聊城市5起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学分析

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,为制定疫情防控策略和措施提供科学依据。 方法 于2020年1月24日—2月11日在聊城市应用现场流行病学方法调查5起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情所涉及的41例确诊病例及无症状感染者, 对相关标本采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行核酸检测。 结果 5起聚集性疫情的首发病例续发率为2.78%~50.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=21.57,P<0.01);家庭聚集性疫情涉及32例、10户家庭(族),公共场所聚集性疫情涉及16例、2个场所。一、二、三代病例分别有5、22、12例,传染率分别为100.00%、18.18%、0.00%。4例病例的潜伏期为5~10 d,中位数为7.5 d;聚集性疫情中存在潜伏期传播。有疫区旅行史或居住史者4例(9.76%),与潜伏期病例或确诊病例有密切接触、频繁交谈等有30例(73.17%),暴露于高浓度气溶胶4例(9.76%),未知感染来源3例(7.32%)。 结论 新冠病毒极易引起聚集性疫情,控制本地的聚集性疫情是防控工作的重点;新冠病毒可以通过高浓度气溶胶传播;病例在潜伏期具有感染性。     

黑龙江省新型冠状病毒肺炎本土相关疫情流行特征

目的 描述黑龙江省新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）本土相关疫情的流行状况及特点,为黑龙江省新冠肺炎防控策略提供参考依据。方法 新冠肺炎个案调查、聚集性疫情调查资料来源于中国CDC全国传染病报告信息管理系统和突发公共卫生事件报告管理信息系统。采用Excel 2010和SPSS 23.0软件整理数据与统计学分析,描述人群、时间及地区分布特征。结果 2020年1月22日黑龙江省报告首例新冠肺炎确诊病例,截至2020年3月11日,13个城市累计报告境内病例482例,发病率为1.28/10万,病死率为2.70%（13/482）。其中聚集性疫情81起,确诊病例数占总确诊病例的79.25%（382/482）,死亡12例;家庭聚集70起（86.42%,70/81）。与散发病例相比,聚集性疫情尤其是家庭聚集性病例中,病死率、≥60岁老年人与重/危重型的比例均较高,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。涉及病例≥5例的聚集性疫情占41.98%（34/81）,涉及病例数占聚集性病例的68.31%（261/382）,涉及6~9例病例数的聚集性疫情中,年龄≥65岁者的比例较多（26.53%,39/147）。结论 黑龙江省新冠肺炎的发病率较高,前期疫情较为严重;聚集性疫情尤其是家庭聚集涉及病例数较多。     

连云港市11起新冠肺炎家庭聚集性疫情分析

目的 了解连云港市新冠肺炎家庭聚集性疫情特征.方法 采用描述流行病学方法,对连云港市2020年发生的11起新冠肺炎家庭聚集性疫情流行病学特征进行回顾性描述,计算代际间隔和家庭续发率.结果 截至2020年11月,连云港市共报告11起新冠肺炎家庭聚集性疫情,均发生在1-2月,共涉及18例确诊病例和11例无症状感染者.每起家...     

中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公告（2020年第1号）

目的了解江西省上饶市新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称“新冠肺炎”）确诊病例的流行病学特征,为制定防控策略提供参考。方法结合流行病学调查和实验室检测数据,分析上饶市123例新冠肺炎确诊病例的时间、性别、年龄、职业、地区分布及感染源等流行病学特征。结果123例新冠肺炎确诊病例中,输入性病例34例,本地续发病例89例。男女性别比为1.32∶1,平均病程为（18.4±4.4） d,发病到确诊报告的时间间隔中位数为5 d。发生聚集性疫情19起,其中家庭聚集性疫情占89.5%,77.3%的聚集性病例发生在家庭。临床分型以普通型为主,感染源主要是重点地区返乡人员或确诊病例。结论做好重点地区、重点人群的健康管理,对密切接触者严格隔离是控制疫情扩散的主要措施。     

扬州市6起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情的流行病学特征分析

目的分析扬州市新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的流行病学特征。方法收集扬州市报告的新冠肺炎聚集性疫情资料,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2020年1月23日—2月29日,扬州市共报告6起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情,共有病例26例;家庭聚集性疫情报告4起。一代病例8例,二代病例18例;一代病例中6例发病前14d内有武汉旅居史。结论及时发现新冠肺炎病例,实施隔离,防止二代传播,对新冠肺炎疫情的防控工作具有重要意义。     

泸州市1起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学调查分析

目的 通过对一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的流行病学调查分析,探索新冠肺炎的发病原因和传播途径,为制定疫情防控策略和措施提供依据. 方法 对泸州市一起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情的流行病学调查资料、实验室检测结果以及疫情处理情况进行描述性流行病学分析. 结果 本起聚集性疫情确诊病例9例,男性6名,女性3名,主要为...     

