促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、皮质醇和硫酸脱氢表雄酮在早产发动中的作用

目的探讨促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）、皮质醇、硫酸脱氢表雄酮（DHEA—S）在早产发动中的作用。方法用原位杂交法检测早产阴道分娩产妇26例（早产组）、足月临产阴道分娩产妇29例（足月临产组）、足月未临产剖宫产产妇25例（足月未临产组）胎盘、胎膜组织中CRH mRNA的分布与表达,用放射免疫法测定3组产妇分娩的新生儿脐静脉血CRH,脐动脉血DHEA-S及皮质醇的含量。结果（1）各组产妇胎盘、胎膜组织中均可见CRH mRNA表达。（2）CRH mRNA在胎盘组织中表达的阳性指数：早产组为5．5±1．4,足月临产组为5．4±1．5,均高于足月未临产组的2．7±1．5。差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;CRHmRNA在胎膜组织中表达的阳性指数：早产组为5．4±1．7,足月临产组为5．4±1．4,足月未临产组为2．0±1．4,早产组、足月临产组与足月未临产组比较,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;CRH mRNA在胎盘及胎膜中表达的阳性指数早产组与足月临产组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;各组产妇CRH mRNA在胎盘与胎膜组织中的表达比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）早产组和足月临产组新生儿脐静脉血CRH含量分别为（7．8±3．3）、（7．7±4．1）ng／L,脐动脉血DHEA-S含量分别为（514±295）、（483±207）μg／L,均高于足月未临产组的（4．8±2．4）ng／L、（360±80）μg／L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而早产组与足月临产组比较,差异则无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。早产组脐静脉血CRH含量与胎盘、胎膜组织中CRH mRNA的表达均呈正相关关系（r=0．935、0．853,P〈0．01）,足月临产组脐静脉血CRH含量与胎盘、胎膜组织中CRH mRNA的表达也呈正相关关系（r=0．902、0．825,P〈0．01）。（4）早产组新生儿脐动脉血皮质醇含量为（246±117）μg／L,明显高于足月临产组的（172±72）μg／L和足月未临产组的（127±60）μg／L,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。早产组新生儿脐静脉血CRH与脐动脉血皮质醇、DHEA-S含量均呈正相关关系（r=0．523、0．424,P〈0．05）,足月临产组新生儿脐静脉血CRH与脐动脉血皮质醇、DHEA—S含量也呈正相关关系（r=0．438、0．354,P〈0．05）。结论（1）CRH与分娩发动密切相关,胎盘、胎膜组织中CRH mRNA表达升高可能是早产发动的重要原因。（2）DHEA—S、皮质醇与分娩的发动密切相关。     

孕41周妊娠结局及引产利弊分析

目的通过对孕41周妊娠结局的分析，了解延期妊娠对胎儿及新生儿的影响；孕41周后引产的利弊。方法采用回顾性研究，对2002年7月至2004年12月足月无合并症初产妇资料进行分析，共计2903例，其中461例为延期妊娠（41～41舶周）。结果延期妊娠组剖宫产率为48.81％，胎儿窘迫发生率为43．38％。明显高于其它孕周组（P〈0．01），新生儿窒息发生率为1．08％，高于孕周38周组，低于其它组。但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。延期妊娠引产组剖官产率为52．28％，自然临产组为28．36％，引产组明显高于自然临产组（P〈0．01），胎儿窘迫和新生儿窒息发生率分别为42．89％和1．02％，34．33％和1．49％，均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。引产组宫颈Bishop评分低于5分者，剖宫产率为65．6％，高于自然临产组和评分6分及以上组（P〈0．05），与评分5分相比无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。孕41～41^＋3周分娩者与孕41^＋4～41^＋6周分娩者结局无明显差别。结论妊娠满41周后胎儿有官内缺氧的危险，应适时终止。宫颈条件不成熟者引产。难产危险性增加。刚满41周宫颈条件不成熟、又无迫切原因需要立即终止妊娠者，可严密观察下等待2～3d至41^＋4周再引产是可行的。     

