。结论TIPS适用BCS合并有进行性肝功能损害或门静脉高压引起的上消化道出血、顽固性腹水的治疗。对于已行下腔静脉或肝静脉成形术后再发或加重的门静脉高压患者亦为适应证,但手术难度增加。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的初步临床体会

本院自1993年11月至1994年4月用经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)收治肝硬化门脉高压患者5例。其中4例穿刺成功,1例失败,1例于术后2月余复发上消化道出血,1例手术后出现一过性肝性脑病症状。门静脉压力从术前35.5±3.3cmH_2O降至术后的24.3±4.5cmH_2O,术后测压显示门腔静脉压力差为8.4±0.7cmH_2O。术后1个月食管钡餐随访,食管静脉曲张均较术前明显改善。作者认为: TIPS操作较外科手术简便,适应证广,降低门脉压力可靠,是治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的有效方法。此外,内支架的选择对防止TIPS术后分流道狭窄有一定作用。     

改良式经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术治疗肝静脉闭塞型Buddi-Chiari 综合征

目的阐述改良式经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)的技术步骤和评价其对肝静脉闭塞型Buddi-Chiari综合征的治疗效果.方法 11例被诊断为Buddi-Chiari综合征的患者,经影像学证实为肝静脉广泛狭窄和闭塞后,接受改良式TIPS技术治疗,TIPS改良技术的关键在于假想肝静脉通道的设计与建立;术后对其门脉系统压力变化、分流道血流改变及内支架开通状况进行了24个月的随访.结果 11例患者全部成功地建立肝内门静脉-下腔静脉分流通道,临床症状得到改善;门静脉主干压力由分流前的平均(4.62±0.52) kPa (1 kPa=10.2 cm H2O)下降至分流术后的(2.16±0.21) kPa;术后24个月随访,分流道血液最大流率(Vmax)为(56.2±3.50) cm/s,内支架通畅7(7/11)例.结论改良式TIPS技术具有高技术成功率,为肝静脉闭塞型Buddi-Chiari综合征患者提供了新的治疗手段.     

六例直接性门腔静脉分流术的初步经验

目的　探讨B超引导穿刺 ,在肝后段下腔静脉 (RHSIVC)与肝内门静脉之间建立直接性门腔分流 (DIPS)的可行性及安全性。方法　在B超导引下为 6例门脉高压患者 (3例同时合并有肝癌 )实施DIPS术 ,对 1例合并有肝癌的患者同时行经肝动脉化疗栓塞术 (HACE)。所有患者术前均行上腹部增强CT检查 ,测量RHSIVC的直径、长度及周围肝实质包绕RHSIVC的范围 ,分别对术前、术后患者的红细胞计数、血红蛋白量、肝功能、血氨水平及门脉主干压力的改变进行比较 ,采用彩色多普勒对分流道的通畅情况进行随访。结果　 6例DIPS术均获成功 ,患者门脉主干压力由术前的 (3 0 83±3 19)mmHg(1mmHg =0 13 3kPa)降至分流后的 (18 50± 6 47)mmHg ,差异具有显著性意义 (t =17 19,P <0 0 5)。术后 3d ,1例肝癌患者 (同时行HACE术 )死于急性肝功能衰竭 ,其余 5例患者无严重的并发症发生 ,分流道保持通畅 3 0～ 150d ,中位通畅时间为 60d。结论　在肝后段下腔静脉及门静脉之间建立直接性门腔静脉分流通道安全、可行 ,在临床上推广有待于进一步的研究     

TIPSS术后并发症的成因分析及防治

经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术(TIPSS)治疗肝硬化门脉高压症30例,29例手术成功,1例失败,7例出现并发症。29例患者术前平均血总胆红紊为25.12±9.80mmol/l,术后为50.46+34.50mmol/l,术前血氨平均为152.33±65.30μg/dl,术后为233.33±99.96μg/dl。作者分析了并发症的成因,认为肝性脑病、黄疸与肝功能状态与分流通道直径大小有关,其他并发症如肝内多发脓肿、肺内感染、菌血症等与伴随疾病和操作技术有关。本文介绍了 TIPSS 术前术后及并发症的治疗原则,讨论了TIPSS 的适应证与禁忌证。     

