U形管引流胰周、腹膜后脓肿的效果评价

目的 :探讨胰周、腹膜后脓肿清创术后引流的有效方法。方法 :回顾总结 1987年～ 2 0 0 1年 34例重症胰腺炎并发胰周、腹膜后脓肿行清创后U形管、双套管引流病人的临床资料。结果 :U形管组和双套管组的引流管阻塞、再手术清创及脓肿治愈时间有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,U形管临床效果优于双套管。结论 :重症胰腺炎胰周、腹膜后脓肿清创后U形管引流效果较好     

经皮内镜引导下胰周坏死组织清理术治疗重症急性胰腺炎合并胰周组织坏死感染的护理

目的：探讨胰周脓肿微创治疗和护理方法,提高急性重症胰腺炎合并胰周组织坏死感染患者治愈率。方法：4例重型急性胰腺炎后期胰周脓肿感染患者,均予经皮内镜引导下胰周坏死组织清除术,内镜引导下清除坏死组织、脓苔,术后严密监护并反复负压进行冲洗,至病灶无可见异物、内壁有新鲜肉芽组织生长止。结果：治愈4例,治愈率100%;1例患者经皮内镜引导下胰腺坏死感染组织清理术后,炎症感染症状迅速控制,3例患者因术中清理不净进行二次手术后成功。结论：经皮内镜引导下胰周坏死组织清除术对治疗重型急性胰腺炎后期胰周脓肿感染患者安全可靠,通过有效治疗和护理,并发症少,治愈率高。     

Retroperitoneal and Cutaneous Necrotizing Fasciitis Secondary to Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Background

Retroperitoneal abscesses are rare complications of intraabdominal infectious processes and can progress to necrotizing infections. Necrotizing pancreatitis occurs in 10–25% of patients that require hospital admission for pancreatitis, is associated also with a 25% mortality rate, and may lead to formation of a retroperitoneal abscess.

Case Report

We report a case of a 63-year-old woman with a recently resolved case of pancreatitis who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a painful nodule on her left flank for 3 weeks, rapidly progressing over the last 12 h. In the ED, examination revealed an expanding area of erythema over the left flank with sepsis. Computed tomography scan revealed necrotizing pancreatitis with retroperitoneal abscess tracking to the abdominal wall, resulting in necrotizing fasciitis. She was taken emergently to the operating room with a good outcome.

Why Should An Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?

Acute pancreatitis is common, with a minority of cases resulting in parenchymal necrosis, which can lead to retroperitoneal infections. Rarely, necrotizing fasciitis can present on the abdominal wall as a complication of intraabdominal or retroperitoneal infections. The emergency provider should be aware of these complications that may lead to necrotizing infections and a potentially indolent course.     

重症急性胰腺炎后胰腺脓肿引流方法的比较

目的：总结重症急性胰腺炎后胰腺脓肿的治疗经验,将脓肿加以分型,并就其引流方法与疗效的关系进行比较。以指导临床工作。方法：收集本院近20年共48例胰腺脓肿病例,根据胰腺脓肿的大小、位置和形状分成三型,采用剖腹引流、经皮穿刺引流、低位小切口不经腹引流和F管引流四种方法。结果：剖腹引流25例,其中8例需再次手术,3例经三次手术治愈,因大出血、肠痿等并发症死亡4例;经皮穿刺引流8例,4例治愈,4例中转开腹后治愈;经后腰低位小切口不经腹引流10例,均获痊愈。F管引流5例,治愈3例。结论：重症胰腺炎后胰腺脓肿引流方法的选择与治疗效果直接相关,脓肿分型与选择合适的引流方法对临床工作具有指导意义。     

