丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、麻黄碱在胃镜检查中的应用

目的观察丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、麻黄碱配合应用于胃镜检查时对循环、呼吸功能及麻醉效应的影响。方法患者120例，随机分为3组，A组单用丙泊酚；B组合用丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼；C组合用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼及麻黄碱。观察患者药物用量、苏醒时睁眼、对答和自行离去时间、循环呼吸功能及不良反应。结果B、C组丙泊酚用量比A组明显减少（P〈0．05），呼之睁眼及自如对答时间比A组缩短（P〈0．05），而C组患者自行离开时间要短于A、B两组（P〈0．05）；A、B两组患者用药后及呼之睁眼时MAP均较检查前明显降低、HR减慢（P〈0．05），而C组患者检查前、用药后及呼之睁眼时MAP和HR均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）；3组患者用药后及呼之睁眼时RR均减慢，SpO2降低（P〈0．05）；B、C组的注射部位疼痛及检查时肢体活动发生率比A组显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼伍用于丙泊酚可减少丙泊酚用量，降低注射部位疼痛及检查时肢体活动发生率，但并不减轻对循环呼吸的抑制作用；丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、麻黄碱伍用则既能减少丙泊酚用量，循环功能亦较稳定，但不能减轻对呼吸的抑制作用。     

艾司洛尔复合丙泊酚对高血压患者胃镜检查术中应激反应预防作用的临床研究简

目的观察艾司洛尔复合丙泊酚对高血压患者胃镜检查术中应激反应的预防效果。方法择期行无痛胃镜检查术的高血压、AsAⅡ级患者150例,随机分为3组,A组单纯静脉注射丙泊酚2．0mg／kg;B组静脉注射艾司洛尔0．25mg／kg和丙泊酚2．0mg／ks;C组静脉注射艾司洛尔0．5mg／kg、和丙泊酚2．0mg／kg。记录麻醉前、置入胃镜后1min、3min、5min、检查结束时的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO,的变化;记录诱导时间、胃镜操作时间、苏醒时间、离院时间和丙泊酚总用量;记录并观察呼吸抑制、低血压、心动过缓等不良反应;于给药前、检查后1min、3min、5min抽取外周静脉血检测血清儿茶酚胺。结果A组在置入胃镜后1min、3minSBP和DBP显著升高（P〈0．05）,HR在置入胃镜1min后心率明显升高（P〈0．05）,3min后恢复正常;B组置入胃镜后1minSBP和DBP显著升高（P〈0．05）,3min、5min时与给药前无明显差异,HR在置入胃镜后1min、3min、5min明显减少（P〈0．05）;C组置入胃镜1min、3min、5min后SBP、DBP和HR较给药前和对应时间点的A组、B组的参数明显降低（P〈0．05）。C组的丙泊酚需求量明显少于A组（P〈0．05）。B组和c组的低氧血症发生率明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。C组的血流动力学最稳定,B组和C组不良反应不良反应发生率明显少于A组,尤其是基本消除了呼吸抑制。结论艾司洛尔的应用能有效消除胃镜检查术的应激反应,尤以艾司洛尔0．5mg／kg和丙泊酚2．0mg／kg配伍不良反应最少,更安全,更适合无痛胃镜检查术。     

心理干预对胃镜检查患者的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对胃镜检查患者的影响。方法：将140例胃镜检查患者随机分为干预组和对照组各70例,干预组检查前1周内,从认知、支持、情绪、行为等方面对患者进行心理干预;对照组不进行心理干预。于检查前应用焦虑自评量表对两组患者焦虑情况进行调查,并对两组患者镜检前的焦虑情况、血压、心率、镜检成功率和患者对护理服务的满意度等方面进行比较。结果：检查前两组患者焦虑自评量表评分、收缩压、心率比较,干预组显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;镜检成功率相比,干预组高于对照组（P〈0.01）;患者对护理服务的满意度相比,干预组高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：胃镜检查前进行心理干预,可降低各种负性情绪对患者的不良影响,减轻患者的焦虑情绪和镜检时的不良反应,提高镜检成功率,并能促进护患沟通,提高患者对护理服务的满意度。     