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术

目的 评价经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流术的可行性及探讨其临床意义。方法 19例门静脉高压患者行经皮经肝途径门腔静脉分流术(PTPS)。静脉曲张出血16例，难治性腹水2例，肝肺综合征1例；Child’S B级4例、C级15例。经皮经肝穿刺门静脉左支再穿刺肝段下腔静脉，经肝植入PTFE覆膜支架于门静脉左支与腔静脉之间。结果 19例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术均获成功，技术成功率100％，未出现术中与操作技术相关并发症，术后门腔压力梯度平均下降13cmH2O，平均随访216d，所有患者未发生再出血，难治性腹水得到有效地控制。一年内初步开通率94．8％，明显高于传统TIPS。结论经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的，结果 提示由于PTPS肝内具有顺直的分流道的优势，一年内支架初步开通率明显高于传统TIPS。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗脾切除术后静脉曲张再出血

目的评价经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）治疗脾切除术后静脉曲张再出血的疗效及随访结果。 方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院2010年12月至2016年12月间，因脾切除术后静脉曲张再出血而接受了TIPS治疗的患者33例，观察手术成功率、并发症及临床随访结果。 结果33例患者TIPS手术成功31例（93.9%），失败2例。成功的患者其门体压力梯度（PPG）从分流前平均23.5±5.9 mmHg下降至分流后平均12.1±3.3 mmHg（P<0.05）。除1例患者因感染性休克于围手术期死亡外，对手术成功的30例进行了随访（中位随访时间62.5个月）。10例发生分流道失功，其中4例再发消化道出血伴1例死亡、1例再发大量腹水、1例并发急性肠系膜静脉血栓、肠梗阻。10例出现显性肝性脑病，其中4例轻度发作经药物治疗后好转、1例反复发生3期肝性脑病行分流道限流术、5例术后死于肝功能衰竭。随访期间除上述6例死亡以外，另有2例因肺部疾病及1例因肝细胞癌死亡。余患者随访期间分流道通畅且未再发生静脉曲张破裂出血。术后第6个月随访结果显示，30例患者的平均血清白蛋白、血清总胆红素较术前改善（P<0.05）。 结论TIPS是治疗脾切除术后静脉曲张再出血安全且有效的方式。     

TIPS术后门脉显影和肝脏体积对肝功能及并发肝性脑病的影响

目的探讨TIPS术后门脉显影及肝脏体积对术后肝功能及发生HE的影响。 方法对94例肝硬化门脉高压患者行TIPS术,按术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级、肝脏体积及术后即刻门脉显影情况分组,3个月、6个月、1年随访,观察术后肝功能损害情况及有无发生HE,分析各组中肝功能损害情况及HE发生率的差异。 结果TIPS术后患者肝功能均有不同程度损害,但绝大部分均能逐渐恢复。本组中1例出现肝功能损伤进展,最后并发肺炎及多脏器功能衰竭死亡,1例因腹腔内出血于术后3天死亡。肝功能Child A级组HE发病率10%（3/30）,Child B级组HE发病率19.23%（10/52）,Child C级组HE发病率41.67%（5/12）,肝功能C级患者HE发病率明显高于A、B组,但无统计学差异（P>0.05）;术后即刻门脉显影好的甲组中HE发病率17.81%（13/73）,显影差的乙组中HE发病率23.81%（5/21）,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;肝脏体积A组中HE发病率9.52%（4/42）,B组中HE发病率26.92%（14/52）,两组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论TIPS术后即刻门脉显影好坏与术后肝性脑病发病率无明显相关;肝脏体积越小,术后肝性脑病发生率越高。     

