氟中毒时线粒体损伤的体视学研究

氟中毒是严重影响机体多系统、多器官的疾病〔１～５〕。本文拟从亚细胞水平，探讨氟中毒时线粒体损伤的形态变化，为深入研究氟中毒发病机理提供病理形态依据。１　材料与方法１１　检测对象　（１）病区胎儿：收集贵州省织金县氟病区水囊引产胎儿１０例，胎龄均为５～７月（参照母亲停经史及胎儿顶臀长计算胎龄）；产妇为长期居住于氟病区，食用高氟粮食，患有氟斑牙，尿氟含量为４３７±２９４μｇ／ｍｌ。（２）非病区胎儿：收集贵州省贵阳市非氟病区胎儿１０例，胎儿取材及胎龄计算方法同上，胎龄均为５～７月。产妇尿氟１６７…     

某部机关及驻地儿童氟斑牙患病与环境氟含量关系的调查研究

本文报告了某部机关儿童及驻地儿童氟斑牙患病与环境氟含量的关系。结果显示，驻地儿童氟斑牙患病率为４０．０６％；部队机关儿童氟斑牙患病率为１６．５４％通过实验监测：驻地及部队饮水含氟量平均０．６７ｍｇ／Ｌ和１．１７ｍｇ／Ｌ；粮食、水果、蔬菜含氟量平均分别为１３８、１５９和１．７１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；大气氟含量为０．０３４２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，超标现象较严重。几种摄氟途径使驻地和部队人员日均总摄氟量在３．６３￣６．６     

地方性氟中毒区孕妇与胎儿间氟水平关系探讨

本文以地方性氟中毒区54名孕妇及其引产胎儿为研究对象,用敏感的氟电极测定法检测母体尿氟、血氟、胎儿脐带血氟及羊水氟含量,分析了母体与胎儿间氟水平的关系。结果表明:母体血氟与胎儿脐带血氟,羊水氟水平间差异显著,且存在剂量反应关系;母体尿氟与羊水氟水平间也存在剂量反应关系,但尿氟与胎儿血氟水平间无剂量反应关系;在不同的尿氟水平下,尿氟、母体血氟,脐带血氟、羊水氟含量间平均比值呈现一定的规律性。该研究提示,母体内氟可以经胎盘进入胎儿体内,其进入量可以用母体血氟、尿氟水平进行估测。     

高碘高氟对儿童智力及碘氟代谢影响的研究

笔者对高碘高氟地区儿童智力及碘氟代谢进行了调查研究，结果表明，“双高病区”居民甲状腺肿患病率为３．８０％，儿童甲状腺肿大率为２９．８０％，氟斑牙居民患病率为３５．４８％，儿童为７２．９８％，学生平均智商为７６．６７±７．７５，但智力低下者占１６．６７％。尿碘、尿氟分别为８１６．２５±１．８０μｇ／Ｌ和２．０８±１．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ，明显高于对照点。甲状腺吸１８１碘率明显低于对照点，３小时，２４小时的值     

改水降氟措施效果评价

对天津市近郊氟危害地区改饮滦河水后地方性氟中毒的预防效果做了调查分析，选不同改水年限的８－１２岁儿童开展氟斑牙及尿氟调查，改水１１年后氟斑牙指数０．３１，呈非流行趋势，改水６年后氟斑牙指数为０．９１，氟斑牙的流行趋势明显降低，且中，重度氟斑牙率明显减少，尿氟含量变化改水前为４．９５ｍｇ／Ｌ，改水后３个月为２．２ｍｇ／Ｌ，改水后６个月为１．５７ｍｇ／Ｌ，改水后２年为１．７８ｍｇ／Ｌ，改水３年后为１．     

大气氟污染对人群健康的影响评价

为探讨大气氟污染对人群健康的影响，本文对由低氟区进驻高氟区（地方性氟中毒）的某部队驻区入群进行流行病学调查，发现：部队搬迁６个月儿童氟斑牙患病率为１６．５４％，尿氟水平均值为２．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ，迁入两年后并经饮水降氟一年后调查儿童氟斑牙患率仍上升为４５．１０％，尿氟水平均值为１．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ，而成人氟斑牙患病率仅为８．３０％，环境氟含量调查结果：大气和土壤氟含量为国标４．４５７倍和５．１３倍，生活燃     

饮水含氟量对儿童氟斑牙及龋齿影响的研究

本文将不同饮水含氟量饮分为四组，探讨水氟浓度对儿童氟斑牙和龋齿患病率的作用和影响。结果表明，饮水含量在０．１５－１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的非病区，龋齿患病率低于全国城乡患病率水平；不同水氟含量的氟斑牙患病率间有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）；龋齿患病受不同水氟含量影响百波动的幅度明显小于氟斑牙，当水氟含量超过２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，龋齿患病率下降已不明显。在氟斑牙儿童中有１０．０３％的人兼龋患，随着水氟含量上升，中病区     

浙江省地方性氟中毒改水降氟防治效果评价

目的了解浙江省地方性氟中毒防治措施落实情况及防治效果。方法32个病区县（市、区）中。随机选取15个县对8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病及原病区村改水设施运行情况进行调查。水氟含量检测使用氟离子选择电极法；儿童氟斑牙检查使用Dean氏法。结果正常和间歇使用的改水工程为156个。受益人口数达385524人。管网末梢水氟含量均值为0．46mg／L，范围为0．09～4．51mg／L。受检人数29220人，氟斑牙患病率为7．70％，氟斑牙指数为0．15，判定流行强度为阴性。结论浙江省地氟病防治取得较好的效果，但存在着改水设施使用维护不善、非病区村患病率升高等新问题。     

