减少导尿管使用的管理策略研究进展

文章通过对导尿管临床使用与管理现状及减少导尿管使用管理策略的相关研究进行综述,分析与探讨了合理使用导尿管的管理策略,包括建立并执行留置导尿管的适应证标准、加强医护人员的培训、设置拔管提醒系统、运用导尿管管理模型等措施,旨在为临床有针对性地采取措施提供借鉴与参考。     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of "typical" atrial flutter in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome

Kartagener's syndrome and radiofrequency catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial flutter have been well described in separate reports. This case report includes both in describing a patient with Kartagener's syndrome who had medically refractory atrial flutter that was successfully treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation.     

护理干预对双腔气囊尿管留置导尿时患者舒适度的影响

目的探讨垫高臀部与增加插管深度对气囊尿管留置导尿患者舒适度的影响。方法将161例行气囊尿管留置导尿的患者随机分为对照组和干预组,对照组给予常规无菌导尿术,干预组在此基础上增加插管深度与垫高臀部10～20cm,比较两组患者舒适度及一次插管成功率情况。结果两组患者留置导尿时血尿比较无显著意义(P0.05);干预组下腹坠胀不适、尿道口刺痛、插管困难、尿管滑出、烦躁等方面发生率明显低于对照组,一次导尿成功率、患者舒适满意度明显高于对照组,差异有显著意义(P0.01)。结论气囊尿管留置导尿增加插入深度与垫高臀部安全可行,可提高患者的舒适度和插管成功率。     

Convective cooling effect on cooled-tip catheter compared to large-tip catheter radiofrequency ablation

BACKGROUND: Both actively cooled-tip and large-tip catheters are currently available clinically to create large endomyocardial lesions during application of radiofrequency (RF) energy. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of convective cooling at physiologic flow rates on RF lesion size using both actively cooled and large-tip catheters. METHODS: Porcine hearts were sectioned into 72 pieces and placed in a temperature-controlled saline bath (37 degrees C) with varying directed flow rates (0, 1, 2, and 3 L/min). Cooled-tip RF ablation (4 mm tip) was performed for 1 minute on 36 tissue sections with power manually titrated to keep tip temperature below 40 degrees C. Large-tip catheter ablation (10 mm tip) was performed at 65 degrees C target temperature for 1 minute on 36 tissue sections. For each catheter, flow rates were randomized between applications. The tissue pieces were sectioned and measured to determine lesion depth, width, and volume. RESULTS: Lesion dimensions were independent of the flow rate for the cooled-tip catheter (mean volumes: 382.0 +/- 121.6, 419.9 +/- 133.4, 375.9 +/- 169.1, and 346.7 +/- 173.4 mm(3) for 0, 1, 2, and 3 L/min flow rate, respectively, P = 0.78). For the large-tip catheter, lesion size varied significantly with flow, such that higher flow rates produced larger lesions (mean volumes: 120.7 +/- 50.7, 256.5 +/- 97.9, 393.4 +/- 149.9, and 548.9 +/- 157.0 mm(3) for 0, 1, 2, and 3 L/min flow rate respectively, P < 0.001) CONCLUSION: During RF ablation, blood flow rate significantly affects lesion size for large-tip but not cooled-tip catheters. At low flow rates (0-1 L/min) cooled-tip catheters create larger lesions, while at high flow rates (3 L/min) large-tip catheters create larger lesions.     

气囊导尿管自动排尿脱管法的护理研究

目的探讨双腔气囊导尿管拔管的新方法.方法将骨科、外科术后留置气囊导尿管的男患者100例,按住院号顺序分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组应用自动脱管法脱出导尿管,对照组按常规方法拔除留置导尿管,观察和比较两组患者拔管或脱管时疼痛程度和拔管、脱管后排尿情况.结果观察组脱管时疼痛明显低于对照组(P＜0.0001),脱管后的尿路刺激征亦低于对照组(P＜0.0001),差异有统计学意义.结论用自动排尿脱管法脱出男患者留置的气囊导尿管是一种简单、有效、易操作的方法,可以有效地减轻患者疼痛和减少拔管后尿路刺激征发生.     

