2006-2016年大连市尘肺病的发病情况

目的 通过对2006-2016年大连市尘肺发病情况调查,分析该地区尘肺病流行规律,为制定尘肺病防治策略提供理论依据.方法 通过中国疾病控制信息系统职业病与职业卫生检测系统获得相关资料,对大连市尘肺病种类、发病地区、接尘工龄等进行统计分析.结果 2006-2016年大连市尘肺病病例179例,主要分布于铸造行业的成型、清砂、打磨工种及机械加行业的电焊工种.以矽肺为主(82.68％),电焊工尘肺次之(9.49％),石棉尘肺第3(3.35％),平均接尘工龄20.73年,尘肺壹期平均接尘工龄为19.80年、尘肺贰期平均接尘工龄为20.83年、尘肺叁期平均接尘工龄为21.75年.尘肺病发病情况与严重程度(期别)和接尘工龄有关(x2=56.52,P=0.02 ＜0.05).结论 大连市尘肺病主要集中在铸造行业,尘肺种类以矽肺为主,应加强重点区域、行业和工种的职业病防治工作.     

1963-2021年河南省焦作市职业性尘肺病回顾性调查

目的 分析焦作市职业性尘肺病(尘肺病)发病特点及变化趋势，为尘肺病防治提供科学依据。方法 采用回顾性分析方法对1963-2021年焦作市的尘肺病病例进行调查，描述性分析尘肺病的发病年龄、接尘工龄、种类、发病时间、行业分布、存活病例保障等情况。结果 1963-2021年焦作市尘肺病共5 541例，随访到5 338例，其中，现存活1 299例(23.44%)、死亡4 039例(72.89%)。以男性为主(5 522例，99.66%)；尘肺病种类以煤工尘肺(3 780例，68.22%)、矽肺(1 482例，26.74%)为主，壹期尘肺4 334例(78.22%);1980-1989年为发病高峰(2 551例，占46.04%),1990年后呈下降趋势(χ²_趋势=752.293,P<0.001),2010-2021年发病393例(7.09%)较1980-1989年下降84.59%；尘肺病发病年龄为(53.26±10.68)岁，接尘工龄为(23.79±9.15)年，发病年龄煤工尘肺高于矽肺和水泥尘肺，接尘工龄矽肺小于煤工尘肺和水泥尘肺，差异均有统计...     

2007—2015年乌鲁木齐市某大型煤炭企业新发尘肺病病例分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐市大型煤炭企业新发尘肺病的发病规律及特征,为制定尘肺病防治措施提供依据。方法对乌鲁木齐市某大型煤炭企业2007—2015年从3 052人中确诊并报告的143例新发尘肺病例的检出率、发病年龄、接尘工龄和工种等进行调查分析。结果在3 052人中检出143例新发尘肺病例,占4.7%;以男性为主,其中矽肺叁期1例,煤工尘肺142例。煤工尘肺壹期占90.1%,贰期占9.2%,叁期占0.7%。新发尘肺病例的平均发病年龄为(53.2±10.3)岁,接尘工龄(21.8±7.8)a,开始接尘年龄(21.9±5.2)岁,73.4%的病例集中在40~49、50~59岁年龄组,各发病年龄组的开始接尘年龄比较,差异有统计学意义(F=9.46,P0.01)。63.6%的病例集中分布在接尘工龄15~30 a之间,各接尘工龄组的发病年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(F=0.83,P0.05)。开始接尘年龄25岁的病例占74.8%,与25岁以后组发病年龄和实际接尘工龄比较,均有统计学意义(F值分别为19.81、7.38,均P0.01)。煤工尘肺患者以维吾尔族为主,占68.3%;汉族占31.7%,两民族间发病年龄和接尘工龄比较,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为7.95、5.16,均P0.05)。结论乌鲁木齐市大型煤炭企业2007—2015年尘肺新发病例以壹期煤工尘肺为主,工种以采煤工居多,掘进工发病年龄最小,总体尘肺发病有下降趋势。企业应加强职业健康监护工作,并做好离岗后的定期随访,以利于尘肺病的早发现、早诊断。     

