Insulin resistance associated with lower rates of weight gain in Pima Indians.

Insulin resistance is commonly associated with obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Whereas it predicts the development of diabetes, its effect on body weight change is unknown. We measured glucose disposal rates at submaximally- and maximally-stimulating insulin concentrations in 192 nondiabetic Pima Indians and followed their weight change over 3.5 +/- 1.8 y (mean +/- SD). Results: (a) Insulin-resistant subjects gained less weight than insulin-sensitive subjects (3.1 vs. 7.6 kg, P less than 0.0001). (b) The percent weight change per year correlated with glucose disposal at submaximally-(r = 0.19, P less than 0.01) and maximally-stimulating (r = 0.34, P less than 0.0001) insulin concentrations independent of sex, age, initial weight, and 24-h energy expenditure; the correlations were stronger for glucose oxidation than for glucose storage. (c) Weight gain was associated with an increase in insulin resistance more than four times that predicted from the cross-sectional data. We conclude that insulin resistance is associated with a reduced risk of weight gain in nondiabetic Pima Indians.     

Hospitalization in the first year of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease

BACKGROUND: The requirement for hospitalization of patients on dialysis is likely to be a surrogate marker of age and comorbid diseases. It may also reflect the level of care delivered, and substantially increases the cost of this expensive therapy. AIM: To identify the factors most strongly associated with hospitalization. DESIGN: Prospective population study. METHODS: Data were recorded for all patients starting RRT in Scotland over one year, including the reasons for and duration of, each hospital admission during the first year of RRT. Factors most strongly associated with hospitalization were determined by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 526 patients were admitted to hospital on 1668 occasions (median 3, IQR 1-4) for 13384 days (median 13, IQR 4-35). Formation of vascular access for haemodialysis (HD) was the most frequent reason for admission, followed by infections. Age, comorbidity, mode of presentation for RRT and primary renal diagnosis were all significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization. Attainment of UK Renal Association standards for urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration, and vascular access in the form of arterio-venous fistulae were associated with less hospitalization in patients treated with HD by 90 days. DISCUSSION: Patients in their first year of RRT have a high requirement for in-patient care, 8.6% of patient treatment days being spent in hospital. Vascular access formation, failure and complications account for a large proportion of this. Age and comorbidity prolong the time spent in hospital. As the RRT population continues to increase, with older patients and those with greater comorbidity, in-patient facilities must also expand.     

Impact of NIDDM on mortality and causes of death in Pima Indians.

OBJECTIVE--To compare overall and cause-specific death rates for diabetic and nondiabetic Pima Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--This community-based study determined overall and cause-specific death rates in persons with and without NIDDM in the Pima population. Underlying causes of death for the 10-yr period from 1975 to 1984 were derived from review of death certificates and medical records. Diabetes diagnoses were based on an ongoing diabetes study initiated by the National Institutes of Health in 1965. RESULTS--Of the 512 deaths, 241 were in Pima Indians with NIDDM; 203 (84%) of the deaths in diabetic subjects were attributed to natural causes (46 diabetic nephropathy, 35 IHD, 29 infections, 20 malignant neoplasms, 20 alcoholic liver disease, 18 stroke, 35 other causes). For natural causes, the overall age-sex-adjusted death rate in diabetic subjects was 1.7 times (95% CI 1.4-2.2) that in nondiabetic subjects. Longer duration of diabetes was significantly related to mortality, an association that was stronger in women than in men. Rates of death from diabetic nephropathy, IHD, and infections (but not stroke) were each significantly related to longer diabetes duration. Together, diabetic nephropathy and IHD accounted for 90% of the excess death rate among diabetic, compared with nondiabetic, Pimas. CONCLUSIONS--In Pima Indians, NIDDM has a significant adverse effect on death rates that is directly related to diabetes duration, especially for deaths from diabetic nephropathy, IHD, or infections. Among the Pima, diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of death, and IHD ranks second--a variation from other populations (in which IHD ranks first), probably partly attributable to a much younger age of onset of diabetes among the Pima than in the U.S. white population.     

