超声联合免疫组织化学指标预测新辅助化疗后乳腺癌转移性腋窝淋巴结病理完全缓解

目的 观察超声联合免疫组织化学指标预测新辅助化疗(NACT)后乳腺癌转移性腋窝淋巴结病理完全缓解(pCR)的价值.方法 纳入155例接受NACT的乳腺癌伴腋窝淋巴结转移患者,根据腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)术后病理结果将其分为pCR组(n=59)及非pCR组(n=96);比较2组NACT前免疫组织化学指标及乳腺癌病灶及腋...     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检在新辅助化疗后的应用价值

目的通过对比术前未接受化疗和术前接受新辅助化疗两组乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴结活检的结果,探讨对术前接受新辅助化疗后降期的患者以核素法行前哨淋巴结活检的临床价值。方法以本院2006年4月~2009年3月期间收治的99例乳腺癌患者作为研究对象。术前未行化疗组60例,临床分期为T1~2N0M0,直接行前哨淋巴结活检。术前新辅助化疗组39例,临床分期T2~3N0M0,患者术前先给予3~4个疗程的新辅助化疗,降期为T1~2N0M0后再行前哨淋巴结活检。所有患者术前均经乳晕下4点平均注射99m锝标记的非过滤硫胶体,术中用γ探针探测腋窝具有放射活性的前哨淋巴结并切除,然后常规清扫腋窝Ⅰ、Ⅱ组淋巴结。术后对前哨淋巴结活检和腋窝淋巴结清扫的病理结果进行比较分析。结果A组成功率、假阴性率、灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为98.3%、3.3%、96.7%、100%、98.3%、100%和96.7%。B组分别为100%、10%、90%、100%、94.9%、100%和90.5%。两组比较假阴性率、准确性均无统计学差异。(P均>0.05)。结论对新辅助化疗后降期的局部进展期乳腺癌患者,以核素法行前哨淋巴结活检仍能够获得较高的成功率,同早期乳腺癌患者相比假阴性率没有统计学差异。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的超声评价及与组织病理学的相关性

目的 观察乳腺癌新辅助化疗前后的声像图变化,评估其疗效及与组织病理学的相关性.方法 采用超声评估109例乳腺癌患者在紫杉醇联合卡铂方案的新辅助化疗后乳腺原发灶及腋窝淋巴结的变化,并与组织病理学比较.结果 17例患者超声评估为完全缓解,其余患者可测量病灶的最大径显著缩小[(22.46±11.50)mm对(34.71±13.67)mm,P＜0.001],纵横比减小(0.80±0.23对0.86±0.22,P＞0.05),血流等级显著下降(0.51±0.80对1.23±1.05,P＜0.001),腋窝转移淋巴结消失44.83%(44/92).以组织病理学为标准,超声诊断新辅助化疗后原发灶完全缓解的灵敏度为57.89%(11/19),特异度为93.33%(84/90),与组织病理学中度一致,原因可能是新辅助化疗后乳腺组织和间质的病理学改变导致超声判断困难,而超声血流情况对疗效评估可能更具意义.结论 超声具有评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的参考价值,研究不同组织病理学改变相应的超声表现有助于更好地评估疗效.     

纳米碳混悬液作图法在乳腺癌新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结清扫中检出数目及腋窝微小淋巴结检出数目中的临床优势

目的对比纳米碳混悬液作图法与无染料法在乳腺癌新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结清扫中淋巴结检出数目及腋窝微小淋巴结检出数目中的效果。方法选择四川省肿瘤医院乳腺外科2018年1月1日至2018年7月1日经新辅助治疗后拟接受腋窝淋巴结清扫手术的乳腺癌患者66例,行前瞻性研究。采用随机数字表法随机分为纳米碳作图法组(33例)和对照组(33例),分别使用术前24 h皮下注射纳米碳后再行腋窝淋巴结清扫与不使用染料直接行腋窝淋巴结清扫两种方法,统计两组患者腋窝淋巴结检出数目及腋窝微小淋巴结检出数目情况。结果纳米碳作图法组腋窝淋巴结检出数目及微小淋巴结检出数目均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义[腋窝淋巴结数目:(19.3±6.2)枚与(14.9±6.7)枚,P=0.007;腋窝微小淋巴结数目:2.0(0.5,3.0)枚与0(0,1.0)枚,Z=-4.328,P<0.001]。结论纳米碳混悬液作图法可以增加乳腺癌新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结清扫中淋巴结检出数目,同时对一些不易发现的腋窝微小淋巴结的检出也具有优势。     

