潍坊市售植物性食用油中3种主要邻苯二甲酸酯污染水平与暴露评估

目的 了解潍坊市售植物性食用油中3种主要邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染水平，开展暴露风险评估。方法 采集6种植物性食用油样品125份，采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)的含量，采用基于TDI的风险指数(HI)计算方法进行暴露风险评估。结果 共检测125份食用油样品，3种PAEs均有检出，检出率分别为42.4%、62.4%、13.3%。潍坊市居民经植物性食用油摄入的DBP、DEHP和DINP的膳食暴露量均值及P97.5水平分别为0.096μg/kg·BW、0.447μg/kg·BW;0.193μg/kg·BW、0.971μg/kg·BW和0.566μg/kg·BW、6.146μg/kg·BW,以DBP、DEHP和DINP浓度最大值计算最大风险指数分别为0.046 5、0.021 9和0.065 6,远<1。结论 潍坊市居民经植物性食用油摄入的PAEs的健康风险较低。     

潍坊市市售植物性食用油中18种邻苯二甲酸酯类污染状况调查

目的 了解2021年潍坊市市售塑料桶装植物性食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)污染状况。方法 样本采集采取随机购买方式,采样点涉及潍坊市各类超市、农贸市场、农村食用油加工作坊等。2021年共采集谷类植物性食用油样本125份,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法检测18种常见邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂。结果 125份食用油样本中检出较高的有邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DPP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-丁氧基)乙酯(DBEP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP),检出率分别为62.4%、42.4%、32.8%、31.2%、13.3%。其中DBP的总体均值为0.235 mg/kg,最高检出浓度为0.802 mg/kg,超标率为16.8%;DEHP总体均值为0.332 mg/kg,最高检出浓度为1.889 mg/kg,超标率为4.0%;DINP总体均值为1.010 mg/kg,最高检出浓度为16.96 mg/kg,超标率为3.2%。结论 潍坊市售塑料桶装食用油中PAEs整体检出率较高,相关部门应重视食品包装材料对食品带来的污染,并定期开展监测工作。     

陕西省市售食用油植物性食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染状况及暴露评估

目的 了解2012-2016年陕西省市售植物性食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染状况,评估通过摄入植物性食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯的膳食暴露量,对陕西省居民的人体健康风险进行评估。方法 从陕西省十个地市按照分层随机采样,以当地品牌为主。侧重二级、三级油,均为塑料桶包装,共采集287份样品。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对植物性食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯进行检测。结果 287份植物性食用油中18种塑化剂,总检出率为64.46%,总超标率为37.63%。检出率较高的是DBP、DEHP、DIBP和DMP,分别为59.58%、58.54%、33.10%、15.33%。DBP的超标率为37.28%,最大值为15.6 mg/kg,比限值高出52倍。DEHP的超标率为0.70%,最大值为1.67mg/kg。结论 从评估结果显示,DEHP和DBP的平均日暴露值分别为0.000174mg/kg和0.000603mg/kg,健康风险指数（HI）分别为0.00348和0.0603。表明摄入陕西市售植物性食用油对成人健康的风险较低。     

德阳市常见塑料包装食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物残留量检测及结果分析

目的 了解德阳市常见塑料包装食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物（PAEs）的含量及污染分布情况，为初步判断污染来源及后续实验提供数据支撑。方法 采用分层随机抽样，在德阳市主城区采集六大类共计159份样品，使用气相色谱串联质谱质谱仪（GC-MS/MS）对其16种PAEs进行检测。结果 159份样品中共检出9种PAEs，含量为未检出～1.456mg/kg，检出率居前三位的为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）已酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP），分别是78.0%、37.7%、30.2%。43份样品的DBP含量超过国家规定的最大残留量，超标率为27.0%，超标样品主要为食用油。各类食品均检出PAEs，检出率为60%～100%，其中其他塑料包装食品的检出率最高，为100%。结论德阳市常见塑料包装食品普遍存在PAEs污染情况，且以食用油中DBP的污染为主，应重点关注。     