龙岩市尘肺发病情况调查

895例尘肺病例中新发病例733例,晋期病例162例。接尘工龄3～5年的患者275例,占尘肺总数的30.72%。尘肺患者的发病年龄主要分布在41～70岁年龄段(83.68%)。壹期尘肺与贰期、叁期尘肺的平均接尘工龄、平均发病年龄的差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01),纯掘进工种作业人员发病工龄较其他工种短。 更多还原     

海南省30年尘肺病发病特征分析

对1988—2017年海南省确诊的尘肺病例发病时间、地区和行业分布、工种、接尘工龄和并发肺结核等进行计数资料χ~2检验和计量资料均数单因素方差分析。结果显示,1988—2017年海南省累计报告尘肺病704例,分别在1989—1994年和2008—2011年出现2个发病高峰,其中矽肺病例占9702%。尘肺发病主要集中在东方市(6193%),其次为昌江县(1179%)和乐东县(1122%),有区域聚集性;行业以采矿和选矿业为主(8963%);尘肺病例平均接尘工龄(2192±653)年。新诊断的671例病例接尘工龄(2175±630)年,高期别尘肺病例接尘工龄低于壹期病例(P=0048), 2006年后新诊断病例尤为显著(P=000);超过50%的尘肺病例接尘工龄20～24年;尘肺病例的工种以采矿工(5511%)和凿岩工(2031%)为主;尘肺期别越高,肺结核的发生率越高(χ~2=10067,P001)。提示海南省尘肺病发病集中在西部的采矿和选矿业,应加强重点地区和行业职业病防护措施的落实,有效控制尘肺病的发生。     

2011 - 2015年衡阳市新诊断尘肺病例发病特征分析

目的 通过对2011 - 2015年衡阳市新诊断的尘肺病例数据分析,了解尘肺病发病特征,为该市尘肺病防治工作的开展提供参考依据。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制系统子系统“健康危害因素监测信息系统”获取近5年衡阳市新诊断的尘肺病例数据,用描述统计法对尘肺发病特征进行相关分析。结果 共收集尘肺病例522例,行业分布主要集中在煤矿开采与洗选业,占整个尘肺病例总数的67.05%（350例）;病例工种以主采煤工、主进掘工、凿岩工为主,分别占整个尘肺病例数的53.64%（280例）、16.48%（86例）、12.26%（64例）;企业规模分布以小型企业为主,占整个尘肺病例数的79.10%（413例）。尘肺患者平均接尘工龄为（17.77±9.01）年,平均发病年龄为（51.53±7.06）岁;接尘工龄主要集中在5～25年,占70.69%（369例）;发病年龄主要集中在45～60岁,占69.54%（363例）;随着接尘工龄和发病年龄的增大,尘肺患病期别有晋升的趋势。结论 衡阳市新诊断尘肺病例主要集中在煤矿开采业,以主采煤工发病最为严重;企业分布主要集中在小企业。应加强煤矿企业和小规模企业的卫生管理工作,尽可能的减少尘肺病的发生。     

2004—2013年宜兴市新发尘肺病发病情况

目的了解宜兴市近10年尘肺病发病情况,为尘肺病防治提供依据。方法根据尘肺病诊断、职业卫生调查、尘肺病报告卡等资料,对2004—2013年该市尘肺病发病情况进行回顾性分析。结果宜兴市10年间新发尘肺病215例;以矽肺和陶工尘肺为主,电焊工尘肺和铝尘肺是新的尘肺病种类,壹期占尘肺总病例的60.93%;男性病例近88%;发病年龄平均60.68岁,接尘工龄中位数为8.75 a,开始接尘年龄中位数30岁,不满18岁的有12例;接尘工种以粉碎、破碎和采矿为主;病例主要来自地质矿产行业和轻工行业,超过2/3的相关用人单位已关闭。结论尘肺病仍然是该市今后一段时期内的职业病防治重点。     