乳腺癌动态增强MRI表现与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系

目的 探讨乳腺癌动态增强MRI表现与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。方法 对79例乳腺癌患者（腋窝淋巴结转移31例、无腋窝淋巴结转移48例）的临床及动态增强MRI资料进行回顾性分析,参照乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）标准系统描述病变MRI表现,分析MRI表现与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。结果 MRI显示肿块样病变71例（71/79,89.87%）,病理诊断腋窝淋巴结转移27例。腋窝淋巴结转移与未转移乳腺癌病变位置差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,病变类型差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。腋窝淋巴结转移与未转移乳腺肿块样病变边缘特征、早期强化模式及肿块最大径差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,病变形态、内部强化方式、延迟期时间-信号强度曲线类型差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 动态增强MRI显示的乳腺癌病灶位置及肿块大小、边缘特征、早期强化模式均与腋窝淋巴结转移有关。     

诊断超声在乳腺癌保乳术中的应用探讨

目的探讨诊断超声在乳腺癌患者选择保乳术,术后判断疗效中的价值。方法回顾性分析59例乳腺癌患者保乳术前超声和术后病例资料。超声测量肿瘤最大直径,观察新辅助化疗前后病灶大小、体积、血流的变化。超声预测腋窝淋巴结转移情况,并与术后病理、腋窝清扫结果进行对照分析。结果超声测量病灶最大径与病理实体测量有较好的一致性,相关系数为0．91;超声预测腋窝淋巴结转移准确率为84．8％（28／33）;超声观察部分病灶在新辅助化疗前后,其长径、体积及多普勒血流发生明显变化（P〈0．01）。结论诊断超声在乳腺癌保乳术前筛查、新辅助化疗效果观察中有一定意义。     

Sentinel lymph node dissection as a means of managing breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node dissection is a minimally invasive procedure designed to identify and remove specific lymph nodes suspected of containing metastatic cancer cells. First, a surgeon maps sentinel lymph nodes by tagging them with a radioisotope. He or she then uses a hand-held gamma probe intraoperatively to identify lymph nodes likely to contain metastases of primary lesions (e.g., cancers of the breast, prostate, and parathyroid; melanomas). Sentinel lymph node dissection is precise and considerably less traumatic for the patient than the traditional surgical treatment of complete lymph node dissection. This article discusses the use of sentinel lymph node dissection as a diagnostic tool and treatment for breast cancer.     

Pembrolizumab as a novel therapeutic option for patients with refractory thymic epithelial tumor: A case report

BACKGROUNDThymic epithelial carcinomas are rare and have a poor prognosis. Treatment of thymic epithelial carcinoma is multimodal and includes surgery, post-operative radiation therapy, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or exclusive chemotherapy based on disease resectability. However, there is currently no standard treatment regimen for metastatic and recurrent thymic carcinoma. CASE SUMMARYA 45-year-old Caucasian male, with no past medical history, presented with hepatalgia and a cervical mass. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed multiple suspect lesions in the lungs, liver, and anterior mediastinum associated with mediastinal and cervical adenopathy. CT-guided percutaneous biopsies of the liver lesions and anterior mediastinal mass were performed, confirming the histopathology of thymic epithelial carcinoma. Management consisted of several chemotherapy regimens and radiation therapy, administered between April 2016 and December 2018. The patient achieved complete metabolic response. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT performed in June 2019 showed disease relapse, with reappearance of a large hypermetabolic hepatic mass and involvement of mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes. Intravenous pembrolizumab (200 mg, every 3 wk) was administered after two prior systemic therapies. The patient’s response to treatment was last documented on March 5, 2020.CONCLUSIONPembrolizumab was successful in treatment of a patient with programmed death-ligand 1-negative metastatic thymic carcinoma, pretreated with chemotherapy.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗对前哨淋巴结活检的影响