河南省市售食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂污染状况调查

目的 对2018年河南省市售食用植物油中的邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂污染状况进行调查，为食用植物油的监管重点提供依据。方法 在河南省抽取市售预包装食用植物油样品333份，根据气相色谱-质谱法测定样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）的含量。结果 总体来看，DBP检出率为44.4%，检出值范围为0.10～55.8 mg/kg，超标率为21.6%；DEHP检出率为50.2%，检出值范围为0.15～39.2 mg/kg，超标率为3.6%。从食品细类看，芝麻油中塑化剂（DBP或DEHP）污染最为严重，超标率为34.1%。从企业规模看，产自小微型企业的超标样品占超标样品总数的97.3%。从区域类型看，抽样地点为乡村的样品超标率为24.6%，高于城市（21.6%）3个百分点。结论 河南省市售食用植物油中DBP和DEHP污染情况严重，尤其是芝麻油，应加强监督管理，加大小微型企业食用植物油生产环节的监测，确保食品安全。     

学习用品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的调查

为了解学习用品中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂的污染状况,于2013年4—6月,采集常州市不同种类学习用品[塑料书套、拉链(文件)袋、尺子、文具盒(袋)和塑料垫板分别为38、30、24、15、7件],分别检测6种PAEs[邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DNOP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(DIDP)]的含量。结果显示,共采集114件样品,PAEs的检出率高达69.3%,总含量超过1000 mg/kg的占40.4%,其中,DEHP的检出率(60.5%)和平均含量(39 554.3 mg/kg)均为最高。聚氯乙烯(PVC)材质中DEHP的检出率高达97.8%,最高含量为143 290.2 mg/kg。本次调查中部分塑料学习用品中PAEs类增塑剂污染应引起关注。     

烟台市售饮料及酒中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类污染水平调查

目的 通过对烟台市售饮料及酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质（PAEs）含量的检测分析,了解烟台市售饮料及酒中16种PAEs的污染状况。方法 按照GB /T 21911－2008,对烟台市售的190份酒和210份饮料中16种PAES进行检测。结果 175份白酒中,PAEs的检出率为76.00%（133/175）,超标率为 32.00%（56/175）。DMP、DIBP、DBP、BMPP、DPP、DEHP、DNP、DEP、DMEP均有检出,检出率分别为8.00%、54.29%、63.43%、2.86%、11.43%、12.00%、5.71%、2.86%、0.75%,其中DBP最高含量为4.11mg/kg,超标13.7倍,DEHP最高含量为3.29 mg/kg,超标2.19倍。其他PAEs均未检出。6份啤酒样品均未检出PAEs;5份葡萄酒样品中有3份检出PAEs;4份黄酒样品中有3份检出PAEs。210份饮料中,PAEs的检出率为11.43%,合格率为100.00%。结论 烟台市售饮料及酒中存在PAEs污染,尤其是白酒中普遍检出PAES,需要进一步进行风险评估。     

固相萃取-气质联用测定末梢水6种邻苯二甲酸酯

目的建立水中邻苯二甲酸酯固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定体系并应用于市政末梢水中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定。方法从水样pH值、水样流量、洗脱试剂体积等方面优化固相萃取提取条件,采用气相色谱-质谱法对水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸苄基丁基酯（BBP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DNOP）、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DINP）、邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DIDP）等6种PAEs进行定量分析。结果方法在0－10.00μg/ml范围内所得的回归方程线性关系良好,相关系数均〉0.997,DBP、BBP、DEHP、DNOP、DINP、DIDP检出限分别为2.5、4.9、0.9、8.2、8.8、13.9ng/L,平均回收率为86.0%－117.4%,RSD为5.0%－13.6%。结论该方法可简便、快捷、准确的测定末梢水中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量。     

青岛市市售饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯类监测与暴露风险评估

目的了解青岛市市售食饮料中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)污染情况,并对青岛市居民摄入饮料中PAEs进行风险评估。方法 2017年在青岛超市、市场中随机采样共36份饮料样品,包括果汁类和碳酸类2大类,根据GB/T 21911-2008《食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》中的方法进行检测;同时结合青岛市膳食消费量,对青岛市居民饮料暴露PAEs进行确定性评估。结果饮料中4种PAEs均有检出,其检出率分别为25.00%、41.67%、22.22%和5.56%(P0.05)。果汁类饮料DEHP、DBP的含量均低于碳酸类饮料(t_(DEHP)=-17.74、t_(DBP)=-24.97,P0.01);DIBP的含量明显高于碳酸类饮料(P0.01)。超市中饮料中DEHP、DBP的含量低于市场中的饮料(t_(DEHP)=-5.87、t_(DBP)=-7.87,P0.01);而DIBP的含量高于市场中的饮料(P0.01)。饮料人均日消费(6.52±42.73)g/d,消费量均值0.000 004 g/d,HI为0.000 4。结论青岛市饮料PAEs的污染普遍存在,青岛市居民经饮料摄入PAEs的健康风险较低。     