合并肝癌的门脉高压患者TIPS治疗适应证及临床结果

目的 评价肝癌患者行经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术（TIPS）的安全性和可行性。方法 886例肝硬化门脉高压静脉曲张破裂出血行TIPS术病例中，36例术前伴有肝癌（4．06％），ChildA 级9例，B级11例，C级16例。31例患者术前已行至少2次肝动脉化疗灌注栓塞（TACE），癌肿已被较好控制。5例患者为急诊TIPS。肝内肿块经由增强CT确认不在穿刺分流道33例，3例居常规穿刺分流道。前者采用经典TIPS方法，后者采用经腔静脉避绕法向门静脉分支穿刺。结果 36例合并肝癌的TIPS分流道建立均获成功。静脉曲张出血及腹水得到的有效地控制。27例肝癌患者用TACE及经皮无水乙醇病灶注射已有效控制，平均术后生存率4．5年。结论 肝硬化门脉高压静脉曲张破裂出血，同时伴原发性肝癌患者TIPS是一种安全有效的方法。     

自展式血管内支架治疗Budd—Chiari综合征

笔者报告9例在经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)基础上置入自展式血管内支架(stent)治疗 Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)的研究结果。下腔静脉支架7例,副肝右静脉支架1例,下腔静脉及肝左静脉双支架1例。下腔静脉平均压力术前为3.54±0.91kPa(1mmH_2o=0.098kPa),术后即刻降为2.025±0.98kPa,术后随访1～8个月(平均2.6个月),下腔静脉保持通畅,支架扩张良好,无移位。主要临床症状和体征消失者7例,明显改善者2例,无严重并发症发生。笔者还讨论了 BCS 内支架置入的适应症和副肝右静脉肝左静脉置入支架的临床意义。     

经颈静脉门腔分流术中Fluency覆膜支架应用的临床观察

目的 评价Fluency覆膜支架在经颈静脉门腔分流术(TIPS)中的临床效果.方法 搜集21例采用Fluency覆膜支架行TIPS治疗患者的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析.本组患者随访时间2.0～24.0个月,平均(10.1±4.6)个月;均为门静脉高压上消化道大出血,其中原发性肝癌门静脉主干癌栓伴大出血1例,布加综合征1例.分析患者术后支架开通情况,门静脉压力及肝功能变化情况.对手术前后门静脉压力及肝功能变化情况的比较采用配对t检验.结果21例患者共放支架25枚,均成功放置,支架直径10 mm 2枚、8 mm为23枚;覆膜支架长度6～8 cm.所有患者术后上消化道出血停止;门静脉压力由术前平均(25.4±3.5)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降为(15.4±2.8)mm Hg,手术前后差异有统计学意义(t=12.495,P<0.01).随访期间,1例原发性肝癌伴门静脉主干癌栓患者于术后4个月死亡,1例随访期间发现原发性肝癌的患者术后24个月死亡,1例门静脉高压上消化道大出血患者于术后2个月死于多器官功能衰竭,1例于术后15个月出现肝静脉端狭窄,行第2枚支架治疗效果良好,余17例随访7～17个月支架无狭窄.患者死亡前1周复查超声示支架均通畅.3例术后出现一过性肝性脑病前驱症状,经对症处理后好转.存活6个月以上的19例患者,术前Child肝功能评分(6.3±1.4)分,术后6个月评分(6.4±1.9)分,两者差异无统计学意义(t=0.645,P>0.05).结论采用Fluency覆膜支架行TIPS术,能明显提高TIPS术后开通率,但长期效果及肝性脑病的评价尚需验'证.     

Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of patients affected by Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1999 to December 2006, 15 patients (seven male and eight female subjects, age range 7-52 years) with BCS uncontrolled by medical therapy were treated with TIPS placement. In seven cases BCS was idiopathic, in four it was caused by myeloproliferative disorders and in four by other disorders. One patient also had portal vein thrombosis. In 5/15 cases TIPS was created through a transcaval approach. Eight patients (53.4%) received a bare stent, and seven (46.6%) received a stent graft. The follow-up lasted a median of 29.4 (range 3.2-68) months. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all patients without major complications. TIPS was very effective in decreasing the portosystemic pressure gradient from 26.2+/-5.8 to 10+/-6.2 mmHg. All patients but two were alive at the time of writing. Acute leukaemia was the cause of the single early death and was unrelated to the procedure. The patient with portal vein thrombosis underwent thrombolysis before TIPS, but the vein occluded again after 3 weeks, and the patient died 6 months later. The other patients showed significant improvements in liver function, ascites and symptoms related to portal hypertension. Primary patency was 53.3%, and primary assisted patency was 93.3%. No patient required or was scheduled for liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: TIPS is an effective and safe treatment for BCS and may be considered a valuable alternative to traditional surgical portosystemic shunting or liver transplantation.     