随着近年来新辅助化疗在乳腺癌治疗领域中的应用,其在增加保乳率及肿瘤降期方面有着明显优势。乳腺癌新辅助化疗后,对前哨淋巴结的评估影响患者的后续治疗及预后,但是新辅助化疗前患者腋窝淋巴结临床状态影响患者最终治疗决策,且仍存在争议。本文对近年来国内外关于新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检方面的研究进展做一综述。     

超声及超声引导下穿刺活检评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效

目的分析乳腺癌新辅助化疗前后彩色多普勒超声特点及超声引导下穿刺活检病理结果,探讨超声对乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价的意义。方法超声检查并穿刺活检对60例进行新辅助化疗的乳腺癌患者乳腺原发灶、腋窝淋巴结进行观察分析。结果60例乳腺癌患者经新辅助化疗后超声检查显示乳腺原发灶长径比化疗前明显缩小、血流信号明显减少或消失。42例乳腺癌原发灶Ⅱ～Ⅲ级血流,22例降为0～Ⅰ级（P〈0．05）。48例淋巴结异常中,13例完全消失（P〈0．05）。9例乳腺原发灶和腋窝淋巴结病理检查未见癌细胞。结论乳腺癌新辅助化疗后乳腺原发灶、腋窝淋巴结大小、彩色多普勒血流、病理检查结果均发生了显著性变化,超声引导下穿刺活检为新辅助化疗提供了简便、安全的疗效评价手段。     

FNAB与CNB对浸润性乳腺癌的诊断价值比较

目的探索在浸润性乳腺癌的诊断过程中运用细针穿刺活检(FNAB)与空芯针穿刺活检(CNB)诊断价值的比较。方法对2015年11月至2016年11月在自贡市妇幼保健院进行诊断与治疗的100例初诊为乳腺癌患者进行穿刺活检研究,将进行FNAB的50例患者设为观察组,将进行CNB的50例患者设为对照组。以手术病理结果作为诊断金标准比较两种不同诊断方式对浸润性乳腺癌的诊断价值。术前、术后进行人表皮生长因子受体2(Her-2)、雌激素受体(ER)和孕激素受体(PR)检测。同时对比两组患者穿刺不良反应发生率。结果观察组患者共出现30例腋窝淋巴结转移,20例未见腋窝淋巴结转移,行FNAB腋窝淋巴结转移阳性病例为21例,敏感度为70.00%;对照组患者共出现29例腋窝淋巴结转移,21例未见腋窝淋巴结转移,行CNB腋窝淋巴结转移阳性病例为23例,敏感度为74.19%。观察组ER、PR、Her-2抗体与术后原发灶检测结果比较诊断符合率分别为93.55%、91.67%、92.86%,对照组分别为94.12%、92.31%、86.67%,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组穿刺后不良反应发生率(4.00%),高于对照组(0.00%)。结论在浸润性乳腺癌的诊断过程中,CNB的敏感度高于FNAB,同时两种诊断方法ER、PR、Her-2与术后原发灶检测结果均保持了较高的一致性,临床应根据患者实际情况选择合适的检查方式。     

探讨超声弹性成像参数与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移及Ki-67表达的相关性

目的 探讨乳腺癌病灶超声弹性成像(UE)中的硬度评分、UE图和二维超声(2D-US)图两种成像模式中的面积比与腋窝淋巴结转移及Ki-67表达有无相关性.方法 收集经病理组织学证实的乳腺癌患者60例,共60个病灶.对所有患者手术前均行常规超声及UE检查,判断病灶硬度评分,分别测量病灶在UE图与2D-US中的面积,系统软件自动计算面积比值.术后采用免疫组织化学方法测定Ki-67的表达.分析乳腺癌病灶的UE硬度评分、UE图和2D-US图两种成像模式中的面积比与腋窝淋巴结转移及Ki-67表达的相关性.结果 乳腺癌病灶UE硬度评分与腋窝淋巴结转移和Ki-67表达均无相关性(P均＞0.05).乳腺癌病灶在UE与2D-US两种不同成像模式中测量的面积比与腋窝淋巴结转移无相关性(P＞0.05),与Ki-67表达呈正相关(r=0.368,P=0.004).结论 UE硬度评分不能作为乳腺癌预后判断的指标.UE与2D-US两种不同成像模式测量的乳腺癌病灶面积比不能预示乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结的转移情况,但有助于了解乳腺癌患者癌细胞增殖情况和判断患者预后.     