一件式和两件式泌尿造口袋在胰周脓肿引流管护理中的应用体会

目的探讨微创治疗重症急性胰腺炎继发胰周脓肿后引流管护理的方法,比较一件式和两件式泌尿造口袋的应用时机和方法。方法在微创治疗重症胰腺炎患者的过程中,根据引流流管口粗细和沿引流管流出的脓肿引流液的量,在合适的时机选用一件式或两件式泌尿造口袋护理引流管。结果本组48例患者均采用一件式或两件式泌尿造口袋引流,引流液观察记录准确,无一例发生引流管周围皮肤浸渍,且减少医护工作量,为患者节约费用。结论声镜结合的方法治疗重症急性胰腺炎继发胰周脓肿的护理关键在于引流管护理,合理使用一件式或两件式泌尿造口袋护理引流管能收到事半功倍的效果,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Indications et choix de technique de drainage en cas de pancréatite aiguë grave ?

Definition of severe acute pancreatitis includes organ failure or/and pancreatic or peripancreatic fluid collections. Three types of emergency drainage can be discussed in such a situation: Biliary drainage by early endoscopic sphincterotomy, transpapillary endoscopic drainage in case of early pancreatic fistula, and peripancreatic fluid collections drainage using four different approaches (percutaneous radiologic drainage, retroperitoneal drainage by surgical laparoscopy, transgastric or transduodenal endoscopic drainage and open surgical necrosectomy). The purpose of this mini-review is to focus on the current indications and choices of these different types of drainage approach.     

A minimally invasive multiple percutaneous drainage technique for acute necrotizing pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:

In approximately 20% of patients, necrotizing pancreatitis is complicated with severe acute pancreatitis, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Minimally invasive step-up approach is both safe and effective, but sometimes requires multiple access sites.

METHODS:

A 62-year-old woman was admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis, and initial computed tomography (CT) revealed no evidence of acute pancreatitis. She was clinically improved with insulin therapy, fluid administration, and electrolyte replacement. However, on the 14^th day of admission, she developed a high-grade fever, and CT demonstrated evidence of acute necrotizing pancreatitis with a large collection of peripancreatic fluid. Percutaneous transgastric drainage was performed and a 14 French gauge (Fr) pigtail catheter was placed 1 week later, which drained copious pus. Because of persistent high-grade fever and poor clinical improvement, multiple 8 and 10 Fr pigtail catheters were placed via the initial drainage route, allowing the safe and effective drainage of the extensive necrotic tissue that was occupying the bilateral anterior pararenal space.

RESULTS:

After drainage, the patient recovered well and the last catheter was removed on day 123 of admission.

CONCLUSIONS:

Multiple percutaneous drainage requires both careful judgment and specialist skills. The perforation of the colon and small bowel as well as the injury of the kidney and major vessels can occur. The current technique appears to be safe and minimally invasive compared with other drainage methods in patients with extended, infected necrotic pancreatic pseudocysts.KEY WORDS: Percutaneous drainage, Acute necrotizing pancreatitis, Minimally invasive technique     

Surgical intervention in acute pancreatitis

There is no one operative treatment for acute pancreatitis. Surgery is indicated to resolve diagnostic uncertainty and perhaps to modify the early course of gallstone pancreatitis. Peritoneal lavage is useful in reversing early-phase systemic circulatory effects mediated by toxins in the ascitic fluid, but does not modify the underlying pancreatitis. When pancreatitis progresses to pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis, the ultimate outcome is determined by a) the amount of necrosis, b) the extent of extrapancreatic necrosis, and c) bacterial contamination of necrosis. The amount of pancreatic regional necrosis that can be safely observed for healing is unknown; large collections tend to become infected secondarily and thus should be evacuated. Computed tomographic scanning is the best current means of detecting pancreatic necrosis and abscesses. Only percutaneous aspiration can reliably differentiate sterile from infected collections. As sepsis is the most common cause of death in acute pancreatitis, adequate surgical drainage is essential, while antibiotic therapy is only adjunctive. Aggressive treatment directed at the two principal causes of death, early-phase shock and late-phase sepsis, should reduce mortality to about 1% overall and to about 5% in cases complicated by regional necrosis and sepsis.     

