Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament was compared with reconstruction through a miniarthrotomy. The operation time was significantly longer with arthroscopy, but the Lysholm scores and activity levels were the same in both groups before and 1 year after the operation. There was no difference in quadriceps torque between the groups before surgery and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The measured stability in 20 degrees of knee flexion was similar in both groups before, immediately after, and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. A slow increase in the laxity was noted. One of 20 ligaments ruptured in the arthrotomy group due to a new trauma. In the arthroscopy group, there was one rupture due to abrasion. During the follow-up, two cases in the arthroscopy group had synovitis, in one case leading to removal of the prosthesis. There seems to be no major benefit from arthroscopic reconstruction in terms of rehabilitation. The miniarthrotomy is preferred since the notch plasty is easier to perform adequately during it than during arthroscopy.     

关节镜下保留韧带残端的前交叉韧带重建

目的 评价保留韧带残端的前交叉韧带(ACL)重建的近期临床效果,探讨ACL胫骨残端在重建术后韧带化及膝关节本体感觉恢复过程中的作用.方法 2007年1月至2009年1月,对82例ACL断裂患者行关节镜下保留韧带残端的ACL单束重建,男53例,女29例;年龄18～41岁,平均28.2岁.受伤至手术时间为3周～22个月,平均3个月.82例患者均为ACL完全断裂,其中体部断裂77例,股骨起点断裂5例.术中病理检查观察韧带残端血管分布,尽可能保留韧带残端及表面滑膜鞘,重建的韧带自ACL残端中通过并被残留的滑膜鞘包裹.术后随访时通过Rolimeter试验检测膝关节前向稳定性,采用Lysholm膝关节评分、Tegner评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分等评价术后疗效.结果 ACL残端病理检查显示残端韧带纤维间有血管分布,炎性细胞浸润,靠近胫骨止点处和新鲜损伤时血管分布较多.82例患者术后随访13～37个月(平均20个月).末次随访时,79例患者(96.3%)Lachman试验阴性.Rolimeter检查显示双侧膝关节前向松弛度差值由术前平均(7.3 ±2.6)mm减少至末次随访时(2.3 ±1.5)mm(t=1.981,P=0.023).Lysholm评分由术前平均(61.2 ±7.6)分改善至末次随访时(91.5 末4.5)分(t=2.915,P=0.002).Tegner评分由术前平均(3.7 ±1.4)改善至末次随访时(6.5±1.2)分(t=2.189,P:0.012).IKDC主观评分由术前平均(65.1±7.9)分改善至末次随访时(93.4±5.7)分(t=3.286,P=0.001).所有患者轴移试验检杏均为阴性,膝关节活动度正常.结论 保留牵张胫骨残端的ACL重建能够建立具有良好稳定性的膝关节,近期临床疗效良好.ACL胫骨残端组织有利于韧带的组织再血管化过程及本体感觉的恢复.     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带

膝关节前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）损伤后自愈能力差，移植重建是目前治疗的主要手段。常用的移植物有很多种，其中最常用的是自体髌韧带和半腱肌腱，但供区并发症问题一直影响最终疗效。我院2006年6～12月采用法国产LARS（1igament advancement reinforcement system）人工韧带进行关节镜下ACL重建21例，效果满意，现报告如下。[第一段]     

关节镜下保留胫骨残端纤维同种异体肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带

目的:探讨关节镜下保留胫骨残端纤维同种异体肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带的方法及疗效。方法:2008年5月至2010年10月,采用保留胫骨残端纤维重建ACL68例,男33例,女35例;平均年龄25.8岁(17～43岁);受伤至手术时间3～6个月,平均(4.5±1.1)个月。术前轴移试验阳性55例,Lachman试验阳性68例,前抽屉试验阳性68例。KT2000仪器测量胫骨前移度,与对侧肢体相比,相差值为(7.2±2.3)mm(5～9mm)。Lysholm评分45～67分,平均55.7±5.4,优0例,良0例,中3例,差65例;Tegner运动功能评分2～4分,平均3.1±0.6。结果:术后均获随访,时间24～42个月,平均(31.5±2.4)个月。终末随访时膝关节轴移阴性68例;Lachman试验阴性60例,I度阳性8例;前抽屉试验阴性58例,Ⅰ度阳性6例,Ⅱ度阳性4例;KT2000测量胫骨前移度,终末随访时比健侧增加(1.9±0.7)mm(0～3mm),与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=21.15,P=0.0001)。Lysholm评分81～97分,平均86.0±5.1,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=18.55,P=0.0010);Lysholm评分优55例,良10例,中3例,差0例,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.066,P<0.05)。Tegner运动功能评分6～9分,平均7.8±0.3,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=9.11,P=0.0005)。结论:保留残端纤维采用异体肌腱重建ACL可增加移植物的血供和神经支配,促进腱骨愈合,有利于移植物重塑,短期随访疗效良好。     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a bone-patella tendon-bone free autologous graft was performed with an arthroscopic technique in 73 patients with chronic insufficiency. Sixty-nine (94.5%) were available for personal follow-up 3-5 years after the operation. Six patients (8%) had had postoperative difficulties in regaining a complete range of motion. Symptoms of giving-way were cured in 97% of the cases, and 89% had returned to vigorous activities. Residual anterior laxity (defined as pivot shift 2+, and/or Lachman 2+, and/or KT-1000 > 5 mm at the manual maximum) was found in 13% and was more frequent in patients with an uncorrected varus laxity. Patellofemoral crepitus was present in 17% of the knees and was associated with pain and/or swelling in a further 4%; it correlated with radiographic evidence of patellofemoral incongruence (p = 0.009). Comparison of the results with those of a previous series performed by arthrotomy revealed a decreased incidence of limited range of motion, severe patellar symptoms, and changes in patellar height. Stability was the same.     