Five Cases of Axillary Lymph Node Metastatic Breast Cancer on Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography

This study was performed to determine the importance of contrast‐enhanced sonography for axillary lymph node metastatic breast cancer. Contrast‐enhanced sonographic findings in 5 patients with breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis are discussed, and imaging‐pathologic correlations are also presented in 3 cases. In all 5 cases, lymph nodes showed a perfusion defect in the late phase. Rapid arterial enhancement and wash‐out were observed in 2 cases in which we performed second injections. Contrast‐enhanced sonography may be effective for identifying metastatic lesions in lymph nodes, especially in the early stages.     

T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma with extensive thrombi and cardiac thrombosis: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDT-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), a neoplasm of immature T-cell precursors or lymphoblasts, is a clinically aggressive disease. In general, patients with T-LBL have a poor prognosis and often have high-risk clinical features, such as mediastinal masses, central nervous system infiltration, or other indications of high tumor burden; however, extensive thrombi are not common.CASE SUMMARYA 27-year-old woman presented to the Department of General Surgery with cervical lymph node enlargement accompanied by cough, wheezing, and palpitation for 3 mo. A complete blood count showed a white blood cell count of 1.6 × 10⁹/L, a hemoglobin concentration of 135 g/L, and a platelet count of 175 × 10⁹/L. A biopsy sample of the lymph node mass indicated T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, and the bone marrow immunophenotype indicated early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL). Abdominal and chest enhanced computed tomography showed thrombi in the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right hepatic vein, azygos vein, and right atrium. The ultrasonic cardiogram showed a thrombus in the right atrium of 5.23 cm × 4.21 cm. The patient was first treated with low-dose dexamethasone and low-molecular-weight heparin followed by 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Then, the ultrasonic cardiogram showed that thrombus in the right atrium had disappeared and the patient had achieved complete cytological remission. The maintenance therapy of the patient included chidamide 30 mg/wk, and she survived for 6 mo.CONCLUSIONThe incidence of venous thromboembolism is high in lymphoma; however, extensive thrombi with heart thrombosis is rare. Chemotherapy is the major method of treatment for lymphoma with thrombosis. We successfully treated a patient with T-LBL complicated by extensive thrombi, including a large right atrial thrombus, with combined chemotherapy containing liposomal doxorubicin, and the patient achieved complete remission. Maintenance therapy with chidamide was also effective.     

超声靶向钩针固定引导手术切除活检乳腺隐匿性病灶的应用价值

目的探讨超声引导下钩针穿刺定位对引导手术切除活检乳腺隐匿性病灶的应用价值。方法超声引导下对乳腺及腋窝隐匿性病灶进行经皮穿刺钩针固定,随后外科手术切除活检,统计分析病灶良恶性、病理类型、超声检查对隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断效率、病灶完全切除率等。结果切除的61个隐匿性病灶中,恶性病灶16个(26.2%),良性病灶45个(73.8%);病灶的完整切除率100%;超声检查对隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断敏感性93.8%,特异性91.1%。结论超声靶向钩针固定技术可以精确定位乳腺隐匿性病灶,协助手术医生以较小范围完整切除病灶,利于乳腺癌的早期诊断和治疗。     

超声造影诊断乳腺癌不同分子分型腋窝淋巴结转移的价值

目的 探讨CEUS对乳腺癌不同分子分型腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断价值。 方法 对女性乳腺癌患者89例,术前于肿瘤周围皮下注射超声造影剂,探查前哨淋巴结并标记,与术后免疫组织化学分子分型结果进行对照。 结果 乳腺癌Luminal B型腋窝淋巴结转移率最高(69.57%),其次为HER-2型(55.00%)和三阴型(42.86%),Luminal A型转移率最低(28.00%)。CEUS判断腋窝淋巴结转移的敏感度为84.09%(37/44),特异度为86.67%(39/45)。 结论 CEUS对于诊断乳腺癌不同分子分型腋窝淋巴结转移具有一定价值。     

Kodama改良根治术在乳腺癌新辅助化疗后的应用

目的:探讨在新辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者中,Kodama改良根治术应用的可行性。方法:对2002-2007年间65例新辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者分别行Halsted根治术(HRM组)和Kodama改良根治术(KMRM组),比较分析治疗效果。结果:两组清扫腋窝淋巴结总数及阳性淋巴结数差异无显著性,术后上肢水肿差异有显著性,5年生存率差异无显著性。结论:Kodama改良根治术远期治疗效果等同于Halsted根治术,且并发症较少。     