腹膜后硬镜“一步法”清创治疗胰周感染:4例报告并文献复习

目的探查CT引导下行腹膜后硬镜“一步法”清创治疗重症急性胰腺炎胰周感染的手术方式。方法回顾性分析于2017年1月~2019年8月在广东省中医院腹部外科接受CT引导下行腹膜后硬镜“一步法”清创治疗的4例重症急性胰腺炎合并胰周感染患者的临床资料。患者中男性3例，女性1例，年龄47.5±10.4岁。同时对国内外相关文献进行复习。结果3例患者行1次手术，另外1例因坏死范围扩张，术后第8天行经原引流管窦道行硬镜清创术，术后症状缓解。所有患者术后住院时间为19.75± 7.2 d，术后均无出血、消化道瘘等并发症，随访至今均无假性囊肿等并发症。结论CT引导下行腹膜后硬镜“一步法”清创治疗重症急性胰腺炎胰周感染能及时治疗控制炎症发展进而缩短住院时间，节省住院费用，是安全、可行的，但有待更多的临床实践及高质量研究提供证据支持。      

中度重症急性胰腺炎早期超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流术的临床价值

目的 探讨中度重症急性胰腺炎早期超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流术的临床价值。方法 收集89例中度重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床资料,所有患者在入院后均按照《中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南2013》诊治标准进行规范诊治。根据其是否有在早期行超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流术分为引流组38例和对照组51例,比较2组住院期间病死率、转重症急性胰腺炎率、转外科手术率、住院时间和并发症（感染、胰腺假性囊肿、腹腔内出血、腹腔间室综合征）发生率等。结果 引流组病死率为5%、转重症急性胰腺炎率为18%、转外科手术率为8%,均低于对照组相应的22%、45%、26%（P均<0.05）。引流组的住院时间短于对照组（P<0.05）。引流组中胰腺假性囊肿和腹腔间室综合征发生率均低于对照组（P均<0.05）。2组患者的感染、腹腔内出血发生率比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 早期行超声引导下PCD能有效改善中度重症急性胰腺炎患者预后,缩短其住院时间,减少并发症的发生,且不会增加因穿刺引起的腹腔感染、出血风险。     

Management of the critically ill patient with severe acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: Acute pancreatitis represents a spectrum of disease ranging from a mild, self-limited course requiring only brief hospitalization to a rapidly progressive, fulminant illness resulting in the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), with or without accompanying sepsis. The goal of this consensus statement is to provide recommendations regarding the management of the critically ill patient with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: An international consensus conference was held in April 2004 to develop recommendations for the management of the critically ill patient with SAP. Evidence-based recommendations were developed by a jury of ten persons representing surgery, internal medicine, and critical care after conferring with experts and reviewing the pertinent literature to address specific questions concerning the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. DATA SYNTHESIS: There were a total of 23 recommendations developed to provide guidance to critical care clinicians caring for the patient with SAP. Topics addressed were as follows. 1) When should the patient admitted with acute pancreatitis be monitored in an ICU or stepdown unit? 2) Should patients with severe acute pancreatitis receive prophylactic antibiotics? 3) What is the optimal mode and timing of nutritional support for the patient with SAP? 4) What are the indications for surgery in acute pancreatitis, what is the optimal timing for intervention, and what are the roles for less invasive approaches including percutaneous drainage and laparoscopy? 5) Under what circumstances should patients with gallstone pancreatitis undergo interventions for clearance of the bile duct? 6) Is there a role for therapy targeting the inflammatory response in the patient with SAP? Some of the recommendations included a recommendation against the routine use of prophylactic systemic antibacterial or antifungal agents in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. The jury also recommended against pancreatic debridement or drainage for sterile necrosis, limiting debridement or drainage to those with infected pancreatic necrosis and/or abscess confirmed by radiologic evidence of gas or results or fine needle aspirate. Furthermore, the jury recommended that whenever possible, operative necrosectomy and/or drainage be delayed at least 2-3 wk to allow for demarcation of the necrotic pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: This consensus statement provides 23 different recommendations concerning the management of patients with SAP. These recommendations differ in several ways from previous recommendations because of the release of recent data concerning the management of these patients and also because of the focus on the critically ill patient. There are a number of important questions that could not be answered using an evidence-based approach, and areas in need of further research were identified.     