湘潭市5起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查分析

目的 对湘潭市5起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情开展流行病学调查,分析病例的感染来源,并探讨其传播模式,提出针对性预防控制建议。 方法 应用现场流行病学方法调查病例及其密切接触者,描述流行特征,采集患者鼻咽拭子,利用反转录聚合酶链式反应技术进行病毒核酸检测。 结果 截至2020年3月5日,湘潭市累计报告42例新冠肺炎病例(其中6例为无症状感染者),重症及危重症病例8例。涉及5起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情,共发病19人(包括无症状感染者),占总病例数45.24%;其中4起因武汉返湘潭(简称潭)人员引起,1起因本地病例引起;男性8例、女性11例,年龄为1岁3月～84岁;临床表现出现咳嗽症状比例最高(占70.59%),病例从发病到就诊隔离间隔时间在0～10 d之间,中位数为2 d,发病时已住院隔离观察的病例占比最高为42.11%(8/19),从就诊隔离到确诊的间隔时间在0～7 d 之间,中位数为2 d。 结论 新型冠状病毒具有极强的传染性和隐匿性,人员密集、聚餐/会、家庭内传播是聚集性疫情的高危因素,应做好重点场所、重点人群新冠肺炎疫情防控工作,减少聚集性疫情的发生。     

重庆市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎家庭聚集性疫情调查分析

目的分析重庆市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎家庭聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,分析病例的感染来源,探讨其传播模式。方法于2020年2月1日至2月16日在重庆市奉节县应用现场流行病学方法调查7例确诊病例、1例无症状感染者及其密切接触者,采用RT-PCR对采集的相关标本进行新冠肺炎病毒检测。结果 7例病例及1例无症状感染者来自三个家庭,其中一个家庭为武汉常住人员,返奉后三个家庭多次聚集;123名密切接触者中,确诊病例5例,病原筛查出无症状感染者1例,三个家庭内部的感染率为72.7%,其余密切接触者无异常。结论本起疫情系一起输入性引起密切接触者发生感染的家庭聚集性疫情,证实了新冠肺炎人传人的传播模式,飞沫传播和密切接触是主要传播方式,可能存在潜在的遗传易感性。     

2021年宁波市一起新型冠状病毒Delta变异株本土聚集性疫情流行特征分析

目的 分析宁波市一起新型冠状（新冠）病毒Delta变异株本土聚集性疫情流行特征,为完善新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情防控政策提供参考依据。方法 通过制定病例定义,开展病例搜索,对发现的病例开展现场流行病学调查,采集相关标本开展病原学检测,运用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 本起疫情累计报告74例确诊病例,病例以轻型为主,占87.84%（65/74）,无重型和危重型。流行曲线呈人传人传播模式,据流行病学调查显示,本起疫情至少传播6代。病例年龄范围为2~80岁,其中≥60岁占27.03%（20/74）。职业分布中以工人占55.41%（41/74）和家务/待业占27.03%（20/74）为主,疫情局限,未发生病例外溢。病例间流行病学关联明确,传播链清晰。基因测序结果证实为新冠病毒Delta变异株,与浙江省外输入关联疫情高度同源。结论 本起疫情为一起浙江省外输入COVID-19确诊病例引起的本土聚集性疫情,通过生活、工作接触导致社区传播扩散。     

一起高速公路服务区新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性暴发疫情分析

目的通过对一起高速公路服务区工作人员新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19,简称"新冠肺炎")聚集性暴发疫情的分析,以掌握疫情防控中存在问题,为制定应对措施提供依据。方法对该起疫情进行流行病学调查,采用描述流行病学方法对病例进行分析,并溯源传染源及传播链。结果该高速公路服务区共有5例新冠肺炎确诊病例,1例新冠肺炎核酸检测阳性的无症状感染者,为因密切接触导致的人际传播聚集性疫情。结论该高速公路服务区新冠肺炎的疫情防控工作存在失责,应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

Impact of food pantry donations on diet of a low-income population

Objective: This cross-sectional study assessed the effect of food donations on total nutrient intake of clients of a food pantry in Central Texas.