开滦矿区2005-2012年煤工尘肺发病情况分析

目的浅析近8年开滦煤矿尘肺发病特点。方法对2005年1月1日-2012年12月31日开滦职业病防治所尘肺诊断组新诊尘肺患者的检出数、检出率、构成比、发病年龄、接尘工龄及接尘工种等方面进行调查。结果 8年来开滦煤矿共有46 091人受检,受检率28.52%(46 091/161 624),检出尘肺病人827例,尘肺检出率1.79%(827/46 091);2008年开滦尘肺病人检出率最高,2009年开滦尘肺病人检出率最低,2010、2011、2012年尘肺病人检出率趋于平稳,略有下降;尘肺病人平均发病工龄为(35.86±9.92)年,平均发病年龄(57.76±10.08)岁;主要接尘工种中,平均发病年龄以纯掘进工为最短,主掘进工与纯掘进工两者之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05),主采煤工与纯采煤工之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);新发尘肺检出率以Ⅰ期煤工尘肺居多,占尘肺总数的94.56%(728/827);Ⅱ期占煤工尘肺总数的4.72%(39/827);Ⅲ期占煤工尘肺总数的0.72%(6/827),新发尘肺中Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期比较,Ⅰ期与Ⅲ期比较,Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期比较差异有统计学意义。结论近8年来开滦煤矿尘肺检出率1.79%,新发尘肺中以Ⅰ期轻症为主;尘肺平均发病年龄超过工人退休年龄;众多工种中发病以煤矿混合工最多,以纯掘进工的发病工龄最短,辅助工种发病人数有上升趋势。     

2006～2008年山东省尘肺病流行病学特征分析

汇总山东省2006~2008年诊断的全部尘肺病例资料,分析尘肺患者的性别、年龄、病种、工种、接尘年代、接尘工龄和所在行业、地区及企业规模的分布。结果显示,截至2008年底,山东省尘肺病现患22 939例,2006~2008年共报告尘肺病3 349例,新病例2 854例,其中Ⅰ期占新发病例的85.22%,发病患者男性远高于女性,45~54岁诊断率最高,病种主要是矽肺和煤工尘肺,占新发尘肺患者的86.06%,以矿山主要工种为主,1970~1989年开始接尘的患者发病率居首,实际接尘工龄以20~29年居首,以煤炭、有色金属、机械等行业患者最多,占新发尘肺病的72.46%,主要分布在烟台、淄博、泰安、济南和临沂5个市,患者人数占全省新发病病例的82.81%。尘肺病防治的重点地区为矿业基地,主要为矽肺和煤工尘肺。 更多还原     

2006—2012年海南省尘肺病发病情况分析

目的分析海南省2006—2012年尘肺病发病规律和特征,预测尘肺病发病趋势,为制定尘肺防治对策提供科学依据。方法以2006—2012年海南省确诊的尘肺病为研究对象,分别对地区分布、尘肺病种类、工种、接尘工龄和并发肺结核等方面进行分析。结果 2006—2012年海南省共累计发生尘肺病例512例,呈快速上升趋势;99.22%的尘肺病例的种类为矽肺,92.77%的尘肺病例为外来农民工;尘肺发病主要集中在东方市,行业以采矿业为主,均为中小型的私有企业;壹期、贰期和叁期尘肺病例分别占66.60%、22.86%和10.55%;尘肺病例以采矿工和凿岩工为主(占90.43%);平均接尘工龄为(7.20±3.68)年;尘肺期别越高,肺结核的并发率越高(χ2=13.81,P0.005)。结论海南省尘肺病进入高发时期,尘肺病发病形势严峻,应加强重点地区和行业职业病防护措施的落实,有效控制尘肺病的发生。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.