PICC和CVC在肿瘤化疗中应用的效果评价

目的 分析经外周中心静脉置管(PICC)与中心静脉置管(CVC)2种置管方式在肿瘤化疗中应用的差别.方法 全面检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方期刊数据库、维普期刊全文数据库,收集关于PICC与CVC在肿瘤化疗中应用的相关研究,采用Jadad量表对所有纳入的文献进行证据质量评价,运用统计学软件Stata对13项观察指标进行Meta分析.结果 纳入36项研究,共4920例患者,其中PICC组2349例,CVC组2571例.PICC组的首次穿刺成功率、平均穿刺时间、平均导管留置时间均明显优于CVC组.PICC组的血气胸发生率、误人动脉发生率、导管感染发生率均低于CVC组,但静脉炎发生率高于CVC组.结论 PICC具有操作简便,留置管时间长,并发症少,安全性高等优点,可广泛应用于肿瘤化疗.     

A step-by-step approach to peripheral catheter placement: maintenance,care and complications

Abstract

Peripheral catheter placement is a fundamental task performed within the veterinary nursing profession and is a part of training towards gaining their qualification. According to a recent survey by the Institute of Employment Studies on behalf of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 2017, one of the most frequent tasks carried out by veterinary nurses (VN) is the placement of intravenous catheters (Robinson, D., Edwards, M., & Williams, M., The Future Role of the Veterinary Nurse: 2017 Schedule 3 Survey). The statistics show that out of 11,625 respondents, 71.4% of VNs conduct this task. Being able to demonstrate competence in this area formulates a crucial part of veterinary nurse training. Gaining sufficient experience will help to reduce and prevent complications from arising. Examples of complications in human studies have included infection at catheter sites, haematoma formation and thrombosis. A step-by-step approach in terms of technique, catheter choice and design along with care and maintenance would reduce complications associated with peripheral catheter placement.     

Accidental catheter removal in critically ill patients: a prospective and observational study

Introduction  

The importance of accidental catheter removal (ACR) lies in the complications caused by the removal itself and by catheter reinsertion. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have analyzed accidental removal of various types of catheters in the intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of the present study was to analyze the incidence of ACR for all types of catheters in the ICU.     

Remote magnetic navigation-assisted catheter ablation enhances catheter stability and ablation success with lower catheter temperatures

Background: It has been suggested that remote magnetic navigation (RMN) may provide enhanced catheter stability and substrate contact to aid in ablation. To date, no study has examined this claim. Accordingly, we compared the characteristics of the successful ablation of atrioventricular reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) using RMN with a matched population ablated using a conventional (CON) manual approach.
Methods: Sixteen patients who underwent RMN-assisted ablation of typical AVNRT were matched with 16 patients who had a CON-AVNRT ablation.
Results: All patients had successful slow pathway modification without complication. The mean catheter temperature achieved with the successful ablation was significantly lower with RMN than with CON (42 ± 7°C vs 47 ± 3°C, P ≤ 0.05). Time to junctional tachycardia (JT) was significantly earlier (5.7 ± 4.1 s vs 11.2 ± 8.9 s, P ≤ 0.05) and variation in catheter temperature with the successful ablation (0.89 ± 0.45 vs 1.45 ± 0.49, P < 0.01) was significantly reduced in the RMN group than in the CON group. There was no significant difference between RMN and CON in terms of the total number of lesions and the mean power achieved during the successful lesion.
Conclusions: Although the construction of the ablation catheters is similar, ablations with RMN catheters resulted in a lower mean temperature, earlier time to JT, and less variability of temperature during ablation, suggesting greater catheter stability. This study indicates that ablation with RMN can achieve success with lower catheter temperatures.     