Methods: Nutrient intakes of total, base and food donation diets were estimated for 112 food pantry recipients using specific questionnaires; and then compared to the dietary reference intakes (DRI) and 2015–2020?US Dietary Guidelines.

Results: Food donations accounted for more than half of the client’s daily intake of energy, carbohydrates, vitamin B₆, phosphorus, copper and selenium. Yet, daily total intake remained less than their DRIs for carbohydrates, poly-unsaturated fats, dietary fiber, fat soluble vitamins and vitamin C, and was even lower for calcium, magnesium and potassium. Total food intake of clients almost met the US Dietary Guidelines for refined grains, fruits, vegetables, and meat; however, the amount of whole grains and dairy was inadequate.

Conclusions: Supplemental foods offered at food pantries are an important resource for improving nutrient intake of low-income populations.     

Usual Intake Distribution of Vitamins and Prevalence of Inadequacy in a Large Sample of Iranian At-Risk Population: Application of NCI Method

Objective: This study provides an assessment of usual intake distribution of vitamins and estimating prevalence of inadequacy and excess among a large representative sample of middle-aged and elderly people in central regions of Iran.

Design: A cross-sectional study that is a second follow-up to the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS).

Setting: The study setting included urban and rural areas from 3 cities (Isfahan, Najafabad, and Arak) in central regions of Iran.

Subjects: Subjects included 1922 people aged 40 years and older, with a mean age of 55.9 ± 10.6; 50.4% were male and the majority (79.3%) were urban.

Measures and Analysis: Dietary intakes were collected using a 24-hour recall and 2 food records. Distribution of vitamins intake was estimated using traditional and national cancer institute (NCI) methods. The proportion of subjects at risk of vitamin intake inadequacy or excess was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method and the tolerable upper intake levels (UL) index.

Results: There were differences between values obtained from traditional and NCI methods, particularly in the lower and upper percentiles of the intake distribution. High prevalence of inadequacies for vitamins A, D, E, B₂, B₃ (especially among females), and B₉ was observed. Significant gender differences were found in terms of inadequate intakes for vitamins A, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, B₁₂, and C (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Imbalanced vitamin intake was observed in the middle-aged and elderly Iranian population. Nutritional interventions particularly through population-based educational programs in order to improve diet variety and consume nutrient supplements may be necessary.     

Association of Luteinizing hormone and LH receptor gene polymorphism with susceptibility of Polycystic ovary syndrome

ABSTRACT

Altered folliculogenesis and reproductive anomalies in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suggest that variations of genes involved in folliculogenesis might influence etiopathogenesis of this syndrome. The objective of this study was to assess the association of LHβ (rs1056917) and lutropin receptor (LHR) (rs61996318) polymorphism with polycystic ovarian syndrome and to interrelate the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) with severity of clinical manifestations of PCOS. Three hundred women of reproductive age were enrolled in this retrospective case-control study. Rotterdam Criteria was used to diagnose PCOS patients. Nucleotide mutations of LH and LHR gene was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. High LH levels were found in 88% of PCOS patients. LHβ TC and CC genotypes were significantly associated with PCOS risk (OR [odds ratio] 13.95, CI [confidence interval] 6.30–30.86, p < 0.0001 and OR 3.31, CI 1.30–8.41, p = 0.01). The frequency of the C allele was 0.31 in PCOS and 0.02 in controls (OR 18.80, CI 8.54–41.37, p < 0.0001). LHR CA and AA genotype conferred a significant risk in development of PCOS (OR 5.07, CI 2.50–10.31, p < 0.0001). The frequency of the A allele was 0.51 in PCOS and 0.03 in controls (OR 26.62, CI 13.99–50.65, p < 0.0001). The results show an association between polymorphism of LHβ, LHR and PCOS, indicating that variants of these genes may affect the metabolic pathways involved in this syndrome. Majority of the affected women were found to have elevated LH levels. This study sheds new light in the diagnosis, treatment and management of PCOS syndrome.