Correlation between Ultrasound Appearance of Small Breast Cancer and Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis

To study the correlation of ultrasonographic signs of small breast cancer (maximum diameter ≤2.0?cm) with axillary lymph node metastasis, pre-operative ultrasonographic images of 153 small breast malignant neoplasms in 143 breast cancer patients were analyzed according to their pathologic features. Of the small breast tumors included, 47 showed axillary lymph node metastasis. Diagnosis of all patients was obtained with radical axillary surgery or a sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure. Ultrasonographic signs included irregular shape, microlobulated contour, spiculation, microcalcification, posterior echo attenuation, blood-flow grade, perforating vessels, changes in fascia or cooper's ligament and maximum cortical thickness of lymph nodes. The relationship between ultrasonographic features and axillary lymph node metastasis was analyzed using a chi-square test for univariate distributions and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. A logistic regression model was established by taking the pathologic diagnosis of lymph node metastasis as the dependent variable and the ultrasonographic signs of each small breast cancer as independent variables. In small breast cancer, characteristics such as perforating vessels and maximum cortical thickness of lymph nodes >3.0?mm correlated well with axillary lymph node metastasis as determined by univariate analysis (χ²?=?13.945, 51.276, respectively, p?<0.05) and multivariate analysis (OR?=?48.783, 46.754, respectively, p?<0.05).     

Axillary Pathologic Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Clinically Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients: A Predictive Model Integrating the Imaging Characteristics of Ultrasound Restaging with Known Clinicopathologic Characteristics

The goal of this study was to evaluate various clinicopathologic and imaging characteristics as independent predictors of axillary pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and to determine the added value of a model that integrates imaging characteristics of ultrasound (US) restaging with known clinicopathologic characteristics. A total of 227 clinically node-positive breast cancer patients underwent axillary US after NAC (termed US restaging) before surgery. We constructed a clinicopathologic model with independent predictors of clinicopathologic characteristics in multivariate analyses. A combined model was created by integrating imaging characteristics with clinicopathologic characteristics. The predictive values of the models were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Of the 227 patients, 106 (46.7%) achieved axillary pCR. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher histologic grades (odds ratio [OR]?=?4.21 and 10.11 for moderate and high grade, respectively), negative hormonal receptor status (OR?=?2.88), smaller (≤1.5 cm) residual tumor size (OR?=?2.83), absence of fatty hilum loss (OR?=?14.06) and absence of eccentric cortical thickening of the axillary lymph node (OR?=?4.42) were independently associated with the axillary pCR (all p values < 0.05). Integrating the imaging characteristics of the US restaging significantly increased the predictive capability of the model that applied only the clinicopathologic characteristics (c-index, 0.783 vs. 0.657; p < 0.001). Imaging characteristics of the US restaging were independently associated with axillary pCR after NAC and they significantly improved the predictive capability of the model that used only the clinicopathologic characteristics.     

磁共振间质淋巴造影诊断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移

目的 探讨MR间质淋巴造影诊断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的价值。方法 对36例浸润性乳腺癌患者于术前行MR间质淋巴造影检查,观察前哨淋巴结（SLN）、乳腺引流淋巴管情况;术中在美蓝引导下行SLN活检;根据活检结果评价MR间质淋巴造影显示 SLN的效果及诊断腋窝淋巴结转移敏感度、特异度及准确率。结果 MR间质淋巴造影显示每例患者SLN平均（1.33±0.53）枚,美蓝为示踪剂显示SLN 平均（1.19±0.47）枚,差异无统计学意义（t=1.711,P=0.096）。MR间质淋巴造影判断淋巴结转移阳性10例,术后病理结果全部为淋巴结转移;淋巴造影阴性25例,24例术后病理结果未见转移,1例为假阴性。MR间质淋巴造影诊断乳腺癌患者淋巴转移的敏感度为90.91%（10/11）,特异度为100%（24/24）,准确率为97.14%（34/35）。结论 MR间质淋巴造影能有效、可靠地显示乳腺癌引流区域淋巴管、淋巴结并判断良恶性,具有较好发展前景。