预吸氧辅以鼻咽通气管预防肥胖患者行无痛宫腔镜术中低氧血症的价值

目的 探讨术前采用预吸氧辅以术中放置鼻咽通气管,对行无痛宫腔镜术肥胖患者低氧血症的预防作用.方法 选取2017年1~6月在该院行无痛宫腔镜检查的90例肥胖患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组各45例.对照组采用常规鼻导管吸氧方法,实验组采用术前3~5min面罩预吸氧,术中放置鼻咽通气管的方法,比较两组患者检查过程中不同时间点血氧饱和度(SpO2)变化、低氧血症及呼吸抑制情况.结果 实验组与对照组检查前、中、后SpO2差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);实验组和对照组术中舌后坠、低氧血症、呼吸暂停、苏醒延迟发生率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 肥胖患者行无痛宫腔镜术前采用面罩预吸氧3~5min,可有效提高机体氧储备能力,放置鼻咽通气管可维持呼吸道通畅,降低发生低氧血症的风险,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

预吸氧对肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中低氧血症的预防作用

目的探讨预吸氧对肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中低氧血症的预防作用。方法将182例体质量指数（BMI）≥30k／H12的无痛胃镜检查患者随机分为观察组及对照组,每组9l例。观察组于麻醉开始前给予面罩吸氧,对照组不给予预吸氧,进行自然呼吸。比较2组吸氧前、麻醉给药前即刻、胃镜检查30S和60s、胃镜检查结束即刻、苏醒后血氧饱和度（Sp02）、平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）的变化,检查过程中sp02各下降区间的例数,以及胃镜检查时间和丙泊酚用药总量。结果观察组麻醉给药前即刻、胃镜检查开始后30S和60s时,Sp02水平显著高于对照组;观察组Sp02〈90％的比例显著低于对照组,且胃镜检查时间显著短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。结论肥胖患者行无痛胃镜检查前采用面罩预吸氧的方式,可有效提高机体氧储备能力,减轻和预防静脉麻醉引起的呼吸抑制,降低发生低氧血症的风险,缩短胃镜检查时间,且对HR、血压等无显著影响。     

Comparison of two different oxygen delivery methods in the early postoperative period: randomized trial

Title.  Comparison of two different oxygen delivery methods in the early postoperative period: randomized trial.
Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to compare the effects of two different oxygen delivery methods on both patient peripheral oxygen saturation and patient satisfaction.
Background.  One of the most serious problems encountered in the early postoperative period is hypoxemia. Giving oxygen to patients in the perioperative period reduces the incidence of hypoxemia. Oxygen is generally delivered to patients through oxygen masks or nasal cannulae. Previous studies have shown that face masks and nasal cannulae are effective in the early postoperative period.
Method.  A randomized trial was conducted between 2007 and 2008 with patients undergoing thyroidectomy. In the early postoperative period, 5 L/minute of oxygen was given to patients via an oxygen mask ( n  = 53) or nasal cannulae ( n  = 53). Peripheral oxygen saturation were measured by pulse oxymeter every 5 minutes for a 30-minute period. The Postoperative Nausea Vomiting Scale was used and patient satisfaction was evaluated using a 10-point scale.
Results.  Average peripheral oxygen saturation for the nasal cannulae group was statistically significant higher than that in the mask group. This difference arose from more frequent removal of the oxygen mask than the nasal cannulae by patients and healthcare professionals. Average satisfaction scores for patients in the nasal cannulae group were statistically significantly higher than those in the mask group.
Conclusion.  During the early postoperative period, using nasal cannulae for patients undergoing thyroidectomy increases oxygenation.     