Continuous renal replacement therapy for management of overhydration in heart failure

An estimated 4.8 million Americans are diagnosed with heart failure. Of those, 5% to 10% meet criteria for the refractory state of the disease. While therapeutic interventions continue to evolve with the changing conceptualization of heart failure pathophysiology, overhydration and its deleterious sequelae remain a problem for those in the refractory state. The incidence of heart failure continues to rise in older individuals. As baby-boomers age across America, greater focus on new, more effective therapies must be considered for treatment of this disease. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is one such treatment. The gentle removal of fluid and metabolites while maintaining electrolyte balance helps reduce the effects of overhydration in patients with heart failure. Increasing use of the therapy in the refractory state of heart failure is generating support for early initiation as it continues to demonstrate positive effects. Reduction in edema, attenuation of the sympathoadrenal cascade, and improved respiratory status have all been documented using the therapy. The intent of this article is to provide information for advanced practice nurses and direct care providers regarding CRRT for the treatment of heart failure refractory to typical therapy.     

Biomarkers for the prediction of mortality and morbidity in patients with renal replacement therapy

The mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis remains high despite great improvement of dialysis technologies in the past decades. These patients die due to infectious diseases (mainly sepsis), cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and, in particular, sudden cardiac death. End stage renal disease is a complex condition, where the failure of kidney function is accompanied by numerous metabolic changes affecting almost all organ systems of the human body. Many of the biomarker characteristics of the individually affected organ systems have been associated with adverse outcomes. These biomarkers are different in patients with ESRD compared to the general population in the prediction of morbidity and mortality. Biomarker research in this field should aim to identify patients at risk for the different disease entities. Traditional biomarkers such as CRP, BNP, and troponins as well as new biomarkers such as fetuin, CD154, and relaxin were analyzed in patients on dialysis. We will include observational as well as prospective clinical trials in this review. Furthermore, we will also discuss proteomics biomarker studies. The article assess the potential diagnostic value of different biomarkers in daily clinical practice as well as their usefulness for clinical drug development in end stage renal disease patients.     

Evidence for reduced thermic effect of insulin and glucose infusions in Pima Indians.

Several authors have reported a reduced thermic effect of food in obese subjects. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique has been used to measure one component of the thermic effect of food, insulin and insulin-mediated glucose disposal. We used this technique to measure the thermic responses to insulin and glucose infusions in 120 glucose-tolerant Pima Indians, a population with a high prevalence of obesity. During high-dose insulin infusions (400 mU/m2 per min) the measured increase in energy expenditure (MEE), 150 +/- 6 cal/min, was greater than the predicted increase in energy expenditure (PEE), 72 +/- 2 cal/min, for glucose storage as glycogen. During low-dose insulin infusions (40 mU/m2 per min) the mean MEE, 6 +/- 5 cal/min, was not significantly different from zero and was not greater than the mean PEE, 9 +/- 1 cal/min. These data were in contrast to results obtained from Caucasians by others and suggested a markedly reduced thermic effect of low-dose insulin and glucose infusions in Pima Indians. We also studied 23 glucose-tolerant male Caucasians and compared their results with the results from male Indians matched for glucose storage rates and obesity. The results showed that the thermic response to insulin and glucose infusions was similar in the two racial groups during high-dose insulin infusions but was markedly reduced in the Indians compared with the Caucasians during low-dose insulin infusions.     