Role of TIPS as a bridge to hepatic transplantation in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as a bridge to transplantation for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients (five women, three men) with a mean age of 49.8 years (range, 20-61 years) were diagnosed with BCS by means of computed tomography, hepatic venography, and liver biopsy. One patient had acute liver failure, with subacute or chronic failure in seven. TIPS placement was attempted in all eight patients. Clinical follow-up and portograms were obtained in all patients until death or transplantation. RESULTS: TIPS placement was completed in seven of eight patients (87.5%). During the follow-up period, TIPS occlusion occurred in four patients. TIPS revision in this patient, although successful, was complicated by hemorrhage and multiorgan failure, and the patient died. Assisted patency rate, excluding the technical failure, was 100%. Mean follow-up in the six survivors with TIPS was 342 days (range, 19-660 days). All six survivors had complete resolution of their ascites. Albumin levels improved an average of 0.43 g/dL (range, 0.3-1.4 g/dL). Bilirubin levels improved in five of six patients (83%), decreasing by an average of 5.6 mg/dL (range, 3.0-15.2 mg/dL). Of the six survivors, three underwent elective liver transplantation, one is awaiting transplantation, and one has been removed from the transplantation list because of clinical improvement. One patient was a candidate for transplantation but declined to be put on the list. CONCLUSION: Hepatic synthetic dysfunction improves markedly after TIPS placement in patients with BCS. Significant improvement in ascites can also occur. TIPS can be an effective bridge to transplantation for patients with BCS.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中覆膜支架与非覆膜支架效果的比较

目的 对比覆膜与非覆膜支架在TIPS中应用的临床疗效.方法 回顾性研究30例临床诊断为肝硬化接受TIPS治疗(按照术后是否有覆膜支架分为覆膜支架组20例、非覆膜支架组10例)的患者的临床资料.本组患者手术前后测量门静脉压力,术后彩色超声观察分流道通畅情况.采用四格表资料的Fisher确切概率法进行两组间病死率、再出血率及肝性脑病发生率等临床指标对比.结果 30例患者手术均成功,门静脉压力在覆膜组由术前(3.78±0.50)kPa降至术后(2.21±0.44)kPa,非覆膜组由术前(3.67±0.48)kPa降至术后(2.13±0.35)kPa.术后随访资料完整的26例(覆膜支架组17例,非覆膜支架组9例),随访时间为7 d～62个月(中位随访时间23个月).随访期内死亡13例,覆膜支架组8例、非覆膜支架组5例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均死于上消化道出血及肝功能衰竭.覆膜组再出血5例、非覆膜组3例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).发生肝性脑病在覆膜支架组4例、非覆膜支架组2例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后6个月和1年分流道通畅率在覆膜支架组均为100.0%,非覆膜支架组分别为77.8%(7/9)和55.6%(5/9),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 覆膜支架组1年分流道通畅率优于非覆膜支架,但两组病死率、再出血率及肝性脑病发生率差异无统计学意义.     

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Direct Simultaneous Puncture of the Portal Vein and Vena Cava

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon disorder that can be life-threatening, depending on the degree of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) provides decompression of the congested liver but the hepatic vein obstruction makes the procedure more difficult. We describe a modified method that involved a single percutaneous puncture of the portal vein and inferior vena cava simultaneously for TIPS creation in a patient with BCS.     