Recurrent pyogenic liver abscess after pancreatoduodenectomy caused by common hepatic artery injury: A case report

BACKGROUNDPancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has been increasingly performed as a safe treatment option for periampullary malignant and benign disorders. However, the operation may result in significant postoperative complications. Here, we present a case that recurrent pyogenic liver abscess after PD is caused by common hepatic artery injury in atypical celiac axis anatomy.CASE SUMMARYA 56-year-old man with a 1-d history of fever and shivering was diagnosed with hepatic abscess. One year and five months ago, he underwent PD at a local hospital to treat chronic pancreatitis. After the operation, the patient had recurrent intrahepatic abscesses for 4 times, and the symptoms were relieved after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage combining with anti-inflammatory therapy in the local hospital. Further examination showed that the recurrent liver abscess after PD was caused by common hepatic artery injury due to abnormal abdominal vascular anatomy. The patient underwent percutaneous drainage but continued to have recurrent episodes. His condition was eventually cured by right hepatectomy. In this case, preoperative examination of the patient’s anatomical variations with computed tomography would have played a pivotal role in avoiding arterial injuries.CONCLUSIONA careful computed tomography analysis should be considered mandatory not only to define the operability (with radical intent) of PD candidates but also to identify atypical arterial patterns and plan the optimal surgical strategy.     

Arterial supply to the pancreas; variations and cross-sectional anatomy

The pancreas has complex arterial supplies. Therefore, special attention should be paid in pancreatic arterial intervention for patients with acute pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinomas. Knowledge of pancreatic arterial anatomy and arterial territory is important not only to perform pancreatic arterial intervention, but to read the pancreatic angiography and cross-sectional image. We reviewed 226 selective abdominal angiography and CT scans during selective arteriography (CTA) of common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery, splenic artery, or peripancreatic arteries including posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and dorsal pancreatic artery. CTA images were evaluated to clarify the cross-sectional anatomy of the pancreatic arterial territory. Variations of the peripancreatic arteries were also investigated. In this exhibit, schemes and illustrative cases demonstrate pancreatic arterial territory and variations.     

重症急性胰腺炎手术治疗31例临床分析

目的：探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者的手术时机与手术指征。方法对31例SAP患者手术治疗的临床资料（采用坏死胰腺组织清除术＋坏死腔引流术17例、胰腺被膜切开减压＋腹腔引流术4例、胆管切开取石＋腹腔引流术4例、胆总管切开T管引流术3例、单纯腹腔灌洗术及胰腺假性囊肿引流术3例）进行回顾性分析。结果31例患者治愈23例（74.2%）,死亡7例（23.0%,ARDS 2例、MOF 2例、感染性休克1例、败血症1例及应激性溃疡并消化道出血1例）,术后转院治疗1例。结论 SAP患者手术指征、手术时机以及手术方式应针对患者具体情况采取相应的治疗措施;手术治疗仍然需要不断的经验总结和探索。     

Computerised tomography of the pancreas with acute pancreatitis.

Twenty patients with clinically diagnosed or suspected pancreatitis were examined with computerised tomography. Five pseudocysts and one pancreatic abscess were found as a complication of the disease. Computerised tomography is a non-invasive method of diagnosis in acute pancreatitis and is especially valuable in diagnosing the complications of the disease. Slight swelling of the inflamed part of pancreas and occlusion of the peripancreatic fat were found in mild pancreatitis. Swelling of the perinephric fat and the mesenteric fat were found in five cases of severe pancreatitis. This is a new sign, as well as uneven distribution of the contrast agent in the pancreatic parenchyma.     