关节镜下 Moriya法重建膝前交叉韧带

目的报告关节镜下应用Moriya(守屋)法重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及临床疗效。方法切取股薄肌腱、远段髂胫束瓣,胫骨止点保留,以髂胫束瓣包裹股薄肌腱重建ACL。手术16例,男12例,女4例。术前Lachman试验、前抽屉试验皆为阳性,经关节镜证实ACL内、外侧束完全断裂。结果术后随访4～17个月,平均随访9个月。按照日本骨科学会(JOA)制定的膝关节韧带损伤疗效评定标准,≥90分10例;80～90分5例;≤80分1例,优良率为93.75%。结论该术式对膝关节伸屈肌腱无损伤,不残留术后膝前痛,取材方便,操作简单,为关节镜下重建ACL的优良方法。     

前交叉韧带断裂的关节镜下保留残端重建手术治疗

[目的]探讨关节镜下保留残端纤维前交叉韧带重建的手术方法及其与标准手术方法的疗效比较.[方法]回顾性分析采用关节镜技术重建前交叉韧带293例,其中ACL完全断裂253例,男187例,女66例,平均年龄28岁.2004年5月～ 2007年12月,采用标准重建技术对85例ACL完全断裂患者进行关节镜下ACL重建手术,2007年1月～2010年5月,采用保留残端技术对168例ACL完全断裂患者进行关节镜下ACL重建手术.[结果]在术后第12个月时有211例患者得到随访.Lachman试验:标准组患者术后阴性55例,弱阳性7例,阳性2例;保残组患者中132例阴性,10例弱阳性,阳性5例.采用两组比较秩和检验,P=0.438.通过Lysholm评分表对两组患者术前及术后患膝关节进行评分,标准组术后评分为90.84;保残组术后评分为92.09,两组评分相比,P=0.462.采用被动活动察觉阈值评估两组术后患膝本体感觉功能,标准组TTDPM(被动活动察觉阈值)为2.099°±0.159°,保残组TTDPM为1.683° ±0.218°,两组比较P=0.001,两组患者术后被动活动察觉阈值的差异具有统计学意义.[结论]保留残端纤维关节镜下前交叉韧带重建,术后患者膝关节本体感觉功能恢复更好.     

Arthroscopic evaluation of allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

In a previous study, we evaluated the findings of arthroscopic second looks at open anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using autogenous tissue. We were disappointed at the variable quality of the ligaments and the presence of articular cartilage lesions. These findings led us to change our treatment protocol. Since 1983, we have used freeze-dried allografts for arthroscopic intraarticular ACL reconstructions. We have started protected motion in a brace immediately postoperatively and delayed weightbearing for 12-16 weeks. A total of 54 patients with at least a 2-year follow-up were evaluated subjectively (Lysholm scale) and objectively (KT 1000). Some 78% were rated good or excellent, and 87% were satisfied with their surgery. Of these 54 patients, 28 underwent subsequent surgery for hardware removal, manipulation, or removal of adhesions. All 28 had an arthroscopy, and an evaluation of ligamentous tissue and articular cartilage at the time of the second surgery. The graft resembled a normal anterior cruciate ligament in 18 patients. The graft was slightly lax in two of these patients, but their clinical examination revealed normal stability. In six patients, the intercondylar notch was covered by a sheath of dense, fibrous tissue, but the knees were stable. In two cases, there was slight fraying of the lateral aspect of the graft from impingement on the lateral femoral condyle. In two cases the graft failed. The condition of the articular cartilage was documented and compared with the condition of the articular cartilage at the time of cruciate reconstruction. In 19 cases, the articular cartilage had been normal and remained normal at the time of reevaluation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