国内长期留置导尿管患者硅胶导尿管更换时间的Meta分析

目的探讨长期留置导尿管患者更换硅胶导尿管的最佳时间。方法检索国内相关文献,采用Cochrane系统评价方法对符合纳入、排除标准的随机对照试验进行Meta分析。研究对象为已发表的有关长期留置导尿管患者硅胶导尿管更换时间研究的临床对照试验,观察指标为留置导尿管患者硅胶导尿管不同更换频率(每2周更换、每3周更换及每4周更换1次)下的泌尿系感染率。干预有效性的效应量采用相对危险度(relative risk,RR)。结果共检索到11篇合格文献。Meta分析结果提示:长期留置导尿管患者硅胶导尿管每2周更换1次与每4周更换1次、每3周更换1次与每4周更换1次发生泌尿系感染的RR值分别为0.51[95%CI(0.40,0.66),P0.001]、0.79[95%CI(0.58,1.08),P=0.14],每2周更换1次者泌尿系感染率明显高于每4周更换1次者,但每3周更换1次者与每4周更换1次者泌尿系感染率没有差异。结论结合硅胶导尿管的材料性质及其观察指标,根据临床最优原则,得出硅胶导尿管每4周更换1次为宜。     

Evaluation of a triple-lumen central venous heparin-coated catheter versus a catheter coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine in critically ill patients

Objective To compare the incidence of catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infections between heparin-coated catheters and those coated with a synergistic combination of chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine.Design Randomized, controlled clinical trial.Setting A 20-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit.Patients A total of 180 patients requiring the insertion of a trilumen central venous catheter.Interventions Patients were randomized to receive either a trilumen heparin or chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine-coated catheter.Measurements Catheter colonization was defined by a semiquantitative catheter tip culture yielding 15 or more colony-forming units or quantitative culture of 1,000 or more colony-forming units/ml. Catheter-related bloodstream infection as the isolation of the same microorganism from a peripheral blood culture and catheter tip.Results A total of 260 catheters were cultured. Out of 132 heparin-coated catheters, 29 were colonized and out of 128 chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine- coated catheters, 13 were colonized (p=0.03), relative risk RR=2.16 (1.18–3.97). This represents an incidence of 23.5 and 11.5 episodes of catheter colonization per 1,000 catheter-days, respectively (p=0.0059), RR=2.04 (1.05–3.84). Microorganisms isolated in catheter colonization from heparin-coated catheters were gram-positive cocci 23, gram-negative bacilli 7, and Candida spp 4. In chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine-coated catheters were gram-positive cocci 6 and gram-negative bacilli 11 (p=0.009). The incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections per 1,000 catheter-days was 3.24 in heparin-coated catheters and 2.6 in chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine-coated catheters (p=0.79), RR=1.22 (0.27–5.43).Conclusions In critically ill patients the use of trilumen central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine reduced the risk of catheter colonization due to prevention of gram-positive cocci and Candida spp.Presented in part as an abstract (K-1426) at the 41st Annual ICAAC, Chicago, December 2001.     

两种PICC置管方法的对比分析

目的探讨在模拟定位机引导下PICC置管的可行性及临床价值。方法将111例行深静脉给药化疗的肿瘤患者随机分为A组(53例)和B组(58例),A组在模拟定位机引导下行PICC置管,B组采用盲穿法PICC置管(即肉眼观察和手触摸静脉血管穿刺,估计从穿刺点到上腔静脉下1/3的长度)。结果两组一次性插管的成功率为98%和81%,差异有显著意义(P0.01);A组导管留置平均时间为52 d,B组只有18 d;B组的费用明显高于A组。结论在模拟定位机引导下行PICC置管较盲穿法操作一次性插管的成功率高,管尖到位,并发症低,导管留置时间长。     

静脉留置针保留技巧

静脉留置针又称套管针,它具有减少血管损伤,减轻患者痛苦的作用,且操作简单,已被临床广泛应用。留置针保留时间长短与封管液及封管技术有关外,     

生理盐水在浅静脉留置针封管中的应用

目的：探讨生理盐水在浅静脉留置针封管中的应用效果。方法：将2013年6～9月我科使用浅静脉留置针患者110例随机等分为试验组和对照组,试验组采用预充式导管冲洗器抽取5 ml生理盐水封管,对照组采用注射器抽取5 ml稀释肝素盐水封管,观察两组留置针留置期间堵管、导管内回血、液体外渗和静脉炎发生情况。结果：两组留置针在堵管、导管内回血、液体外渗和静脉炎发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：预充式导管冲洗器封管有效地解决了留置针封管污染及操作繁琐等问题,生理盐水能有效替代原有的肝素稀释液封管。     