应用阴道前庭超声方法评估分娩方式对女性盆底的近期影响

目的应用阴道前庭超声方法评价阴道分娩和选择性剖宫产对女性盆底的近期影响。方法2008年3月～2008年6月在我院产科分娩后6～8周的产妇75例,其中经阴道分娩产妇55例,选择性剖宫产产妇20例,选择非妊娠年轻女性24例作为对照组,应用阴道前庭超声在安静状态及压力状态下（Valsalva动作时）分别测量各组患者的膀胱尿道后角角度（Ar、As）;膀胱颈至耻骨联合下缘的距离（Dr、Ds）;膀胱颈角度（θr、θs）;膀胱颈旋转角度（0）;尿道膀胱连接部移动度（UVJ—M）,并将各组结果进行统计学分析。结果阴道分娩组与对照组比较,Dr缩短,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,θs、θ及UVJ-M明显增大,有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。选择性剖宫产组与对照组比较,θs及θ增大,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。阴道分娩组与选择性剖宫产比较,θs及UVJ—M明显增大,有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。阴道分娩组中无产后尿失禁症状者与有产后尿失禁症状者比较,无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论阴道分娩近期对盆底功能的影响大于选择性剖宫产。     

水中分娩120例母儿结局临床分析

目的探讨水中分娩的安全性和有效性。方法选择孕足月单胎头位无阴道分娩禁忌证并自愿选择水中分娩的120例孕妇作为研究组,传统阴道分娩120例为对照组,比较两组孕妇的疼痛程度、总产程和母儿并发症。结果研究组孕妇Ⅱ＋Ⅲ级分娩疼痛率（3．33％,4／120）低于对照组（96．67％,116／120）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;研究组无会阴侧切,对照组会阴侧切率为45．83％（55／120）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;研究组总产程、产后出血量和新生儿窒息率分别为（456．78±102．90）min、（146．13±18．16）ml和1．67％（2／120）,对照组分别为（480．54±113．85）min、（148．04±21．13）ml和3．33％（4／120）,两组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两组均无产褥感染发生。结论水中分娩可降低孕妇分娩疼痛程度,不增加产后出血量、产褥感染率及新生儿窒息的发生,是安全可行的分娩方式。     

妊娠急性脂肪肝的临床诊断及治疗方法

目的 探讨妊娠急性脂肪肝的临床诊断及治疗方法。方法 对上海市公共卫生临床中心1988年1月至2007年7月收治的36例妊娠急性脂肪肝患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 （1）临床表现：36例妊娠急性脂肪肝患者均发生于妊娠晚期,有明显的临床症状（以恶心、呕吐为主）和实验室检查特征（36例患者全部出现白细胞计数、肝酶及血清总胆红素水平升高,全部出现凝血酶原时间延长及血清白蛋白水平降低）。肝脏B超的阳性检出率为57％（17／30）,肝脏CT的阳性检出率为73％（16／22）,肝脏CT的阳性检出率高于B超（P〈0．05）。（2）分娩方式：阴道分娩12例,其中产后出血发生率为42％（5／12）,孕产妇死亡率为50％（6／12）,围产儿死亡率为50％（6／12）,新生儿窒息发生率为58％（7／12）;剖宫产分娩24例,其中产后出血发生率为42％（10／24）,孕产妇死亡率为8％（2／24）,围产儿死亡率为13％（3／24）,新生儿窒息发生率为38％（9／24）。（3）剖宫产终止妊娠加内科综合支持治疗能明显降低产后出血发生率、孕产妇死亡率、围产儿死亡率、新生儿窒息发生率。剖宫产分娩的孕产妇死亡率及围产儿死亡率与阴道分娩比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,剖官产分娩的产后出血发生率及新生儿窒息发生率与阴道分娩比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（4）全部死亡病例均是从发病至接受正规治疗时间超过7d的患者。结论 结合临床症状、实验窀检查特征、肝脏B超、CT检查等,力争在发病1周内明确诊断;立即剖宫产术终止妊娠、积极内科综合支持疗法是改善母儿预后的关键。     

剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道分娩的安全性探讨

目的:探讨剖宫产术后再次妊娠行阴道分娩(VBAC)的安全性。方法:回顾性分析收治的剖宫产术后再次妊娠、符合剖宫产术后阴道试产(TOLAC)适应证、无TOLAC禁忌证的363例孕妇的临床资料,根据患者意愿158例孕妇愿意行TOLAC,其中自然临产44例(自然临产组),Bishop≥6分行缩宫素静滴引产81例(宫颈成熟组),Bishop6分行Cook双球囊放置术促宫颈成熟后行缩宫素静滴引产33例(宫颈不成熟组),并按照最终的分娩方式分为TOLAC成功137例(VBAC组)、择期再次剖宫产205例(ERCS组)。比较VBAC组和ERCS组的分娩及新生儿情况及TOLAC试产组中的3个亚组的试产成功率和产后出血量。结果:137例孕妇阴道试产成功,试产成功率86.7%(137/158)。TOLAC中自然临产组、宫颈成熟组和宫颈不成熟组试产成功率和产后24小时出血量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。VBAC组和ERCS组产妇均未出现子宫破裂;VBAC组产后24小时出血量、母亲输血率、住院时间、住院费用均低于ERCS组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);VBAC组新生儿1分钟Apgar评分与ERCS组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:严格掌握TOLAC适应证,加强产时监测并及时处理,VBAC安全可行,对无禁忌证的孕妇可倡导阴道试产,球囊促宫颈成熟对计划性TOLAC而言可能是一种安全有效的方法。     

