Morphological Changes of the In Vitro Cervical Vertebral Canal and Its Cast Form During Flexion,Extension, and Lateral Bending

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate and measure morphological changes in the vertebral canal and its cast form at the level of the cervical spine in vitro during flexion, extension, and lateral bending in cadaver specimens.MethodsThe morphological changes of vertebral canal and its contents were investigated and measured during experimental flexion, extension, and lateral bending of the cervical spine with 10 fresh specimens (Chinese); the cross-sections and sagittal diameters were also measured by pouring liquid wax into the intervertebral canal.ResultsDuring lateral bending, the nucleus pulposus was pushed to the opposite side and the inferior cervical nerve roots of the opposite side were stretched. Cross-sectional diameter at the level of C6-7 during flexion was larger than that in lateral bending (P < .05). Comparing extension with flexion, we found that changes in all segments' areas were significant (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the sagittal diameter at any segment during all postures (P > .05).ConclusionsDuring lateral bending, the nucleus pulposus of neck were pushed into the opposite side, and inferior cervical nerve roots of the opposite side were stretched. The C5, C6, and C7 nerve roots appeared to undergo excessive stretch when an excessive lateral bending beyond the physiologic range was undergone. This study provides some additional evidence about the mechanics of cervical spine motion.     

颈椎桥形连接融合器进行双节段以上椎间融合的效果评价

背景：颈椎前路钢板置入内固定被认为是颈椎前路多节段椎间盘切除和融合的标准治疗,但是,颈前路植入钢板有着很多金属植入物相关并发症的风险。目的：分析和比较使用颈椎桥形连接融合器和Cage椎间融合器±颈椎前路钢板置入内固定进行颈椎前路2节段以上椎问融合的有效性。方法：纳入54例2节段以上颈椎间盘突出接受颈椎前路减压和融合治疗的患者,分别使用颈椎桥形连接融合器进行颈椎前路椎间融合（n=30）和Cage椎间融合器与颈椎前路钢板固定系统进行椎间融合（n=24）。使用日本骨科学会（JOA）量表系统评价临床结果,椎间融合后3,6个月依据X射线检查评价颈椎前凸角、椎体间高度和颈椎融合状态。结果与结论：对桥形连接融合器和Cage椎间融合器组的平均随访时间为6个月。两组患者均获得骨性融合,平均愈合时间为5．5个月。桥形连接融合器组平均JOA评分由治疗前（7．4±0．4）分,提高到治疗后3个月（14．3±0．5）分,治疗后6个月（14．5±0．8）分,Cage椎间融合器组平均JOA评分由治疗前（7．6±0．7）分,提高到治疗后3个月（13．9±±0．4）分,治疗后6个月（14．0±0．6）分,且有显著性差异。治疗后两组的颈椎前凸角和椎间隙高度均较治疗前有显著性改善。说明该植入体植入后能有效恢复颈椎的生理曲度,避免出现螺钉钢板固定并发症,疗效确切。     

颈椎终板Modic改变分布特点与退变的关系

背景：关于Modic改变在腰椎中分布及特点的相关性研究比较多,而在颈椎中的相关研究则较少。目的：分析颈椎终板Modic改变的临床分布特点,并探讨其发生与颈椎退变的相关性。方法：随机抽取因颈肩痛行颈椎MRl和常规X射线榆查的患者共200例,年龄20-83岁。记录MRl颈椎Modic改变发生的节段,改变类型,改变的位置等,并分析其发生与性别、年龄、椎间盘退变节段及程度、椎间隙高度、颈椎曲度的相关性。结果与结论：200例共计1200个颈椎椎间盘中23例（11.5％）,29个（2.4％）个椎间盘邻近终板发生Modic改变。I型8例（4％）,10个椎间盘（0.8％）;II型13例（6.5％）,16个椎间盘（113％）;III型2例（1.0％）,3个椎间盘（O.25％）。按照各个椎间盘节段发病数统计,C2/3节段O个,C3/4节段4个,C4／5节段6个,C5/6节段12个,C6/7节段7个,C6/7T1节段0个,发病率分别为O％,0.33％,O.5％,1.0％,O.58％,0％。结果表明颈椎终板也存在Modic改变的现象,但发生率较腰椎低,II型最多见,I型次之,III型最为少见,多发生于C5/6椎间盘,多位于邻近终板的后方。50岁以上为其好发年龄,其发生与年龄、椎间盘退变、椎间盘节段及颈椎曲度之间存在相关性。     