Abbreviations: AUC: area under curve; BMI: body mass index; C: cholesterol; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DHEAS: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; FG: Ferriman–Gallway; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; GHQ: general health questionnaire; HA: hyperandrogenism; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HWR: hip waist ratio; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH: luteinizing hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; LHR: lutropin receptor; O: oligomenorrhea; OR: odds ratio; PCO: polycystic ovaries; PCO: polycystic ovary; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; ROC: receiver operating curve; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SE: standard error of coefficient; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; TG: triglycerides; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; VD: vitamin D     

Child and parent perspectives of life quality of children with physical impairments compared with non-disabled peers

Background: Life quality has become a widely used concept within rehabilitation and occupational therapy practice.

Aim: This study explored child and parent perspectives of life quality of children with physical impairments compared with a group of non-disabled children.

Method: Data were collected with the Icelandic self- and proxy-reported versions of the KIDSCREEN-27. For children with physical impairments, reports from 34 children and 40 parents were included in the analyses, and in control group reports from 429 children and 450 parents were included.

Results: Children with physical impairments evaluated their life quality within the average range on four out of five life quality dimensions. The lowest scores were within the physical well-being dimension. Self-reported scores of children with physical impairments were higher than those of their parents on all dimensions except autonomy and parent relations. Thus, the parents considered more environmental and personal factors to negatively influence their child’s life quality than children did themselves.

Conclusion: Children with physical impairments experience their life quality similarly to non-disabled children.

Significance: Focus on life quality can help occupational therapists to identify what circumstances positively or negatively influence client well-being and to focus more on contextual factors that contribute to disablement.     

The clinical application of single-sperm-based SNP haplotyping for PGD of osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder, presenting either autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance patterns. The majority of OI cases are autosomal dominant and are caused by heterozygous mutations in either the COL1A1 or COL1A2 gene. In these dominant disorders, allele dropout (ADO) can lead to misdiagnosis in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Polymorphic markers linked to the mutated genes have been used to establish haplotypes for identifying ADO and ensuring the accuracy of PGD. However, the haplotype of male patients cannot be determined without data from affected relatives. Here, we developed a method for single-sperm-based single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotyping via next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the PGD of OI. After NGS, 10 informative polymorphic SNP markers located upstream and downstream of the COL1A1 gene and its pathogenic mutation site were linked to individual alleles in a single sperm from an affected male. After haplotyping, a normal blastocyst was transferred to the uterus for a subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle. The accuracy of PGD was confirmed by amniocentesis at 19 weeks of gestation. A healthy infant weighing 4,250 g was born via vaginal delivery at the 40th week of gestation. Single-sperm-based SNP haplotyping can be applied for PGD of any monogenic disorders or de novo mutations in males in whom the haplotype of paternal mutations cannot be determined due to a lack of affected relatives.

Abbreviations: ADO: allele dropout; DI: dentinogenesis imperfect; ESHRE: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; FET: frozen embryo transfer; gDNA: genomic DNA; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF: in vitro fertilization; MDA: multiple displacement amplification; NGS: next-generation sequencing; OI: osteogenesis imperfect; PBS: phosphate buffer saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PGD: preimplantation genetic diagnosis; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; STR: short tandem repeat; TE: trophectoderm; WGA: whole-genome amplification     

Effects of dog-assisted intervention on quality of life in nursing home residents with dementia

Background: People with dementia often have a poor quality of life. Therefore, methods that can improve their life situation must be identified. One promising method is dog-assisted intervention.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dog-assisted intervention on quality of life in nursing home residents with dementia.

Materials and methods: A one-group, pretest post-test study design was used. Quality of life was measured using the QUALID in 59 nursing home residents prior to and after a dog-assisted intervention. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the data, and effect sizes were calculated.

Results: The participants’ total scores improved significantly between baseline and post-test 1 (p?=?<?0.001) and worsened significantly at post-test 2 (p?=?0.025). The largest effect size was found for the item ‘Verbalization suggests discomfort’ (p?=?0.001).

Conclusion: The results indicate that dog-assisted interventions can have positive effects on quality of life in nursing home residents with moderate to severe dementia.

Significance: The results contribute to a growing knowledge base about non-pharmacological methods that can be used in dementia care. Occupational therapists should consider dog-assisted interventions when planning activities that can reduce the illness burden and improve the quality of life for people with dementia.     