燃煤污染型氟病区改灶降氟10年后效果调查

「目的」了解竹溪县燃煤污染型地氟病区改灶降氟１０年后环境氟含量及人体总摄氟量与氟斑牙发病率。「方法」现场调查和测定。「结果」改灶降氟后室内空气氟含量下降为０．０１９６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,氟斑牙率降至５７％。人体总摄氟量为３．２８ｍｇ／ｄａｙ。「结论」氟斑牙人发病率与人体总摄氟量较十年前虽有降低,但氟污染源仍未消除。未达到基本控制标准。     

豫西产煤区空气氟污染与氟中毒发病关系探讨

对豫西不同生活水平的４个产煤村空气氟污染状况进行调查，结果室内空气氟含量分别为国家标准０．００７ｍｇ／ｍ３的１．４９－２．８６倍，而烧柴和燃用外购蜂窝煤的对照村空气氟含量未超标。产煤村８－１２岁儿童氟斑牙率显著高于对照村，其中３个村达到氟病区标准，证实空气氟污染是形成燃煤型病区的主要氟源。但经济状况好，住室宽敞的产煤村儿童牙齿损害程度轻或氟斑牙率达不到病区标准，提示生活水平与居住条件是影响燃煤型氟中毒发生的一个重要因素。     

Bone transplant

We describe the methodology of the Bone and Soft Tissue Bank, from extraction and storage until use. Since the year 1986, with the creation of the Bone Bank in the University Clinic of Navarra, more than 3,000 grafts have been used for very different types of surgery. Bone grafts can be classified into cortical and spongy; the former are principally used in surgery to save tumour patients, in large post-traumatic reconstructions and in replacement surgery where there are massive bone defects and a structural support is required. The spongy grafts are the most used due to their numerous indications; they are especially useful in filling cavities that require a significant quantity of graft when the autograft is insufficient, or as a complement. They are also of special help in treating fractures when there is bone loss and in the treatment of delays in consolidation and pseudoarthrosis in little vascularized and atrophic zones. They are also used in prosthetic surgery against the presence of cavity type defects. Allografts of soft tissues are specially recognised in multiple ligament injuries that require reconstructions. Nowadays, the most utilised are those employed in surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament although they can be used for filling any ligament or tendon defect. The principal difficulties of the cortical allografts are in the consolidation of the ends with the bone itself and in tumour surgery, given that these are patients immunodepressed by the treatment, the incidence of infection is increased with respect to spongy grafts and soft tissues, which is irrelevant. In short, the increasingly widespread use of allografts is an essential therapeutic weapon in orthopaedic surgery and traumatology. It must be used by expert hands.     

Bone health

Much evidence indicates that both calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in protecting the skeleton, particularly when these 2 nutrients are used in combination. Each nutrient is necessary for the full expression of the effect of the other, and where their actions are independent, their effects on skeletal health are complementary. Nutrient status for both tends to be deficient in the adult population of the industrialized nations. Hence, supplementation or food fortification with both nutrients is appropriate and, given contemporary diets and sun exposure, probably necessary. Various meta-analyses, systematic evidence reviews, and controlled trials evaluating these 2 nutrients will be defective if they fail 1) to take into consideration the nearly universal need to augment the status of both nutrients in the populations studied rather than just one or the other, 2) to consider the threshold characteristics of both nutrients, and 3) to use the achieved serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration as the independent variable for vitamin D effects (instead of oral vitamin D intake). Problems with adherence to a regimen of taking supplements daily make an appropriate fortification strategy the preferred option for improving the status of both nutrients.     

Bone transplantation

Bony deficiency, particularly loss of bone stock associated with failed joint replacements or tumours, is a challenging problem in orthopaedic surgery. Bone transplantation techniques provide solutions that can be tailored to the clinical problem. However, the risks of bone transplantation are well documented and the biology of allograft incorporation remains unpredictable and poorly understood.     

Bone metastases

Bone metastases represent a devastating clinical problem in the most frequent neoplasies, especially in multiple myeloma, tumours breast, prostate and lung. The consequences include pain which is refractory to conventional analgesics, osteolysis often leading to bone-marrow compression and pathological fractures, and metabolic disorders. Recent advances in diagnosis using imaging techniques as well as different biochemical techniques have helped accurate diagnosis and follow-up. The increase in survival has improved through a multimodal approach combining, inhibition of osteolysis, with prophylactic orthopaedic surgery and radiation therapy. Recent advances in basic research have determined the molecular metastatic that can predict its proclivity to metastasize. Basic research will improve understanding of the basic mechanisms and lead to the clarification of molecular targets that will help in the development of medicines capable of preventing, decreasing or blocking the metastatic process.     

单光子跟骨骨密度仪的研制

介绍一种基于SPA测量方法的跟骨骨密度仪的设计原理,包括机械系统和控制系统的设计及工作原理。还介绍了该仪器达到的主要精度及产生的积极效果。