椎管内节细胞神经瘤MRI征象

目的 分析椎管内节细胞神经瘤的MRI征象,以提高术前诊断能力。方法 回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实、累及椎管的节细胞神经瘤MRI资料,观察肿瘤位置、形态、大小、信号和强化程度等。结果 共纳入9个病灶,其中位于颈椎4个,胸椎2个,腰骶椎3个;7个累及椎管内外,呈哑铃状,2个位于椎间孔区,呈结节状;9个病灶T2WI均呈均匀或不均匀高信号,1个病灶内见囊变坏死。8个接受增强扫描的病灶中,3个呈明显强化,5个呈轻中度强化,4个病灶内见条状强化。所有病灶均伴有受累椎间孔扩大,但骨质未见破坏。结论 椎管内节细胞神经瘤MRI表现具有一定特征性,有助于术前准确诊断。     

颈椎侧弯对颈椎间孔形态的影响

目的:分析侧弯对颈椎间孔形态的影响,并探讨其对临床工作的指导意义。方法:对10名健康志愿者分别于颈椎中立位及侧弯位利用多层螺旋CT进行自C3椎体上缘至C7椎体下缘的横断面扫描,并在C3/4、C4/5、C5/6、C6/7椎间孔斜45°的重建图像上测量椎间孔的上下径、上前后径、下前后径及截面面积,比较侧弯时颈椎间孔形态的变化。结果:侧弯时侧弯侧颈椎间孔截面面积因孔的上下径、上前后径及下前后径的减小而减小13.07%,对侧因孔的上下径、上前后径及下前后径的增大而增大19.84%,C3/4椎间孔面积变化率与C3/C4间侧弯角度存在相关性。结论:侧弯可影响颈椎间孔的形态,且相互间存在有一定的相关性。此结果对颈椎病,尤其是神经根型颈椎病的预防、诊断和治疗有临床指导意义。     

Missed cervical spine fracture-dislocations: the importance of clinical and radiographic assessment

OBJECTIVE: To review the case of a patient who suffered a cervical spine fracture-dislocation missed at a hospital emergency department. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 77-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident was transported to a local emergency hospital where cervical spine x-ray films taken were reported as demonstrating no evidence of acute injury. The patient visited a chiropractic clinic 6 days later, where x-ray films were again obtained, finding that the patient sustained fractures of C5 and C6, as well as a bilateral facet dislocation at C5/C6. Computed tomography confirmed the fractures, and magnetic resonance imaging findings demonstrated cervical spinal cord compression and posterior spinal cord displacement. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient was referred for preoperative medical evaluation. He underwent C5-6 closed reduction and anterior/posterior fusion surgery and was released without complication. Patient follow-up indicated full recovery with minimal neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Cervical spine fracture-dislocations are often missed during standard radiographic examinations in emergency department settings. Chiropractors are encouraged to perform a comprehensive evaluation of patients presenting with cervical trauma even if they have had prior x-ray films reported as normal. Standard x-ray films taken at emergency department facilities are not entirely reliable for detecting or revealing cervical spine fracture-dislocations. This case stresses the importance of careful clinical assessment and imaging procedures on patients who have encountered cervical spine trauma.     