An autosomal genomic scan for loci linked to prediabetic phenotypes in Pima Indians.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease that is thought to have a substantial genetic basis. Identification of the genes responsible has been hampered by the complex nature of the syndrome. Abnormalities in insulin secretion and insulin action predict the development of type 2 diabetes and are, themselves, highly heritable traits. Since fewer genes may contribute to these precursors of type 2 diabetes than to the overall syndrome, such genes may be easier to identify. We, therefore, undertook an autosomal genomic scan to identify loci linked to prediabetic traits in Pima Indians, a population with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. 363 nondiabetic Pima Indians were genotyped at 516 polymorphic microsatellite markers on all 22 autosomes. Linkage analyses were performed using three methods (single-marker, nonparametric multipoint [MAPMAKER/SIBS], and variance components multipoint). These analyses provided evidence for linkage at several chromosomal regions, including 3q21-24 linked to fasting plasma insulin concentration and in vivo insulin action, 4p15-q12 linked to fasting plasma insulin concentration, 9q21 linked to 2-h insulin concentration during oral glucose tolerance testing, and 22q12-13 linked to fasting plasma glucose concentration. These results suggest loci that may harbor genes contributing to type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians. None of the linkages exceeded a LOD score of 3.6 (a 5% probability of occurring in a genome-wide scan). These findings must, therefore, be considered tentative until extended in this population or replicated in others.     

CRRT治疗非肾源性难治性心力衰竭35例疗效观察

目的探讨应用持续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗非肾源性难治性心力衰竭的效果。方法对非肾源性难治性心力衰竭的患者进行CRRT治疗,观察各项临床及无创心功能的变化。结果35例患者经过CRRT治疗,有效率为82.9%,治疗后无创心功能及各项指标得到明显改善。结论CRRT是治疗非肾源性难治性心力衰竭的有效方法。     

CRRT在脓毒血症患者中的疗效观察

目的 探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）在脓毒血症患者中的有效性和安全性,以及不同治疗剂量对脓毒血症患者预后的影响.方法 选取上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院肾脏科发生脓毒血.症,并行CRRT治疗的住院患者53例.所有患者均采用CVVHF治疗模式,根据滤出液剂量,将患者分成2组：①CVVHF-A组（26例）：滤出液剂量：≥35 ml/（kg·h）;②CVVHF-B组（27例）：滤出液剂量：＜35 ml/（kg·h）.观察所有患者透析前后生命体征及血液指标的变化,以及在治疗前、治疗第四天和治疗结束后用APACHE Ⅱ评分评估疾病严重性,评价CRRT在脓毒血症患者中的有效性和安全性.同时,评估不同治疗剂量的2组患者在15天和30天时的患者生存率和肾存活率,观察治疗剂量对脓毒血症患者预后的影响.结果 单次治疗后所有患者的体温（T）、心率（HR）、血PH、PO2、HCO3-、K＋、BUN、Scr和WBC均较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.05）,而平均动脉压（MAP）、血Na＋、血红蛋白（Hb）、血白蛋白（ALB）和血糖（Glu）在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.CVVHF-A组和CVVHF-B组的平均滤出液剂量分别为43.47±7.29和23.90±6.30ml/（kg·h）,其差异有统计学意义（P＜0.0001）.治疗前2组患者除血小板（PLT）在CVVHF-A组患者中高于CVVH-B组（P=0.031）,其余指标2组均相匹配（P＞0.05）.Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析结果显示：CVVH-A组患者15天和30天生存率分别为57.7％和42.3％; CVVH-B组患者15天和30天生存率分别为18.5％和14.8％.Log-Rank检验显示2组患者的生存率有统计学意义（P=0.017）,而肾脏存活率未显示出有统计学意义（P=0.393）.结论 在脓毒血症患者中,CVVHF不仅能有效的清除小分子溶质、纠正电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,而且对血流动力学和营养状况影响不大.在患者存活上,35ml/（kg·h）及以上的治疗剂量较低于35ml/（kg·h）相比,显示出更大的优势.     