控释地诺前列酮栓用于妊娠期糖尿病足月妊娠引产的疗效

目的探讨10mg控释地诺前列酮用于足月妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）引产的有效性及安全性。方法将100例孕足月未破膜血糖控制良好的GDM单胎头位初产妇分为地诺前列酮组（50例）和缩宫素组（50例）,比较两组患者的引产效果及并发症。结果地诺前列酮组用药后12h宫颈Bishop评分[（7．52±0．42）分]高于缩宫素组[（5．22±0．23）分],两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;地诺前列酮组用药至临产时间[（8．77±1．86）h]、总产程[（10．24±1．37）h]均短于缩宫素组[（29．80±3．91）h,（15．30±1．15）h],两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;地诺前列酮组剖宫产率（24．0％,12／50）与缩宫素组（78．0%,39／50）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;地诺前列酮组孕妇和新生儿血糖[（6．12±1．77）mmol／L,（3．02±0．42）mmol／L]与缩宫素组[（6．20±1．86）mmol／L,（3．15±0．63）mmol／L]比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;地诺前列酮组无新生儿窒息,缩宫素组发生1例新生儿窒息。结论10mg控释地诺前列酮用于足月GDM患者引产安全有效,能显著提高患者的阴道分娩率,降低剖宫产率。     

产妇健康信念对分娩结局、产妇及新生儿的影响

目的：探讨健康信念模式应用于产妇分娩中的效果。方法：选取在我院分娩产妇400例,随机分为实验组和对照组各200例。实验组产妇应用健康信念模式,对照组只进行一般入院宣传。对两组产妇的分娩方式、新生儿出生时Apgar评分、母乳喂养及产后24h自护率等指标进行比较。结果：实验组剖宫产产妇例数（54例）显著少于对照组（107例）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而两组新生儿出生时Apgar评分差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。实验组产妇产后24h自护率为99．50％、母乳喂养率为98．50％,显著优于对照组的自护率（78．50％）以及母乳喂养率（88．00％）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：增强产妇健康信念可有效降低剖宫产率,提高产后24h自护率及母乳喂养率,进一步保障了产妇康复质量。     

产程中手法按摩减轻分娩疼痛效果初探

目的探讨产程中手法按摩减轻分娩疼痛的效果。方法选择单胎正常足月孕妇42例,其中自愿采用手法按摩减轻分娩疼痛的21例为手法按摩组,采用经皮神经电刺激仪（TENS）减痛的21例为TENS组,分别比较两组孕妇减痛干预前后疼痛评分和分娩满意度。结果①手法按摩组活跃早期按摩前后疼痛评分分别为（5．52±0．98）分和（2．81±0．51）分,活跃晚期分别为（9．04±0．80）分和（3．90±0．77）分,按摩前后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;②手法按摩组]／5和1／3减痛率分别为61．9％和33．3％,TENS组分别为57．1％和28．6％,两组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;③手法按摩组分娩满意度和非常满意度分别为42．9％和57．1％,TENS组分别为61．9％和23．8％,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论手法按摩能有效减轻分娩疼痛,简单、便利、经济,并增加分娩满意度。     

产后1年内意外妊娠妇女避孕状况调查

目的通过调查产后意外妊娠妇女的避孕状况,探讨产后避孕失败的原因。方法将2008年11月至2013年5月北京大学人民医院计划生育科189例产后1年内意外妊娠妇女作为研究组,同期326例产后1年内未妊娠妇女作为对照组,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果研究组妇女的平均年龄[（30．15±4．15）岁]与对照组[（33．51±6．03）岁]比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组妇女的文化程度及职业比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。研究组未避孕率（28．57％,54／189）与对照组（19．94％,65／326）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。研究组妇女中,阴道分娩组未避孕率（20．93％,27／129）与剖宫产组（45．00%,27／60）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。研究组因避孕措施失败而导致意外妊娠135例（71．43％）,其采用的避孕方法分别为避孕套107例（79．26％）,安全期21例（15．56％）,体外排精6例（4．44%）,宫内节育器1例（0．74％）。结论不避孕或使用效果不稳定的避孕方法,是导致妇女产后1年内意外妊娠的主要原因。     