颈椎过伸性脊髓损伤节段的相关性因素研究

目的 探讨颈椎过伸性损伤的退变性因素、损伤节段的分布及其原因.方法 温州医学院附属东阳医院89例颈椎过伸性损伤患者进行回顾性分析,统计颈椎退行性病变、T2WI相脊髓高信号的位置及颜面部外伤的位置.结果 间盘突出58例,居首位;其后依次为后纵韧带骨化(8例)、发育性椎管狭窄(7例)及椎间盘突出+黄韧带肥厚(6例).单节段T2WI相脊髓高信号在椎间盘水平:C2～3者4例,额部外伤1例;C3～4者12例,额部外伤10例,颧部外伤1例;CA～5者12例,额部外伤5例,额部+颧部外伤1例,额部+下颌部外伤1例;C5～6者11例,额部外伤3例,颧部外伤3例,下颌部外伤2例.单节段脊髓高信号位置不在椎间盘水平4例,脊髓高信号在两个不连续节段10例,脊髓高信号超过2个节段2例,脊髓高信号超过3个节段6例.结论 椎间盘突出是颈椎过伸性损伤患者最多见的退变性因素,T2WI相脊髓高信号的水平与额面部撞击的部位相关,拐点的剪切力(inflection point shear force)合并(或)颈椎过伸的前后挤压力是颈椎过伸性损伤的机制.     

后路减压固定“三明治”植骨椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症

目的探讨后路减压固定"三明治"植骨颈椎管扩大成形术的效果。方法对58例颈椎管狭窄症的患者,后路全椎板切除椎管减压固定后应用"三明治"植骨法行椎管扩大成形术。所有患者做术前、术后的JOA评分,并术前、术后行X线摄片、三维CT,MRI检查观察颈椎管容积、脊髓信号、植骨融合情况。结果所有的患者行3个月以上随访,平均随访时间为15个月。临床评分:手术前平均JOA评分6.85分,手术后平均9.65分,末次随访时平均13.50分,术后三维CT提示植骨成活,椎管管径扩大;MRI检查显示:脊髓后移3～6mm,脊髓受压解除。结论应用"三明治"植骨行颈椎后路椎管扩大成形术疗效满意,是一种新的治疗颈椎管狭窄症方法。     

单侧椎弓根螺钉置入并椎间融合对邻近椎间盘节段退变的影晌

背景：坚强内固定和良好融合存在严重缺陷和不足。目前还未见临床应用单侧椎弓根螺钉固定结合椎间cage植骨融合治疗腰椎退变性疾病对邻近节段退变影响的相关报道。目的：回顾分析单侧椎弓根螺钉固定结合椎间cage植骨融合治疗部分腰椎退变性疾病后对固定融合邻近上下节段退变的影响。方法：2006-03／2009-12对收治的部分腰椎管狭窄症、腰椎失稳及腰椎间盘脱出症患者22例,进行了单侧椎弓根螺钉固定加椎间cage植骨融合,术中不显露对侧。在固定融合后3,6,12,20个月及取出内固定钉棒后3,6个月,随访X射线片及MRI。针对X射线片运用角平分线法测量固定融合邻近上位椎间隙高度变化,MRI测量椎间盘髓核退变情况。结果与结论：所有病例获得随访,患者椎管狭窄症状及神经根性症状消失,并且在随访期间内没有新的临床症状出现。固定融合前、固定融合后3,6,12,20个月邻近节段上位椎间隙高度分别为（7.420±0.0354）,（7.4266±0.0369）,（7.4533±0.0369）,（7.5166±0.0369）,（7.4308±0.0369）mm,结果表明,腰椎单侧固定融合后邻近节段椎间隙高度无明显变化（P〉0.05）。MRI测量结果显示,固定融合邻近上位椎间盘髓核信号在T2加权像无明显退变。提示单侧椎弓根螺钉固定结合椎间融合治疗部分腰椎退变性疾病能有效预防崮定融合邻近上下节段退变。     