安普贴联合透明贴膜在神经外科患者留置尿管“双固定”中的应用效果

目的探讨安普贴联合透明贴膜在尿管"双固定"中的应用效果。方法将200例留置尿管患者随机分为实验组和对照组各100例,对照组采用传统固定方法将尿管固定好,实验组采用安普贴联合透明贴膜"双固定"尿管。比较2组患者置管后"双固定"期间敷贴更换时间、局部皮肤不良反应、意外脱管及不适感。结果实验组"双固定"更换时间、局部皮肤不良反应、意外脱管及不适感与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论安普贴联合透明贴膜在尿管"双固定"中应用成效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

Soft thrombus formation in radiofrequency catheter ablation

During RF catheter ablation, local temperature elevation can result in coagulum formation on the ablation electrode, resulting in impedance rise. A recent study has also demonstrated the formation of a so-called soft thrombus during experimental ablations. This deposit poorly adhered to the catheter tip and did not cause an impedance rise. The mechanism of soft thrombus formation and the role of the natural coagulation system are unknown. The formation of a soft thrombus was investigated experimentally by temperature-controlled RF delivery in heparinized blood at different heparin concentrations and in serum. After 60 seconds of RF delivery in blood with an electrode target temperature of 80 degrees C, a semisolidified mass had formed around the ablation electrode at all heparin concentrations. A smaller but structurally similar deposit had formed after RF delivery in serum. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that these deposits consist of denaturized and aggregated proteins, and not of a classical thrombus. The formation of the so-called soft thrombus resultsfrom heat induced protein denaturation and aggregation and occurs independent of heparin concentration and also in serum. The formation of such deposits may occur at temperatures well below 100 degrees C, which may have important consequences for further development of ablation technologies.     

Pediatric catheter flow rates

The flow rates of the 18- to 24-gauge catheters most commonly used in pediatrics were studied to determine which catheters and infusion techniques allowed for rapid volume replacement in infants and children. As expected, short, large-diameter catheters were found to have a higher flow rate, and flows under pressure in the largest catheters tested were up to 17 times greater than in a longer, smaller diameter catheter. Catheters designed for peripheral venous insertion in children showed an 18 to 164% increase in flow rate when compared with the same gauge catheters designed for central venous use. Thus, intravenous access via a central vein does not guarantee more rapid fluid infusion unless the use of the central vein permits the insertion of a catheter larger in diameter than any that could be placed peripherally. Knowledge of the flow rates determined for the various catheters in this study will assist the physician in optimizing fluid resuscitation of the critically ill or injured child.     

双腔耐高压注射型经外周置入中心静脉导管在ICU中的应用效果

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)应用双腔耐高压注射型经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)的临床效果。方法回顾分析本院ICU行静脉置管术的557例患者的临床资料,观察组283例采用双腔耐高压注射型PICC置管术,对照组274例采用双腔中心静脉导管(CVC)置管术,对比分析2组患者的疗效及安全性指标。结果观察组单根导管治疗完成率显著高于对照组,静脉导管留置时间显著长于对照组(P0.05),2组患者一次置管成功率差异则无统计学意义(P0.05)。在置管操作过程中,2组患者气胸、血胸、心律失常、置管误入动脉、穿刺点渗血的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组原发异位率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。静脉导管留置期间,观察组导管相关血流感染、非计划拔管的发生率显著低于对照组,静脉炎发生率显著高于对照组(P0.05),2组患者血栓形成、静脉导管移位、脱出、堵管的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与双腔CVC置管术相比,ICU应用双腔耐高压注射型PICC置管术具有留置期间安全性、有效性更佳等优点。