Patients with diabetic nephropathy on renal replacement therapy in England and Wales

BACKGROUND: The incidence of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) who start renal replacement therapy (RRT) is increasing. AIM: To describe the characteristics and survival of patients with DN starting RRT in the UK. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: We analysed data for incident patients on RRT in centres participating in the Renal Association UK Renal Registry (UKRR), 1997 -2004, comparing DN vs. non-DN patients with regard to survival, social deprivation, ethnicity, gender, and age, using Cox regression models. RESULTS: DN was the most common renal disease (19%) in the 20 532 patients starting RRT. The majority of patients with DN (77%) were Caucasian. Within the Caucasian population, DN patients were more likely to be from a socially deprived area (p < 0.0001). About 20% were referred <3 months before starting RRT. The difference in crude survival was greatest in younger patients (5-year survival was 56% (DN) vs. 85% (non-DN) in patients aged 18-54 years, and 17% (DN) vs. 28% (non-DN) in patients aged >or=65 years). Despite adjusting for gender, age, treatment modality, social deprivation, referral and co-morbidities, the long-term prognosis for DN patients aged 18-54 years was worse (adjusted hazard ratio 2.13, 95%CI 1.23-3.67) than for older age groups. DISCUSSION: Patients with DN starting RRT are more likely to come from socially deprived areas. Relative risk of death is greatest in working-age DN patients and is not fully explained by recorded co-morbidity. This emphasizes the need for focused diabetes care in poorer areas, and assessment of quality of care of diabetic patients on RRT.     

Continuous renal replacement therapy: the treatment of choice for acute renal failure

The health care issues facing society today are complex. Access to care, quality of life, relative value scales, diagnosis related groups, and cost containment demands have had an impact on the decision-making processes of health care professionals. The availability of alternative therapeutic treatment modalities adds additional considerations when prescribing medical therapy. This is especially true when a patient is diagnosed with renal failure. In the past, either peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis have been the only therapies for supporting patients with acute renal failure. This article explores continuous renal replacement therapy for the management of acute renal failure: what it is, when and where it should be used, and the responsibilities of nephrology and critical care nurses and physicians.     

连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗重症急性胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的观察重症急性胰腺炎患者在使用连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)后的最终治疗效果。方法随机挑选出26例重症急性胰腺炎患者为研究对象。其中普通组13例,采用常规疗法进行重症急性胰腺炎治疗;研究组13例,采用连续性肾脏替代疗法进行治疗。治疗过程中详细记录两组患者的血清TNF-α、IL-6数值和血气分析指标等相关指标变化,并观察比较两组患者的存活率。结果 26例重症急性胰腺炎患者死亡5例,治愈21例,存活率为80.8%,其中普通组死亡4例,存活率为69.2%;研究组死亡1例,存活率为92.4%。研究组存活率明显高于普通组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。经过一周的有效治疗,普通组患者的血清TNF-α、IL-6水平均高于治疗前,研究组者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于治疗前(P0.05);两组治疗后体温(T)、呼吸频率(RR)、白细胞计数(WBC)、脉搏、C-反应蛋白(CRP)均呈下降趋势(P0.05),pH、PaO2/FiO2均呈上升趋势(P0.05)。且组间比较研究组上述指标改善均明显优于普通组。结论连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗重症急性胰腺炎不仅治疗效果优于传统疗法,且最终存活率也很高,适合ICU病房用于重症急性胰腺炎的治疗。     

The effect of Indian or Anglo dietary preference on the incidence of diabetes in Pima Indians

OBJECTIVE: In short-term studies, adoption of a traditional diet is associated with reduction in metabolic abnormalities often found in populations experiencing rapid lifestyle changes. We examined the long-term effects of a self-assessed traditional or nontraditional dietary pattern on the development of type 2 diabetes in 165 nondiabetic Pima Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Dietary intake was assessed in 1988 by a quantitative food frequency method, and subjects were asked to classify their diet as "Indian," "Anglo," or "mixed." The Indian diet reflects a preference for Sonoran-style and traditional desert foods. The Anglo diet reflects a preference for non-Sonoran-style foods typical of the remaining regions of the U.S. RESULTS: In women, the intake of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, insoluble fiber, vegetable proteins, and the proportion of total calories from complex carbohydrate and vegetable proteins were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the Indian than in the Anglo diet. The mixed diet was intermediate in of all these constituents. In men, the intake for these nutrients was also higher in the Indian than in the Anglo group, but not significantly. Diabetes developed in 36 subjects (8 men and 28 women) during 6.2 years of follow-up (range 0.9-10.9). The crude incidence rates of diabetes were 23. 35, and 63 cases per 1,000 person-years in the Indian. mixed, and Anglo groups, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and total energy intake in a proportional hazards model, the risk of developing diabetes in the Anglo-diet group was 2.5 times as high (95%) CI 0.9-7.2) and the rate in the mixed-diet group was 1.3 times as high (0.6-3.3) as in the Indian-diet group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the adoption of an Anglo diet may increase the risk of developing diabetes in Pima Indians, but it does not provide unequivocal evidence for or against this hypothesis.     