颈椎间盘并椎体后纵韧带部分切除治疗颈脊髓压迫症

目的探讨应用颈椎间盘、椎体及后纵韧带部分切除,植骨及带锁钢板内固定在治疗伴有后纵韧带压迫颈髓神经疾病中的应用. 方法单个椎间隙者13例手术采用前路间盘及相应部位后纵韧带部分切除,其余手术采用前路椎体大部分切除及相应部位后纵韧带部分切除,18例采用自体髂骨植骨融合,38例采用钛网笼内填充减压椎体之松质骨植骨,最后均予带锁钢板内固定. 结果术后复查MRI:见颈脊髓神经压迫去除满意.56例平均随访18个月,植骨全部于术后3～4个月骨性愈合.术后已恢复椎间隙高度没有发现再丢失现象,颈椎生理弧度恢复良好. 结论颈椎间盘及后纵韧带大部分切除术,颈椎及后纵韧带大部分切除术适用于部分伴有后纵韧带颈脊髓神经和神经根压迫症患者,有利于彻底解除神经压迫.     

个体化设计钛网植骨融合内固定恢复颈椎曲度

背景：钛网是近年来国内外应用于脊柱尤其是颈椎疾患的一种常用新型植骨支撑物,目前脊髓型颈椎病患者的前路手术中如何更好地改善颈椎前凸弧度仍是治疗的难点。 目的：观察脊髓型颈椎病患者经颈前路椎体次全切过程中,直形钛网与个体化设计钛网植骨融合内固定对颈椎曲度恢复及治疗后JOA评分的影响。 方法：纳入43例有椎体次全切、减压植骨内固定手术指征的脊髓型颈椎病患者,根据治疗内固定方案分为2组,个体化设计梯形钛网组15例,直形钛网组28例。所有患者于治疗前均拍摄颈椎正侧位X射线片作为空白对照。回顾2组患者的临床资料,比较治疗后JOA评分、颈椎弧度、椎间角度及椎间高度的差异。 结果与结论：颈椎前凸角度、手术节段椎间角度方面,个性化钛网组较直形钛网组和空白对照组显著改善（P〈0.01）,直形钛网组亦较空白对照组有改善（P 〈0.05）。手术节段椎间高度方面,个性化钛网组与直形钛网组较空白对照组分别增加了3.69 mm和3.22 mm,而个性化钛网组与直形钛网组之间差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。JOA评分方面,个性化钛网组与直形钛网组患者各时间段差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。提示在脊髓型颈椎病患者行椎体次全切时,修剪钛网以模拟正常椎间盘前高后低的形状,可以更有效地恢复颈椎生理弧度和手术节段椎间角度。     

胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉置入位置不当19例分析

目的:分析胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉置入位置不当的原因.方法:选择2002-01/2008-01南京中医药大学无锡附属医院骨科收治的经影像学证实的胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉置入位置不当患者19例,男12例,女7例;年龄23-68岁,平均52.5岁.其中胸腰椎骨折5例,腰椎滑脱症8例,退行性腰椎疾病6例.椎弓根固定系统:Steffee 4例,DRFS 3例,RF 6例,AF 4例,GSS 2例.所有病例均经X射线正侧位平片及经椎弓根平面C下薄层扫描观察椎弓根螺钉位置,包括螺钉与椎弓根及硬膜囊,周围大血管的解剖位置关系.结果:患者自螺钉置入后至发现椎弓根螺钉误置时间为5-69 d,平均18.5 d.其中螺钉穿破椎弓根外侧皮质7例,穿破椎弓根内侧皮质4例,螺钉穿破椎弓根皮质(脊柱侧弯伴旋转)2例,螺钉置入过深2例,螺钉进入椎间孔2例,进入椎间隙2例.结论:螺钉置入不当的原因与对局部解剖变异及操作技术有关,提高手术技巧、术前术中影像学的测量及监控是正确置钉的关键.     