健康青年男性精液中4种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的分布与精子活动度的关系

目的 了解男性精液中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)4种邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalate esters,PAEs)的暴露情况及与精子活动度的关系.方法 选择宁夏医科大学总医院生殖科体检的健康男性为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定精液中的4种邻苯二甲酸酯类水平.结果 在172件精液样品中,DEP均未检出;DMP、DBP、DEHP的检出范围分别为未检出～0.56、未检出～9.95、未检出～0.85μg/L,中位数分别为未检出、1.24 μg/L、未检出,检出率分别为46％,94％,47％.3种PAEs暴露水平与各级精子百分率之间无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论 在男性精液中检测出DMP、DBP、DEHP 3种PAEs,精液中DMP、DBP、DEHP的分布和精子活动度无相关性.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

谈神经内科医院感染危险因素及护理对策

目的：了解引起神经内科住院患者医院感染的危险因素，采取有效的护理措施，以降低医院感染的发生率和死亡率。方法：结合多年临床经验，对医院感染不同的危险因素进行分析及提出护理对策。结论：神经内科医院感染发病率较高，获得途径以外源为主，针对主要危险因素的发生原因，我们应加强病房管理，严格执行消毒隔离制度，合理应用抗生素，加强基础护理和健康教育，缩短住院天数，以降低神经内科医院感染的发病率。     

2003年汕头市住院婴儿住院情况分析

目的调查住院婴儿疾病分布情况。方法利用SAS8．0对汕头市2003年住院婴儿2923例病例进行统计分析。结果婴儿住院的病因包括：早产、新生儿窒息、呼吸道及消化道感染、新生儿黄疸以及先天性疾病等；造成婴儿死亡的前5位病因主要是出生窒息、窘迫、先天性肺炎、新生儿吸人性肺炎以及先天性心脏畸形；婴儿的住院时间越长，入院情况越危急，受到医院感染的机会越大；入院婴儿平均住院日为7．089天，平均住院费用3717．834元。结论婴儿发病入院主要由于先天性疾病以及后天感染，这是家庭及社会进行婴儿健康干预与促进的重点。     

Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. The ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers in Pelotas, a city in southern Brazil are examined. METHODS: Two comparison groups were available: a matched sample of non-ragpickers from the same poor neighborhoods, and a random sample of the general population of the city. The cross-sectional study gathered data by interview on 990 individuals in 2004. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to neighbors with other demanding manual jobs. The prevalence within the last 12 months of low back pain (LBP), lower extremity pain (LEP), and upper extremity pain (UEP) among ragpickers were 49.2%, 45.1%, and 34.9%, respectively; levels similar to those reported by neighborhood controls. Both ragpickers and non-ragpickers reported considerably higher ergonomic exposures, and more prevalent LBP, than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Ragpickers experience many occupational hazards and ergonomic stressors. Their overall prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was similar to a comparison group with other physically demanding manual jobs. For LBP, this prevalence was substantially higher (49% vs. 35%) than in the general population.     

2009年福建省疾病监测系统人群死亡信息研究

[目的]研究福建省人群死因构成和主要疾病的地区与人群分布特征。[方法]收集2009年我省疾病监测系统信息,用ICD-10进行死因分类和根本死因编码。[结果]居民死亡率5.30‰(城4.84‰,乡5.46‰)。年龄别死亡率曲线呈"√"形,慢性非传染病占81.8%。恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、心脏病、呼吸系病、损伤和中毒居前5位,占死亡总数的83.9%。前3位死因儿童组为围生期病、先天异常、损伤和中毒(74.7%);青壮年组为损伤中毒、恶性肿瘤和心脏病(79.0%);中年组为恶性肿瘤、脑血管病和损伤中毒(74.9%);老年组为脑血管病、恶性肿瘤和呼吸系病(62.2%)。[结论]福建省慢性非传染病为当前防控重点,应针对不同年龄段采取相应控制措施。     