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement in Patients with Cirrhosis and Concomitant Portal Vein Thrombosis

Purpose To determine the safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by thrombosed portal vein. Methods This study reviewed 15 cases of TIPS creation in 15 cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis at our institution over an 8-year period. There were 2 women and 13 men with a mean age of 53 years. Indications were refractory ascites, variceal hemorrhage, and refractory pleural effusion. Clinical follow-up was performed in all patients. Results The technical success rate was 75% (3/4) in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis associated with cavernomatous transformation and 91% (10/11) in patients with acute thrombosis or partial thrombosis, giving an overall success rate of 87%. Complications included postprocedural encephalopathy and localized hematoma at the access site. In patients with successful shunt placement, the total follow-up time was 223 months. The 30-day mortality rate was 13%. Two patients underwent liver transplantation at 35 days and 7 months, respectively, after TIPS insertion. One patient had an occluded shunt at 4 months with an unsuccessful revision. The remaining patients had functioning shunts at follow-up. Conclusion TIPS creation in thrombosed portal vein is possible and might be a treatment option in certain patients.     

门静脉癌栓合并门脉高压症的TIPS姑息治疗

目的 评价门静脉癌栓（portal vein tumor thrombosis,PVTT) 合并门脉高压症患者行经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术（transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)姑息治疗的疗效，并讨论其技术特点。方法 本组报告14例终末期肝癌合并门静脉癌栓及门静脉高压症患者，平均年龄53．6％。8例门静脉主干完全堵塞，6例门静脉主干及分支有不同程度栓塞，5例合并门静脉海绵样变。1例单纯上消化道大出血，3例单纯顽固性腹水，10例上消化道大出血合并顽固性腹水。结果 14例中10例患者成功行TIPS治疗，门静脉压力平均从术前37.2mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)降至术后18.2mmHg，平均降低19.0mmHg；腹水减少或消失，消化道出血，腹胀，腹泻等症状缓解，平均生存32.3d。4例失败。结论 TIPS是姑息治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓引起的上消化道大出血和顽固性腹水的有效方法。     

Viatorr支架行TIPS术治疗门静脉高压性静脉曲张消化道出血效果评估

目的评价应用Viatorr支架行经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术治疗门静脉高压性静脉曲张消化道出血的可行性、安全性和临床效果。方法回顾性分析2015年10月至2018年11月收治的42例肝硬化门静脉高压性静脉曲张消化道出血患者临床资料,所有患者符合TIPS治疗指征,均接受Viatorr支架行TIPS术治疗。术中检测门静脉压力梯度(PPG)。术后1、3、6、12个月,之后每年随访超声或增强CT检查,评价分流道通畅情况,并通过电子病历、临床或电话随访患者肝功能、凝血4项、再出血、肝性脑病发生和生存时间。配对t检验分析术前、术后PPG、总胆红素、血清白蛋白和凝血酶原时间变化,Kaplan-Meier法分析分流道通畅率和生存率。结果 42例均成功施行TIPS术,技术成功率为100%。共植入直径8 mm Viatorr支架42枚。PPG均值由术前(26.85±6.00) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)降低为(11.62±4.54) mmHg(t=11.359,P<0.05),平均降低(55.63±16.77)%。与术前相比,术后3 d总胆红素浓度升高(P<0.05),血清白蛋白降低(P<0.05),凝血酶原时间延长(P<0.05)。术后1个月总胆红素、血清白蛋白和凝血酶原时间与术前水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后中位随访14.5(2~39)个月,再出血发生率为9.5%(4/42),其中1例接受分流道再通;肝性脑病发生率为19.1%(8/42)。术后1、2、3年分流道通畅率分别为91.9%、83.9%、77.4%,生存率分别为94.7%、89.4%、82.0%。肝硬化相关死亡率为9.5%(4/42),均于术后2~30个月死于终末期肝病伴多脏器功能衰竭。结论 Viatorr支架行TIPS术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压性静脉曲张消化道出血具有较高的技术成功率,术后分流道通畅率高,肝性脑病发生率低。     

Budd-Chiari综合征合并血栓形成的介入治疗

目的　探讨Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)合并血栓形成的介入治疗方法。方法　18例BCS合并血栓形成的患者,2例为肝静脉阻塞合并血栓形成,16例为下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成。采用术前抗凝（复方丹参和阿司匹林）或抗凝+尿激酶溶栓治疗,术中分次球囊扩张+支架压迫,术后尿激酶溶栓+抗凝治疗。结果　18例BCS合并血栓形成的患者皆成功地实施了介入开通术,未发生严重并发症。术后下腔静脉压力由（31.82±0.52）cmH