延期妊娠引产对母儿结局的影响

目的:探讨引产对延期妊娠母儿结局的影响.方法:回顾性分析延期妊娠孕妇437例,其中引产组276例,自然临产组16l例.结果:①引产组的剖宫产率、平均住院日明显高于自然临产组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②引产组和自然临产组的产后出血发生率、产褥病率、产时损伤发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);③羊水Ⅲ度粪染发生率、新生儿窒息发生率两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:对延期妊娠孕妇是否进行引产,需进行综合评价,选择适合孕妇的期待或引产方案.     

Induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 in women with previous cesarean section and unfavorable cervix

OBJECTIVE: To study the pregnancy outcome of induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in women with one previous lower segment cesarean section. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design was used. The study sample included 1028 consecutive women with one previous cesarean section, of whom 97 underwent induction of labor (study group) and 931 were admitted with spontaneous onset of labor (control group). Vaginal tablets of PGE2 were used for cervical ripening in the study group. Mode of delivery, neonatal outcome, indications for cesarean section, and rate of uterine rupture were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the study and control groups in mean (+/-S.D.) maternal age (30.9 +/- 4.7 years versus 31.2 +/- 4.8 years, P = 0.6), gestational age at delivery (39.2 +/- 1.8 weeks versus 39.3 +/- 1.6 weeks, P = 0.36), overall rate of cesarean section (36% versus 37.3%, P = 0.8), rates of low 5-min Apgar score < or =7 (3.1% versus 3.7%, P = 0.67) or cesarean section performed for nonreassuring fetal heart rate (6.1% versus 3.1%, P = 0.1). There were four cases of uterine rupture, all in the control group compared to none in the study group (nonsignificant). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that induction of labor in women with one previous cesarean section does not increase the risk of cesarean section rate and does not adversely affect immediate neonatal outcome. We cautiously suggest that when there is no absolute indication for repeated cesarean section, induction of labor may be considered.     

0.8 mm控释地诺前列酮栓用于足月胎膜早破促宫颈成熟的多中心研究

目的 探讨0.8 mm控释地诺前列酮栓(其他名称:欣普贝生)用于足月胎膜早破促宫颈成熟的安全性及有效性.方法 采用多中心、前瞻性研究方法,选择孕足月、单胎、头位,宫颈Bishop评分<6分、无严重合并症及引产禁忌证、胎儿情况正常的足月胎膜早破产妇100例为观察组,选择同期条件相同、具备引产指征的180例胎膜完整产妇作为对照组.在无菌操作下,将0.8 mm控释地诺前列酮阴道栓剂1枚横向置于产妇的阴道后穹隆深部,药物放置后产妇卧床2 h.记录两组产妇药物放置至宫缩开始、临产及分娩的时间;药物平均放置时间;胎心率异常、羊水粪染、子宫过度刺激情况及其他不良反应;分娩方式、产程时间、产后出血量及新生儿情况.结果 两组共280例产妇中,26例置药后24 h未临产(9.3%,26/280),其中观察组3例,对照组23例;观察组24 h内临产率为97.0%(97/100),明显高于对照组的87.2%(157/180),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).观察组73例阴道分娩(75.3%,73/97),24例剖宫产分娩(24.7%,24/97);对照组107例阴道分娩(68.2%,107/157),50例剖宫产分娩(31.8%,50/157),两组阴道分娩及剖宫产率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组药物放置至宫缩开始时间、药物平均放置时间、总产程时间比较,差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组宫缩过频发生率为11.3%(11/97),对照组为19.1%(30/157),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.673,P>0.05);两组均无新生儿窒息发生.结论 0.8 mm控释地诺前列酮栓用于足月胎膜早破促宫颈成熟安全、有效,但用药期间应加强监护.     