芜湖地区儿童隐孢子虫病调查

1989年5月~9月,对安徽省芜湖市五所医院儿科就诊的腹泻患儿进行隐孢子虫病调查。粪检腹泻患儿3 498人,卵囊检出率1.9%。男女检出率无差异;6个月内的患儿中未检出卵囊阳性者;86.2%的卵囊阳性者分布于7个月~4岁年龄段;乡村患儿的卵囊检出率2倍于城市患儿;病例呈高度散发状态;卵囊检出率从6月下旬开始上升,在本调查中,92.5%的病例分布于6月下旬~9月。所见病例,从临床表现到大便性状均无特殊,且均呈自限性,病程似较文献报道者为短。     

Phlebovirus diversity in ticks from livestock in arid ecologies in Kenya

Phleboviruses are emerging pathogens of public health importance. However, their association with ticks is poorly described, particularly in Africa. Here, adult ticks infesting cattle, goats and sheep were collected in two dryland pastoralist ecosystems of Kenya (Baringo and Kajiado counties) and were screened for infection with phleboviruses. Ticks mainly belonged to the species Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Hyalomma impeltatum, and Hyalomma rufipes. A fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene was identified in thirty of 671 tick pools, of which twenty-nine were from livestock sampled in Baringo county. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that twenty-five sequences were falling in three clades within the group of tick-associated phleboviruses. The sequences of the three clades showed nucleotide distances 8%, 19% and 22%, respectively, to previously known viruses suggesting that these sequence fragments may belong to three distinct viruses. Viruses of the group of tick-associated phleboviruses have been found in several countries and continents but so far have not been associated with disease in humans or animals. In addition, five sequences were found to group with the sandfly-associated phleboviruses Bogoria virus, Perkerra virus and Ntepes virus recently detected in the same region. Further studies are needed to investigate the transmission and maintenance cycles of these viruses, as well as to assess their potential to infect vertebrates.     

Correlation among cadmium levels in river sediment, in rice, in daily foods and in urine of residents in 11 prefectures in Japan

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine if overall correlation exists among cadmium levels (Cd) in the general environment, dietary Cd intake, and Cd body burden of local residents. Methods: Eleven prefectures in Japan were selected as the areas where large-scale data on Cd levels in urine of adult women (40–49 and 50–59 years of age, respectively) were available to calculate geometric mean (GM) values for each of the prefecture. Other data were cited from published or previously established databases on Cd in the sediments of river bottoms (as a representative of Cd in the environment), Cd in rice for local consumption, and Cd in daily food duplicate samples collected from local women populations, and calculated for GM values for the prefectures. The GM values were subjected to correlation matrix and regression analysis. Results: Marginally significant (P<0.10) correlation was detected between Cd in sediment and Cd in rice. Furthermore, correlation of Cd in sediment was significant with Cd in total foods (P<0.05) and possibly with Cd in urine (P<0.05–0.10). Importance of data on Cd in rice paddy soil as a missing link is discussed. Conclusions: Correlation was demonstrated in the flow of Cd transport from the environment (expressed as Cd contents in river sediments) to humans (in terms of Cd in urine) among general populations in Japan.     

Changes in social inequalities in health in the Basque Country

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of the inequalities in self reported health between socioeconomic groups and its changes over time in the Basque Country (Spain). DESIGN: Cross sectional data on the association between occupation, education and income and three health indicators was obtained from the Basque Health Surveys of 1986 and 1992. Representative population samples were analysed. In 1986 the number of respondents was 24 657 and in 1992, 13 277. SETTING: Basque Country, Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of socioeconomic position on health and the magnitude of social inequalities in health were quantified using the odds ratios based on logistic regression analysis, and the Relative Index of Inequality. RESULTS: As was expected, social inequalities in self reported health existed in both surveys, but the social gradient was greater in 1992. Social differences varied according to gender and health indicator. According to education an increase in social inequalities was observed consistently in all the health indicators except long term conditions in women. A consistent increase in inequalities in limiting longstanding illness was also observed according to all socioeconomic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These results agree to a large extent with those of previous studies in other countries. In this context the unequal distribution of material circumstances and working conditions between socioeconomic groups seem to play a major part in health inequalities. The worsening of the labour market during this period and the onset of a new economic recession may explain the increase in social inequalities over time.     

妊娠合并血小板减少症63例分析

目的妊娠合并血小板减少症的临床观察。方法收集我院2009年7月—2013年6月间妊娠合并血小板减少症的孕妇63例,按血小板检测结果与临床、自觉症状、按入院时末梢血、血小板数值分成3组。结果观察3组诊治经过、血制品运用、分娩方式、血小板分布情况、产后出血、新生儿结果等。结论阴道分娩者杜绝产后出血极为有效。