关节镜下膝前交叉韧带与后交叉韧带联合重建

[目的]探讨膝关节双交叉韧带损伤的临床特点,评估关节镜下前交叉韧带(ACL)与后交叉韧带(PCL)联合重建的技术和效果。[方法]自2001年9月~2005年2月,13例病人(13膝)经关节镜检查证实ACL和PCL均断裂,其中5膝伴后内侧角(PMC)、内侧副韧带损伤(MCL),4膝伴后外侧角损伤(PLC),2膝伴外侧半月板破裂,1膝伴内侧半月板损伤,3膝伴腘动脉损伤,2膝伴腓总神经损伤。7例病人于损伤后急性期入院,2膝于急性期行腘血管探查修复,4膝行膝后内侧角、内侧副韧带修复。13例病人于伤后4~12周在关节镜下行自体移植物单束ACL和PCL联合重建术,其中4例同期后1/2股二头肌腱重建后PLC,1例同期阔筋膜PMC、MCL重建。[结果]本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。术后随访10~39个月,平均(21.85±9.28)个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为75~95分,平均(86.54±6.89)分。国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)综合评定由术前显著异常(D级)13例,改进为随访时正常(A级)3例、接近正常(B级)8例、异常(C级)2例。13例病人中,11例恢复至伤前运动水平,2例运动水平较伤前减低。[结论]膝关节双交叉韧带损伤多伴有其它重要结构损伤,需妥善处理合并损伤。关节镜下自体移植物联合单束重建ACL和PCL创伤小、手术操作精细,术后膝关节功能恢复满意。     

关节镜下膝关节前、后交叉韧带重建53例

目的总结关节镜下前、后交叉韧带（ACL、PCL）及膝内外侧复合体重建的经验。方法关节镜下移植中1/3骨-髌腱-骨组织、4股腘绳肌腱及LARS人工韧带重建膝关节ACL、PCL。合并膝内、外侧结构损伤患者在重建的同时进行膝关节侧副韧带和关节囊的修补。术后佩戴可调式膝关节固定带3个月行康复训练。结果53例随访2个月～5年4个月,Lysholm评分由术前平均（20±4.6）分提高到（85±7.3）分。所有患者术前抽屉试验及Lachman试验存在阳性体征,术后1例后抽屉试验阳性,4例Lachman试验弱阳性。所有患者关节功能明显改善。结论在关节镜直视下交叉韧带重建能准确定位ACL、PCL解剖止点,具有损伤小,关节粘连率低,恢复快的优点,能达到坚强固定,早期功能锻炼的目的。     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft

BACKGROUND: Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is indicated in the ACL-deficient knee with symptomatic instability and multiple ligaments injuries. Bone patellar tendon-bone and the hamstring tendon generally have been used. In the present study, we describe an alternative graft, the quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft, by using arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. METHODS: From March of 1996 through March of 1997, a quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft was used in 12 patients with ACL injuries. RESULTS: After 15 to 24 months of follow-up, the clinical outcome for those patients with this graft have been encouraging. Ten patients could return to the same or a higher level of preinjury sports activity. According to the International Knee Documentation Committee rating system, 10 of the 12 patients had normal or nearly normal ratings. Recovery of quadriceps muscle strength to 80% of the normal knee was achieved in 11 patients in 1 year. CONCLUSION: The advantages of the quadriceps tendon graft include the following: the graft is larger and stronger than the patellar tendon; morbidity of harvest technique and donor site is less than that of patellar tendon graft; there is little quadriceps inhibition after quadriceps harvest; there is quicker return to sports activities with aggressive rehabilitation. A quadriceps tendon-patellar autograft is a reasonable alternative to ACL reconstruction in patients who are not suitable for either a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft or a hamstring tendon autograft.     