前次剖宫产术对再次妊娠影响的临床评价

目的:探讨剖宫产术后再次妊娠时妊娠期并发症的发生及不良分娩结局的情况。方法:选择2012年3月至2015年10月在成都市妇女儿童中心医院诊治的剖宫产术后再次妊娠孕妇5960例为观察组,选择同期非瘢痕子宫再次妊娠分娩经产妇6656例为对照组,回顾性分析比较两组妊娠期并发症的发生情况及分娩后母儿情况。结果:观察组前置胎盘、胎盘植入、妊娠期高血压疾病、早产、胎膜早破、胎儿生长受限的发生率均高于对照组(P0.05),观察组重型胎盘植入(穿透型、植入型)的发生率高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组产后输血、子宫切除、产褥感染的发生率均明显高于对照组(P0.05),两组产后出血率及新生儿窒息率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:剖宫产术增加了再次妊娠时妊娠期并发症及不良分娩情况的发生率,并且可能是导致重型胎盘植入的主要原因之一。严格控制首次剖宫产有助于改善母婴结局。     

Comparison of labor progression between induced and noninduced multiparous women

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of labor induction is rising rapidly in the United States. Among multiparas, labor is often followed with traditional labor curves derived from noninduced pregnancies. We sought to determine how labor progression of multiparous women who presented in spontaneous labor differed from those who were electively induced with and from those induced without preinduction cervical ripening. METHODS: We analyzed data on all low-risk multiparous women with an elective induction or spontaneous onset of labor between 37(+0) and 40(+6) weeks of gestation from January 2002 to March 2004 at a single institution. The median duration of labor by each centimeter of cervical dilatation and the risk of cesarean delivery were computed for 61 women with preinduction cervical ripening and oxytocin induction, 735 women with oxytocin induction, and 1,885 women with a spontaneous onset of labor. An intracervical Foley catheter was used to ripen the cervix. RESULTS: Those women who experienced electively induced labor without cervical ripening had a shorter active phase of labor than did those admitted in spontaneous labor (99 minutes in induced labor versus 161 minutes in spontaneous labor, P < .001). However, the cesarean delivery rate was elevated in the induction group (3.9% versus 2.3%, P < .05). Women who underwent preinduction cervical ripening also had a shorter active phase than those admitted in spontaneous labor (109 minutes versus 161 minutes, P = .01). CONCLUSION: The pattern of labor progression differs for women with an electively induced labor without cervical ripening compared with those who present with spontaneous onset of labor.     

Epidural analgesia and cesarean section for dystocia: risk factors in nulliparas.

A retrospective study assessing the effect of epidural analgesia in labor on the incidence of cesarean section was performed. The first 500 consecutive nulliparas meeting the following criteria were included in this study: term (37 weeks or longer) and singleton gestation, cephalic presentation, spontaneous onset of labor, and 5 cm or less of cervical dilation on admission. Patients were grouped according to their rate of cervical dilation in early labor (greater than or equal to 1 cm/hr, and less than 1 cm/hr) and the timing of epidural placement (none, early, or late). There was no effect of epidural analgesia on the incidence of cesarean section for fetal distress. The incidence of cesarean section for dystocia was significantly greater (p greater than 0.000001) in the epidural group (15.6%) than in the nonepidural group (2.4%). The greatest effect of epidural analgesia on the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia was observed in nulliparas who dilated at slower rates (less than 1 cm/hr) in early labor and who had epidural analgesia placed at 5 cm or less of cervical dilation (20.6% versus 3.4%, relative risk of 6, p less than 0.0005). The increase of cesarean section for dystocia associated with epidural analgesia could not be accounted for when other possibly confounding variables were studied. Both the dilation rate prior to epidural placement and the cervical dilation at epidural placement were significantly correlated to frequency of cesarean section for dystocia (p less than 0.01). This study suggests that epidural analgesia in labor may increase the incidence of cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparas.     

Parturition-induced changes in maternal plasma cortisol levels.

Total maternal plasma cortisol levels were measured by a radioassay method in 9 patients who were in spontaneous labor and 10 patients who were electively induced at term with oxytocin. Determinations were made at onset of labor and repeated at full cervical dilatation. Total maternal plasma cortisol levels were also measured in 7 patients undergoing elective cesarean section without labor, determinations being made just prior to the procedure and at the time of uterine incision. Computerized analysis showed the mean initial cortisol level (+/- SE) in the spontaneous labor group (15.4 +/- 1.6 mug/100 ml) to be significantly less than the mean initial level of the group electively delivered by oxytocin induction (37.2 +/- 6 mug/100 ml), with P less than 0.01. The former value was also found to be significantly less than that of the group electively delivered by cesarean section (32.1 +/- 9.3 mug/100 ml), with P less than 0.05. A significant rise was noted at full cervical dilatation in the spontaneous labor group (P less than 0.05), whereas no change occurred in the two elective groups. No significant correlation was found between the maternal cortisol levels on the one hand and the cord cortisol levels. These findings indicate that a) maternal participation is unlikely in bringing about a surge of fetal plasma cortisol which is thought to precede spontaneous labor, b) elective termination of term pregnancy by oxytocin induction or cesarean section may be initially more stress-provoking to the mother than spontaneous labor, and c) maternal stress as measured by plasma cortisol level is not reflected in the fetus.     