不同氧流量影响外科患者氧气雾化吸入效果的研究

目的探讨不同流量的氧气雾化吸入对外科术后患者辅助治疗的效果。方法对90例外科术后行氧驱动雾化吸入的患者进行实验观察,患者随机分为3组,每组30例,3组均行氧气雾化吸入1周,3次/d,15 min/次。各组雾化吸入时氧气驱动的流量分别是≤4 L、6 L、≥8 L,比较3组患者雾化时心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度、主观感觉以及雾化后首次排痰量、肺部痰鸣音消失时间和住院时间。结果 3组间雾化吸入时的心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度、氧流量等4个指标差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。对雾化吸入后的首次排痰量、肺部痰鸣音消失时间、住院时间等3个指标差异有统计学意义,P<0.01或P<0.05。结论氧流量稳定在6 L/min时,雾量适中、吸入合理,患者接受程度高,能达到氧气雾化吸入治疗最佳效果。     

右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼与异丙酚用于肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查的临床价值

目的探讨右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼与异丙酚用于肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查的临床应用效果和安全性。方法将拟行无痛胃镜检查的136例肥胖患者随机分为观察组（以右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼和异丙酚为麻醉方案）与对照组（以舒芬太尼复合异丙酚为麻醉方案）,每组各68例。观察组男37例,女31例,年龄44.6±8.5岁;对照组男39例,女29例,年龄43.2±6.8岁。比较两组麻醉效果、诱导时间、检查时间、苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间及异丙酚用量。观察两组患者麻醉诱导前（T₀）、入镜时（T₁）、镜体至会厌水平时（T₂）、术毕时（T₃）、术毕后5 min（T₄）等时间点平均动脉压、心率、呼吸频率的变化。检测两组T₀、T₄时皮质醇、去甲肾上腺素等应激指标浓度水平,记录围术期不良反应,并调查内镜医师、麻醉医师及患者满意度。结果观察组麻醉优良率为92.65%,高于对照组的72.06%（P<0.05）。观察组诱导时间、苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间短于对照组（P<0.05）,异丙酚用量低于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组T₁、T₂、T₃ 时平均动脉压、心率、呼吸频率的变化程度大于观察组（P<0.05）。与T₀时比较,两组T₄时皮质醇、去甲肾上腺素水平增高,但观察组增加程度低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组体动、呛咳、呼吸抑制、低血压的发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的内镜医师满意度、麻醉医师满意度及患者满意度高于对照组。结论右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼与异丙酚用于肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查,麻醉效果好,患者术中生命体征稳定,不良反应少。     

两种不同雾化方式对老年患者术后血氧含量影响的研究

目的探讨两种不同雾化方式对老年患者插管全麻术后血氧含量的影响,从而选择最佳的雾化方式,防止术后肺部感染等并发症。方法采用自身对照研究,患者分别采用A、B两种不同雾化方式。A方式采用电动超声雾化吸入;B方式采用高频有氧射流雾化吸入,动态记录两组雾化吸入前、后的血氧饱和度变化及测定其血气分析的变化。结果两种雾化方式血气分析比较,在PO2、STO2、SPO2、pH方面P<0.05,差异有显著性意义。结论采用高频有氧射流雾化吸入可有效提高患者的血氧饱和度和PO2,减少老年患者术后肺及心脑血管并发症的发生。     

A randomized controlled trial of supplemental oxygen versus air in cancer patients with dyspnea

CONTEXT: The symptomatic benefits of oxygen in patients with cancer who have nonhypoxic dyspnea are not well defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not oxygen is more effective than air in decreasing dyspnea and fatigue and increasing distance walked during a 6-minute walk test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced cancer who had no severe hypoxemia (i.e., had an O2 saturation level of > or = 90%) at rest and had a dyspnea intensity of > or = 3 on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no shortness of breath, 10 = worst imaginable shortness of breath) were recruited from an outpatient thoracic clinic at a comprehensive cancer center. This was a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Supplemental oxygen or air (5 L/min) was administered via nasal cannula during a 6-minute walk test. The outcome measures were dyspnea at 3 and 6 minutes, fatigue at 6 minutes, and distance walked. We also measured oxygen saturation levels at baseline, before second treatment phase, and at the end of study. RESULTS: In 33 evaluable patients (31 with lung cancer), no significant differences between treatment groups were observed in dyspnea, fatigue, or distance walked (dyspnea at 3 minutes: P = 0.61; dyspnea, fatigue, and distance walked at 6 minutes: P = 0.81, 0.37, and 0.23, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, the routine use of supplemental oxygen for dyspnea during exercise in this patient population cannot be recommended.     