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor involving the cervical spine: A case report

BACKGROUNDTenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs) are a frequent benign proliferative disease originating from the synovial membrane. However, TGCTs rarely occur in the spine. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of TGCT occurring in the cervical spine. Although the disease is rare, it is essential to consider the possibility of TGCT in axial skeletal lesions. Awareness of spinal TGCTs is important because their characteristics are similar to common spinal tumor lesions.CASE SUMMARYA 49-year-old man with a 2-year history of neck pain and weakness in both lower extremities was referred to our ward. Imaging revealed a mass extending from the left epidural space to the C4-5 paravertebral muscles with uneven enhancement. The tumor originated in the synovium of the C4-5 lesser joint and eroded mainly the C4-5 vertebral arch and spine. Puncture biopsy was suggestive of a giant cell-rich lesion. The patient had pulmonary tuberculosis, and we first administered anti-tuberculosis treatment. After the preoperative requirements of the anti-tuberculosis treatment were met, we used a posterior cervical approach to completely remove the mass after fixation with eight pedicle screws. The mass was identified as a TGCT by postoperative immunohistochemical analysis. Recurrence was not detected after 1 year of follow-up.CONCLUSIONSpinal TGCTs are often misdiagnosed. The radiological changes are not specific. The ideal treatment comprises complete excision with proper internal fixation, which can significantly reduce postoperative recurrence.     

颈椎后路侧块钢板螺钉置入治疗多节段颈椎病伴颈椎失稳

背景：侧块钢板螺钉内固定技术已广泛用于创伤及各种原因引起的颈椎不稳、滑脱和颈椎重建。目的：探讨后路椎板减压侧块固定辅助小关节撑开植骨融合治疗多节段颈椎病的效果。方法：作者以＂颈椎,侧块,内固定,植骨＂为检索词,在中国期刊全文数据库中,采用电子检索的方式进行文献检索。排除Meta分析及重复性研究,共检索到22篇文献,从颈椎侧块临床解剖、侧块螺钉固定技术,侧块螺钉固定疗效等方面进行探讨。结果与结论：颈椎侧块螺钉为后路短节段固定,最大限度地保留了颈椎的活动度,能实现对颈脊髓的充分减压,恢复椎间高度,维持颈椎生理曲度,稳定颈椎的失稳节段,并能预防颈椎后凸畸形以及神经根麻痹的发生及颈椎失稳的加重,是治疗多节段颈椎病伴颈椎失稳的有效方法。     

单侧双向螺钉在颈椎后路内固定术中的应用

目的 探讨经后正中入路应用经关节螺钉联合侧块螺钉单侧双向内固定的疗效.方法 对16例患者通过后路应用经关节螺钉(尾向)联合侧块螺钉(头向)在颈椎后路单侧双向内固定治疗,其中创伤性骨折脱位12例,颈椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄4例.结果共置入经关节螺钉32枚,其中C4-5 8枚,C5-612枚,C6-7 12枚;共置入侧块螺钉36枚,C213枚,C314枚,C49枚.术中所有螺钉均成功置入,未出现椎动脉、神经根和脊髓损伤等并发症.16例患者均获随访,随访时间10～30个月,平均21个月,植骨融合时间2.0～4.5个月,平均3.1个月.结论 通过后路固定颈椎时,采用经关节螺钉联合侧块螺钉单侧双向固定,操作简单、可靠,减少手术切口长度和内固定材料置入,缩短了手术时间,增加了植骨床面积,植骨融合率高,降低了血管、神经根损伤风险,减少轴性症状等并发症.     

MRI观察成人无骨折、脱位型颈髓损伤

目的 分析成人无骨折、脱位颈椎外伤合并颈脊髓损伤的MR表现及其临床意义.方法 收集该病患者38例,入院时均行颈椎X线、CT及MR检查,其中男32例,女6例,年龄24～62岁,平均(42.0±0.4)岁.结果 本组病例X线、CT及MR检查均未见颈椎骨折及脱位.脊髓MRI信号改变包括脊髓信号无改变4例,髓内水肿30例,髓内出血9例,脊髓软化或囊性变4例以及增强后有强化13例.其他MRI表现包括颈椎后纵韧带骨化或颈椎间盘退变或损伤后突出等,为脊髓受压迫的原因.结论 MRI可为无骨折、脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者的诊断与正确治疗提供依据.MRI无信号改变或仅有水肿表现者预后较好,髓内出血或者异常强化者预后较差.     