Outcome after elective labor induction in nulliparous women: a matched cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elective induction of labor in nulliparous women is associated with changes in fetomaternal outcome when compared with labor of spontaneous onset.Study Design: All 80 labor wards in Flanders (Northern Belgium) comprised a matched cohort study. From 1996 through 1997, 7683 women with elective induced labor and 7683 women with spontaneous labor were selected according to the following criteria: nulliparity, singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation, gestational age at the time of delivery of 266 to 287 days, and birth weight between 3000 and 4000 g. Each woman with induced labor and the corresponding woman with spontaneous labor came from the same labor ward, and they had babies of the same sex. Both groups were compared with respect to the incidence of cesarean delivery or instrument delivery and the incidence of transfer to the neonatal ward. RESULTS: Cesarean delivery (9.9% vs 6.5%), instrumental delivery (31.6% vs 29.1%), epidural analgesia (80% vs 58%), and transfer of the baby to the neonatal ward (10.7% vs 9.4%) were significantly more common (P <.01) when labor was induced electively. The difference in cesarean delivery was due to significantly more first-stage dystocia in the induced group. The difference in neonatal admission could be attributed to a higher admission rate for maternal convenience when the women had a cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: When compared with labor of spontaneous onset, elective labor induction in nulliparous women is associated with significantly more operative deliveries. Nulliparous women should be informed about this before they submit to elective induction.     

促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、皮质醇及硫酸脱氢表雄酮与分娩发动关系的研究

目的 :测定足月妊娠妇女在分娩发动前后外周血及脐静脉血中促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素 (CRH)、皮质醇 (CORT)、硫酸脱氢表雄酮 (DHEAs)水平 ,以探讨CRH、CORT及DHEAs在足月分娩发动中的作用。方法 :测定 4 0例自然分娩发动孕妇及 4 0例同孕周的选择性剖宫产孕妇外周血、脐静脉血CRH、CORT及DHEAs水平。CRH的测定用放射免疫法 ,CORT用 2 0 0 0型全自动化学发光检测系统 ,DHEAs用酶联免疫法。结果 :(1)自然分娩发动组潜伏期及活跃期血CRH水平均显著高于选择性剖宫产组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而潜伏期及活跃期CRH水平无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;自然分娩发动组潜伏期、活跃期及选择性剖宫产组之间的血DHEAs水平无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;自然分娩发动组潜伏期、活跃期的血CORT水平与剖宫产组相比有升高的趋势 ,但 3者间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )自然分娩发动组脐血CRH、CORT、DHEAs水平均显著高于选择性剖宫产组 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ) ,且CORT、DHEAs与CRH水平均呈正相关 (r1=0 .74 ,P <0 .0 5 ;r2 =0 .91,P <0 .0 1) ;两组新生儿的平均体重差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :胎盘CRH与胎儿来源的CORT、DHEAs ,可能在足月分娩发动中起重要作用     

Economic implications of method of delivery

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to examine the costs of hospital care associated with different methods of delivery. STUDY DESIGN: An 18-year population-based cohort study (1985-2002) using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database compared outcomes in nulliparous women at term undergoing spontaneous or induced labor for planned vaginal delivery, or undergoing cesarean delivery without labor. Costs that were assessed included physician fees, nursing hours in the labor and delivery, postpartum and neonatal intensive care units, epidural use, induction of labor agents, and consumables. RESULTS: A total of 27,614 pregnancies satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria, 5233 of which had labor induced. A comparison of mean costs per mother/infant pair demonstrated that cesarean delivery in labor ($2137) was increased compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery ($1340, P=.01), assisted vaginal delivery ($1594, P=.01), and cesarean delivery without labor ($1532, P=.01). The cost of delivery after induction of labor ($1715) was increased compared with spontaneous onset of labor ($1474, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Cesarean delivery in labor occurs more frequently with labor induction and is associated with increased costs compared with other methods of delivery.