Prospective comparison of clinical prognostic scores in elder patients with a pulmonary embolism

Summary. Background: The Geneva Prognostic Score (GPS), the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) and its simplified version (sPESI) are well‐known clinical prognostic scores for a pulmonary embolism (PE). Objectives: To compare the prognostic performance of these scores in elderly patients with a PE. Patients and methods: In a multicenter Swiss cohort of elderly patients with venous thromboembolism, we prospectively studied 449 patients aged ≥ 65 years with a symptomatic PE. The outcome was 30‐day overall mortality. We dichotomized patients as low vs. higher risk in all three scores using the following thresholds: GPS scores ≤ 2 vs. > 2, PESI risk classes I–II vs. III–V and sPESI scores 0 vs. ≥ 1. We compared 30‐day mortality in low‐ vs. higher‐risk patients and the areas under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results: Overall, 3.8% of patients (17/449) died within 30 days. The GPS classified a greater proportion of patients as low risk (92% [413/449]) than the PESI (36.3% [163/449]) and the sPESI (39.6% [178/449]) (P < 0.001 for each comparison). Low‐risk patients based on the sPESI had a mortality of 0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–2.1%) compared with 0.6% (95% CI 0–3.4%) for low‐risk patients based on the PESI and 3.4% (95% CI 1.9–5.6%) for low‐risk patients based on the GPS. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.77 (95% CI 0.72–0.81), 0.76 (95% CI 0.72–0.80) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.66–0.75), respectively (P = 0.47). Conclusions: In this cohort of elderly patients with PE, the GPS identified a higher proportion of patients as low risk but the PESI and sPESI were more accurate in predicting mortality.     

气管切开患者两种不同吸氧方式的比较和护理

目的　探讨降低气管切开患者吸氧时吸氧管的污染、肺部感染率及气管套管堵塞率等问题的方法。方法　采用气管切开人工鼻吸氧与吸氧管吸氧进行血气分析、气管套管堵塞、肺部感染三方面比较。结果　采用气管切开人工鼻吸氧组与吸氧管吸氧组比较 ,血气分析 ,P >0 0 5 ,无统计学意义 ;气管套管堵塞 ,P <0 0 5 ,差异有显著意义 ;肺部感染 ,P <0 0 5 ,差异有显著意义。结论　人工鼻吸氧不仅解决了气道湿化、加温的问题 ,降低感染率及气管套管的堵塞 ,还大大减轻了临床护士的工作量     

丙泊酚持续镇静在连续性静-静脉血液透析滤过患者中的应用

目的 观察丙泊酚持续镇静在连续性静-静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)患者中的疗效.方法 回顾性分析海南医学院附属医院急诊重症监护病房(ICU)2009年4月至2011年6月使用丙泊酚持续镇静的74例患者的临床疗效,其中并发急性肾功能不全需要进行CVVHDF者26例,其他不需进行CVVHDF的危重患者48例,对比分析两组患者丙泊酚的持续给药时间、药物总剂量、清除率及苏醒时间;同时监测26例行CVVHDF治疗者回路流人侧和流出侧的丙泊酚血药浓度.结果 与非CVVHDF组比较,CVVHDF组丙泊酚持续镇静需要更长的给药时间(h:298.37±28.73比173.44±17.27,P＜0.05)和更大的给药剂量(g:35.89±0.76比21.82±0.62,P＜0.05);而CVVHDF组和非CVVHDF组丙泊酚持续给药后2、6、24 h的药物清除率(ml/min,2 h:13.85±1.15比14.41±1.21,6 h:5.92±0.52比6.32±0.59,24 h:4.75±0.41比5.33±0.45)及苏醒时间(min:8.89±1.46比8.47±1.37)比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).26例CVVHDF患者给予丙泊酚持续镇静后CVVHDF回路流入侧和流出侧的丙泊酚血药浓度无明显变化.结论 与非CVVHDF患者相比,CVVHDF患者使用丙泊酚时需要更大的给药剂量和更长的持续给药时间才能维持其良好的镇静作用,但两组对丙泊酚的清除率相同,都能够维持稳定的血药浓度,不会影响患者苏醒,且无并发症发生.     