Characterization of indoor settled dust and investigation of indoor air quality in different micro-environments

Present study reports the characterization results of settled dust particles in different indoor micro-environments of an academic institution in India. Field emission scanning electron microscope analysis of indoor dust revealed the presence of mineral particles, fly ash, and soot particles of different morphologies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of indoor dust indicated that crystal particles are comprised of elements such as C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, and Ti. These elements accounted for more than 99% of the samples. The average content of O (42.7%) and C (18.9%) in the dust particles was found to be higher than their natural abundances. The concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ were observed in the range of 88–58, 37–33, 23–29 µg/m³, respectively. Except temperature, other parameters such as volatile organic carbon, carbon dioxide concentration, and relative humidity were found to be within comfort limits of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

Abbreviations: ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers; CO₂: carbon dioxide; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EDX: energy-dispersive X-ray; FESEM: field emission scanning electron microscope; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; IAP: indoor air pollution; IAQ: indoor air quality; HAP: household air pollution; OAP: outdoor air pollution; PM: particulate matter; VOC: volatile organic carbon; WHO: World Health Organization     

Perceptions of occupational therapy students and clinical tutors on the attributes of a good role model

Background: Occupational therapy students learn in different environments, where role modelling takes place. Nevertheless, little is known about student and tutors perceptions on model´s characteristics.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the perceptions of occupational therapy students on the most important attributes of role models and to confront their views with those of clinical tutors.

Methods: A sample of 61 students completed a structured, standardized online questionnaire. Ten clinical tutors regarded by students as good models underwent a semi-structured individual interview. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively (thematic content analysis).

Results: The most important attributes of a good role model according to student perception were: good relationship with patients, integrity and ethical behaviour, respectful relationships with colleagues, patient management skills, commitment to personal and professional growth and enthusiasm for the profession. Clinical tutors believed that they were nominated as good role models because they demonstrated empathy towards patients, good relationships with students and enthusiasm for their profession.

Conclusions and Significance: Perceptions of occupational therapy students and clinical tutors about role models characteristics were similar. Identification of attributes of good role models may inform teacher training and faculty development in occupational therapy.     

The quality properties and saturated and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of quail egg: the alterations of fatty acids with process effects

The nutritional composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, available carbohydrates, total lipids), energy value, some quality characteristics (yolk weight, albumen weight and shell weight), cholesterol level and fatty acid profiles of quail egg were determined (p<0.01). The protein content of quail egg was higher than laying hen's egg. The fatty acid composition of quail egg yolk consisted of 24 fatty acids including saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C22:1n9, C24:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n6, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, C22:2, C20:5n3, C22:6n3). The total cholesterol level of quail egg was found to be 73.45±1.07 mg/100 g. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) (10.28%), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) (1.92%) and cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) (0.63%) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fatty acid content of quail egg yolk, whereas oleic acid (C18:1n9c) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid comprising 26.71% in the yolk. The palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) levels were 16.62% and 6.89%, respectively. Total omega-3 was detected as 1.16% in raw egg whereas it was 0.82% in soft-boiled (rafadan) egg. The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid proportion was 0.58 and 0.64 for raw and processed yolk, respectively.     

Impact of non-drug therapies on asthma control: A systematic review of the literature

Background: Despite growing access to effective therapies, asthma control still needs improvement. Many non-drug factors, such as allergens, air pollutants and stress also affect asthma control and patient quality of life, but an overview of the effectiveness of non-drug interventions on asthma control was lacking.

Objectives: To identify non-drug interventions likely to improve asthma control.

Methods: A systematic review of the available literature in Medline and the Cochrane Library was conducted in March 2017, without any time limit. Initial searching identified 884 potentially relevant clinical trial reports, literature reviews and meta-analyses, which were screened for inclusion using criteria of quality, relevance, and reporting outcomes based on asthma control.

Results: Eighty-two publications met the inclusion criteria. In general, the quality of the studies was low. Patient education programmes (22 studies) significantly improved asthma control. Multifaceted interventions (10 studies), which combined patient education programmes with decreasing exposure to indoor allergens and pollutants, significantly improved asthma control based on clinically relevant outcomes. Renovating homes to reduce exposure to allergens and indoor pollutants improved control (two studies). Air filtration systems (five studies) were effective, especially in children exposed to second-hand smoke. Most measures attempting to reduce exposure to dust mites were ineffective (five studies). Dietary interventions (eight studies) were ineffective. Promoting physical activity (five studies) tended to yield positive results, but the results did not attain significance.

Conclusion: Twenty-six interventions were effective in asthma control. Simultaneously combining several action plans, each focusing on different aspects of asthma management, seems most likely to be effective.