Prevalence and risk factors of organ failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of organ failure and its risk factors in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

METHODS:

A retrospective analysis was made of 186 patients with SAP who were had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Jinzhong First People’s Hospital between March 2000 and October 2009. The patients met the diagnostic criteria of SAP set by the Surgical Society of the Chinese Medical Association in 2006. The variables collected included age, gender, etiology of SAP, the number of comorbidit, APACHEII score, contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) pancreatic necrosis, CT severity index (CTSI) , abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) , the number of organ failure, and the number of death. The prevalence and mortality of organ failure were calculated. The variables were analyzed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression to determine the independent risk factors for organ failure in SAP.

RESULTS:

Of 186 patients, 96 had organ failure. In the 96 patients, 47 died. There was a significant association among the prevalence of organ failure and age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI, and ACS. An increase in age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis were correlated with increased number of organ failure. Age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI and ACS were assessed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS:

Organ failure occurred in 51.6% of the 186 patients with SAP. The mortality of SAP with organ failure was 49.0%. Age, the number of comorbidity, APACHEII score, CECT pancreatic necrosis, CTSI and ACS are independent risk factors of organ failure.KEY WORDS: Severe acute pancreatitis, Organ failure, Prevalence, Risk factor, Age, Comorbidity, APACHE, Pancreatic necrosis, Abdominal compartment syndrome     

Surgical indications and timing in severe acute pancreatitis

Infected pancreatic necrosis is the major risk factor with regard to morbidity and mortality in severe acute pancreatitis. Whereas surgery for sterile necrosis can only be recommended in selected cases, infected pancreatic necrosis is a well-accepted indication for surgery. Surgery should be postponed until 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms, as necrosis is well demarcated at that time. Two surgical techniques can be performed with comparable results regarding mortality: necrosectomy combined with closed continuous local lavage or open drainage. Selection of these techniques depends on the extent of infected peripancreatic fat necrosis. Open drainage seems to be selected for the cases in which infected tissue is extensively found. However, local lavage is associated with the lower morbidity than open drainage.     

Management of severe acute pancreatitis: it's all about timing

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This study provides an update on the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with emphasis on nutrition, infection-prophylaxis, biliary pancreatitis, surgical intervention and new randomized controlled trials. RECENT FINDINGS: The most relevant new insights are: (i) early enteral nutrition in SAP is not only capable of reducing infectious complications but may also reduce mortality; (ii) there is increasing evidence that antibiotic-prophylaxis is not capable of preventing infectious complications in SAP; (iii) probiotic-prophylaxis is being considered as an alternative with promising experimental results; (iv) in biliary pancreatitis, early endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with sphincterotomy (within 48 h) is beneficial in case of ampullary obstruction, although it may be withheld in the event of negative endoscopic ultrasound; (v) surgical intervention for infected (peri-)pancreatic necrosis is increasingly being postponed; (vi) minimally invasive strategies are being considered as a full alternative for necrosectomy by laparotomy in infected (peri-)pancreatic necrosis; (vii) the Atlanta classification should no longer be used to describe computed tomography findings in acute pancreatitis; and (viii) only five randomized controlled trials of patients with acute pancreatitis are currently registered in the international trial registries. SUMMARY: Timing of intervention is becoming increasingly important in SAP management.     

Abdominal compartment syndrome: a new indication for operative intervention in severe acute pancreatitis

The current management of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is maximal conservative therapy within an intensive care environment. The only commonly accepted indication for operative intervention is the presence of infected pancreatic necrosis. We present a case wherein a laparotomy performed for treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) arising in the setting of SAP in the absence of pancreatic necrosis prevented early mortality and discuss the diagnosis and treatment of ACS as a new indication for operative intervention in SAP.