吗啡-咪达唑仑与普鲁泊福、咪达唑仑在机械通气患者镇静中的成本-效果分析

目的 评价吗啡-咪达唑仑与普鲁泊福、咪达唑仑在机械通气患者镇静中的疗效及成本-效果.方法 93例需要机械通气患者随机分为3组:普鲁泊福组:首剂1 mg/kg,维持剂量1 mg/(kg·h).吗啡-咪达唑仑组:吗啡首剂0.05 mg/kg,维持剂量0.05 ms/(kg·h);咪达唑仑首剂0.15 mg/kg,维持剂量0.05 mg/(kg·h).咪达唑仑组:首剂0.15 mg/kg,维持剂量0.05 mg/(kg·h).根据Ramsay镇静评分逐渐增加镇静药物剂量.记录镇静时间、停药至拔管时间、镇静费用及低血压发生率.结果 咪达唑仑组停镇静药至拔管时间为(6.0±2.4)h,长于普鲁泊福组的(4.6±1.7)h(P<0.01).吗啡-咪达唑仑停镇静药至拔管时间(5.6±2.7)h与普鲁泊福组(4.6±1.7)h差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).吗啡-咪达唑仑组镇静费用(101.7±20.4)元低于咪达唑仑组(127.7±21.3)元(P<0.05)及普鲁泊福组(199.7±65.9)元(P<0.01),咪达唑仑组及吗啡-咪达唑仑组低血压发生率低于普鲁泊福组[分别为3.2%(1/31)、9.7%(3/31)、35.4%(11/31),P<0.05,P<0.01].结论 吗啡-咪达唑仑在机械通气患者镇静中较普鲁泊福及咪达唑仑更安全、经济,值得临床推广使用.     

不同给氧方法在脑肿瘤术后气管切开患者氧疗中的应用

目的探讨脑肿瘤术后气管切开患者氧疗中实施不同给氧方法的效果。方法选取脑肿瘤术后气管切开患者60例,按照随机数字法分为鼻导管组、人工鼻组、面罩组各20例,分别实施鼻导管吸氧、人工鼻吸氧及面罩法吸氧。观察3组患者氧疗前、氧疗1 h、氧疗24 h时的血氧饱和度、痰液黏稠度(Ⅲ度)以及并发症(肺部感染与切口感染)发生情况并进行统计学分析。结果 3组患者在吸氧1 h、吸氧24 h时的血氧饱和度均比吸氧前有显著提高(P0.05),但面罩组提高幅度显著更高(P0.05);鼻导管组与面罩组吸氧1 h、吸氧24 h时的痰液黏稠(Ⅲ度)率相比吸氧前显著下降(P0.05),优于人工鼻组(P0.05);面罩组与人工鼻组的肺部感染与切口处感染发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),均显著低于鼻导管组(P0.05)。结论面罩吸氧应用在脑肿瘤术后气管切开患者中有良好效果,不仅可快速平稳改善血氧饱和度,而且能降低痰液黏稠度以及肺部感染与切口感染的发生率,值得借鉴。     

A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of the effect of oxygen on dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer

Dyspnea is a common symptom in palliative care. Despite this, there is uncertainty regarding the role of oxygen to treat the symptom in patients with advanced illness. This randomized, double-blind, crossover trial examined the effect of oxygen versus air on the relief of dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer. Following the blinded administration of air and oxygen via nasal prongs, 51 patients rated dyspnea and indicated preferences for the blinded treatments. On average, patients improved symptomatically with both air and oxygen, and there were no significant differences between the treatments. The subgroup of 17 hypoxic patients overall did not demonstrate a significant difference between air and oxygen, despite having improved oxygen saturations when administered oxygen. Hypoxia was corrected in 13 of 17 patients using the treatment dose of 4 L/min of oxygen. The experience of dyspnea is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon, with oxygen tension not correlating with the subjective experience. The administration of either air or oxygen via nasal prongs on average confers improvement of the symptom.     

老年病人氧疗的护理现状

介绍了老年病人氧疗的护理现状，合理氧疗可有效提高老年病人的生活质量，改善病人的神经精神症状，提高运动能力和耐受性．缩短住院时间。