Continuous renal replacement therapy: dialytic therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication of critically ill patients in today's intensive care units. Intermittent renal replacement therapy for these types of patients may be limited or ineffective due to the critical nature of their illness. Volume overload and hemodynamic instability are complications that may not be treated adequately with conventional forms of dialysis, such as hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is rapidly gaining ground as the treatment of choice for ARF in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to its slow, gentle nature of water and solute removal Critical care nurses are responsible for monitoring this therapy, but a collaborative effort with nephrology nurses' expertise and background in dialysis therapies is a key ingredient in implementation of a successful CRRT program. This article will review the causes of ARF, the history of CRRT, current treatment options, trends, and implementation of a successful CRRT program.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗对顽固性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在救治顽固性心力衰竭患者中的应用及对患者预后的影响。方法 30例顽固性心力衰竭患者经常规药物治疗效果不佳后接受CRRT治疗,观察治疗前后患者的心率、血压、呼吸频率、尿量、肺部口罗音、肝颈静脉回流征和双下肢水肿等的变化,并判断心功能的改变;测定治疗前、后左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径、心胸比、肾功能及电解质等。结果大部分患者经过CRRT治疗后,症状与心功能分级明显改善,心胸比减少,左室内径缩小,左心室射血分数显著增加,心功能从Ⅳ级提高到Ⅱ、Ⅲ。结论通过CRRT能持续、缓慢、平稳地清除水分及溶质,较好地维持血流动力学的稳定性,对顽固性心力衰竭的治疗有显著效果。     

Coronary heart disease in Indians: a review of literature

A literature review utilising literary databases, World Wide Web and hand checking of written articles was conducted to determine the magnitude of the problem of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians with a particular emphasis on those in Australia. Health care professionals need to be aware that Indians have a higher than average risk of CHD at an earlier age and poorer survival and this is impacted on by genetic, social and cultural factors. The experiences of Indians with CHD needs to be researched so that prevention and rehabilitation programs can be individualised for this well developed community group in Australia.     

A meta-analysis of clinical predictors for renal recovery and overall mortality in acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy

PurposeTo determine clinical predictors for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) discontinuation in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI).Materials and methodsOvid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched. The protocol is registered on researchregistry.com (reviewregistry909). Our criteria included non-end-stage kidney disease adults who required CRRT for AKI. Renal recovery was defined by CRRT discontinuation. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I tool.ResultsWe classified our analyses into renal recovery cohort and overall mortality cohort. All studies were observational. For renal recovery cohort, increasing urine output at time of CRRT discontinuation, elevated initial SOFA score and serum creatinine at CRRT initiation were predictive of renal recovery with OR 1.021 (95%CI = 1.011–1.031), 0.869 (95%CI = 0.811–0.932) and 0.995 (95%CI = 0.996–0.999), respectively. For overall mortality cohort, age and presence of sepsis were significantly associated with overall mortality with OR of 1.028 (95%CI = 1.008–1.048) and 2.160 (95%CI = 0.973–1.932), respectively.ConclusionsUrine output at CRRT discontinuation, lower initial SOFA score, and lower serum creatinine levels at CRRT initiation were associated with higher likelihood of renal recovery. Increasing age and the presence of sepsis were associated with increased overall mortality from AKI on CRRT. However, there were limited data on co-morbidities which might preclude their inclusion in our analysis.