Role of Flexion—Extension Radiographs in Blunt Pediatric Cervical Spine Injury

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether flexion-extension cervical spine radiography (FECSR) is abnormal in children who have sustained blunt cervical spine injury (CSI) when standard cervical spine radiography (SCSR) demonstrates no acute abnormalities. METHODS: This was a blinded radiographic review of 129 patients < or = 16 years of age evaluated at an academic pediatric trauma center during July 1990-March 1996. All patients had SCSR (anteroposterior/lateral views) and FECSR performed for a trauma-related event within seven days of injury. RESULTS: Of 46 patients without acute abnormalities on SCSR, one patient (with final clinical diagnosis of "no CSI") had acute abnormalities on FECSR (95% CI = 0.06% to 11.5%). Of 50 patients with isolated loss of lordosis on SCSR, no patient had acute abnormalities on FECSR (95% CI = 0% to 5.8%). The FECSR review revealed no acute abnormalities in 75 of 83 patients (90.4%) with suspicious findings for CSI viewed on SCSR (95% CI = 81.9% to 95.7%). Complications during FECSR were noted in one patient with transient paresthesias (0.8%) (95% CI = 0.02% to 4.2%). CONCLUSIONS: In children who underwent acute radiographic evaluation of blunt cervical spine trauma, FECSR was unlikely to be abnormal when no acute abnormality or isolated loss of lordosis was evident on SCSR. In a subset of patients with suspicious findings for occult CSI on SCSR, FECSR was useful in ruling out ligamentous instability in the acute, posttrauma setting.     

AXIS颈椎侧块钢板治疗外伤性下颈椎不稳的手术配合

笔者总结AXIS颈椎侧块钢板治疗外伤性下颈椎不稳的手术配合。将病人置于俯卧位,准备好止血材料、C-臂X光机、颈椎后路器械、AXIS器械,术中做好椎管探查减压、AXIS固定的配合,做到配合有序,忙而不乱。认为完善精确的护理配合保证了手术的安全顺利进行,对高质量重建颈椎稳定的患者康复,起到至关重要的作用。     

颈椎不稳对邻近节段椎间盘蛋白多糖及II型胶原的影响

背景：颈椎行减压融合内固定术后邻近节段椎间盘加速退变,单个节段不稳是否也会加速邻近节段椎间盘退变还不清楚。目的：研究颈椎不稳动物模型邻近节段椎间盘形态学、蛋白多糖及Ⅱ型胶原的变化。方法：16只新西兰大白兔,随机分为实验组及对照组,每组8只。实验组通过颈椎前路穿刺破坏纤维环及抽吸C5/6髓核组织建立兔颈椎不稳动物模型,12周X射线证实退变后处死动物取材,切取C4/5椎间盘组织,从矢状面切开,取其髓核组织10 mg,间苯三酚法测定髓核中蛋白多糖的量,另取椎间盘组织制作石蜡切片后进行苏木精-伊红染色和SABC免疫组化染色观察。结果与结论：实验组 C4/5椎间盘髓核脊索细胞减少,被成纤维细胞样细胞取代,偶见圆形的软骨细胞,且椎间盘纤维环变得粗糙,排列紊乱,玻璃样变性及色素沉着,可见纤维软骨细胞,内外层纤维环之间形成裂隙。髓核中蛋白多糖的含量降低,与对照组相比差异有显著性意义。退变椎间盘髓核及纤维环中Ⅱ型胶原也较对照组明显减少。结果表明颈椎不稳可诱发邻近节段颈椎退变,表现为椎间盘发生形态学变化,蛋白多糖、Ⅱ型胶原含量下降。     

Criteria to Screen for Traumatic Cervical Spine Instability: A Consensus of Chiropractic Radiologists

Objective

The purpose of this study was to establish consensus on a radiographic definition for cervical instability for routine use in chiropractic patients who sustain trauma to the cervical spine.