关节镜下四股自体腘绳肌肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带的中期疗效

目的回顾性总结关节镜下4股自体?N绳肌肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的中期临床疗效。方法对2001年5月～2003年6月收治的56例ACL损伤患者进行术后至少2．5年的随访。采用前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、膝关节运动范围、Lvsholm功能评分、Tegner运动评分及手术并发症统计等来评价关节镜下4股自体?N绳肌肌腱移植重建ACL的临床疗效。结果56例患者术后获2．5～4．5年(平均3．8年)随访。前抽屉试验:0级38例,占67．9％,1级12例,占21．4％,2级6例,占10．7％;而术前均在1级以上。Lachman试验:0级41例,占73．2％,1级9例,占16．1％,2级6例,占10．7％;而术前均在1级以上。膝关节运动范围缺失均在10°以内,其中过屈受限3例,过伸受限4例。Lysholm评分优37例,良15例,可3例,差1例,优良率为92．9％。Tegner运动评分平均为6．7分(3～9分)。无关节感染、?N窝血管神经损伤、小腿筋膜间隙综合征等严重并发症发生,无关节软骨、半月板等意外损伤发生。隐神经髌下分支损伤导致小腿上段内、外侧皮肤麻木6例,发生率为10．7％,关节功能未受影响。结论关节镜下4股自体?N绳肌肌腱移植重建ACL,可以取得比较满意的中期临床疗效。     

Arthroscopic follow-up of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using allogeneic tendon

We have made a long-term arthroscopic study of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions using cryopreserved allogeneic tendon in 49 knees. Not only the reconstructed ACL itself, but also the entire joints were arthroscopically evaluated from 18 through 59 months postoperatively. Physical examinations at the arthroscopic follow-up revealed that Lachman's sign was negative in 45 and mildly positive in 4 patients and that the pivot-shift sign was negative in 46 and mildly positive in 3 patients. ACL grafts did not show any biodegradation with time but maintained a thick and viable appearance, although 3 of the taut ones showed partial necrosis in the anterolateral part. Fibrillation of the patellofemoral articular surface was commonly found, although no patients complained of anterior knee pain. Degenerative changes were usually found in those patients who had resumed strenuous activity without their menisci being intact. Follow-up arthroscopy was useful for monitoring the overall structures inside the post-operative knees, enabling us to persuade the patients to regulate their activity on the basis of objective evidence.     

X线影像导航系统辅助关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术

目的 探讨X线影像导航系统辅助关节镜下前交叉韧带重建手术的可行性和隧道位置的精确性。方法 2005年12月至2006年2月共行X线影像导航系统辅助前交叉韧带重建手术30例（导航手术组）,同期使用传统关节镜手术技术重建前交叉韧带40例（传统手术组）,术前进行股骨、胫骨隧道理想位置的设计。术中C臂透视机获得正侧位影像后传输入计算机系统形成虚拟工作界面。膝关节周围分别固定股骨、胫骨追踪器。手术工具装配追踪器。经过注册及校准后,导航系统通过捕获追踪器发射的信号实时跟踪手术工具的位置方向,并叠加在工作界面上,达到导航的目的。本文对导航手术组进行总结,术后进行胫骨隧道位置测量,并与传统手术组进行比较。结果术后测量,导航手术组胫骨隧道位置平均值45．90％（41．00％～49．80％,标准差2．36％）,传统手术组胫骨隧道位置在41．05％（范围25．00％～54．00％,标准差6．01％）,两组结果差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。同时导航组的平均手术时间较传统组延长20min,透视次数为4次。术后短期随访（1-3个月）,两组膝关节稳定性无明显差异。结论 X线影像导航系统辅助关节镜下前交叉韧带重建手术是安全、可行的,通过术前规划,可以使股骨、胫骨隧道位置更精确。     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon composite autograft

At present, no single graft option clearly outperforms another. Autografts (patellar tendon, hamstring) and allografts (Achilles tendon, patellar tendon) are the grafts most often used. However, each grafts has advantages and disadvantages. Quadriceps tendon graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is not new, but an alternative composite graft is introduced here that consists of quadriceps tendon–patellar bone and bone obtained from a coring reamer used to create the tibial tunnel. This composite graft retains reduced morbidity while allowing the secure bone-to-bone fixation associated with bone–patellar tendon–bone graft.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 5 (May-June), 2001: pp 546–550     

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using allograft tendon

Treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee using an arthroscopic technique and freeze-dried allograft tendons in 23 patients was studied prospectively. Accurate placement of drill holes and anchoring positions for the allografts was effected through a standard arthroscopic approach combined with a 3 cm incision on the medial tibial flare. Candidates for reconstruction were those who were unable to tolerate brace therapy and who had no degenerative arthritis. The 23 patients were drawn from a group of 60 treated patients because their follow-up had been greater than or equal to 1 year. Their knees were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively with a Lysholm knee rating scale, Lachman test with KT-1000 arthrometric quantitation, pivot shift, Biodex test, and radiographs. Knee rating values improved in all knees, and only one patient had a significant deterioration in the KT-1000 reading. All patients with at least 20 months follow-up have resumed their preinjury activity levels.