超声检查在类风湿关节炎膝关节积液诊断中的应用

目的　探讨超声显像检查在膝关节积液诊断中的应用以及膝关节积液与类风湿关节炎病情的关系。方法　采用超声显像检查 ,对 10 0例正常人膝关节及 10 0例类风湿关节炎患者膝关节进行检查。结果　①正常人双膝关节腔内积液无回声区均小于 0 17± 0 0 5cm ;以 >0 3cm为界 ,关节积液阴性与阳性两组之间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1) ;② 10 0例类风湿关节炎患者膝关节积液多为对称性 ,其左侧和右侧积液发生率分别为 5 2 9%和 6 1 4 % ;③类风湿关节炎患者膝关节积液程度与炎性指标ESR相关 (P <0 0 1) ,与RF滴度无相关。结论　①正常人双膝关节腔内积液小于 0 2cm ,超过 0 3cm即可认为有膝关节积液存在 ;②类风湿关节炎患者膝关节积液发生率较高 ,其积液量的变化与ESR相关 ,可作为病情变化的观察指标之一。因此 ,超声显像检查膝关节积液是一种简单、无创、快捷和优于膝浮膑征检查的方法。     

超声检查对评估滑膜病变的意义

目的　应用超声检查技术评估类风湿关节炎 (RA)及骨性关节炎 (OA)患者的膝关节的滑膜病变情况 ,了解正常人群膝关节的滑膜情况。方法　超声检查 3 6例RA、3 3例OA共计 13 8个膝关节及 44例正常对照组的 88个膝关节的髌上囊进行横切面与纵切面探查 ,测量其滑膜厚度 ,观察关节腔积液的情况。结果　正常人膝关节滑膜厚约 (0 .10± 0 .0 2 )cm ,RA与OA患者膝关节滑膜均明显增厚 ,与正常对照组相比在统计学上具有显著性的差异 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,但RA与OA比较在统计学上无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。RA膝关节积液发生率高于OA。结论　RA和OA患者双膝关节滑膜均明显增厚且表面不光滑、边缘不规则 ,RA膝关节受累后易发生关节积液 ;正常人的滑膜厚度与年龄无明显关系。     

类风湿性关节炎:膝关节高频超声及超声造影表现与实验室检查的相关性

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎(RA)膝关节滑膜改变的高频超声及CEUS表现与实验室检查的相关性。方法对72例RA患者及30名正常人行高频超声及彩色多普勒超声观察滑膜状态(包括滑膜厚度、关节积液程度、滑膜血流情况);应用CEUS观察膝关节滑膜微循环情况,并分析其与抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(Anti-ccp)、类风湿因子(RF)、血沉(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性。结果超声示,与正常人比较,RA患者膝关节出现不同程度的滑膜增厚、关节积液增多(P<0.01);CEUS更为清晰地显示滑膜内血管翳形成情况;滑膜厚度与CRP(r=0.36,P<0.001)及ESR(r=0.49,P<0.001)、膝关节髌上囊液体厚度与CRP(r=0.44,P<0.001)及ESR(r=0.52,P<0.001)、滑膜厚度与Anti-ccp均有一定相关性(r=0.44,P=0.033)。结论 RA的高频超声及CEUS表现与实验室检查具有相关性,可在一定程度上为诊断RA提供依据。     

肌骨超声评分系统在类风湿关节炎中的应用研究

目的探讨肌骨超声评分系统在类风湿关节炎中的应用效果。方法选择类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者50例,根据有无关节疼痛现象,分为甲/乙两组各25例,采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪分别对患者关节的关节积液、滑膜增生、骨侵蚀、腱鞘炎进行半定量评分,检测患者血清RF、CCP、ESR、CRP含量,采用DAS28量表评估患者病情,运用简单直线相关分析法分析超声评分与DAS28评分、血液学指标间相关性。结果 50例患者共有645个关节受累,腕关节受累频率最高为587个(91. 01%),关节积液为最多的受累类型445个(68. 99%),骨质侵蚀为最少的受累类型70个(10. 85%);甲组的RF、CCP、ESR、CRP、DAS28以及超声评分均高于乙组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。相关性分析结果显示,甲组的超声评分与RF、CCP、ESR、CRP、DAS28呈正相关关系(P 0. 05)。结论在RA检查评估中,肌骨超声评分系统与疾病活动度密切相关,可以作为临床疾病诊断与治疗的辅助工具。     

结核病引起膝关节腔内实性病变1例的超声所见

患者男,4 8岁。有结核病史,因左膝关节间断性疼痛2 0余年入院。双膝部皮肤未见异常,膝关节肿胀,活动可。超声检查:采用7.5 MHz探头,于左侧膝关节腔内可探及少许无回声区,腔内见多个大小不等弱强回声结节相互融合,呈珊瑚样改变,大小约8.0 cm×3.5 cm,边界尚清,表面凹凸不平,内部回声均质(图1)。右侧膝关节腔内未见异常。超声诊断:左侧膝关节腔内实性病变及关节腔积液(考虑为结核病变) ,手术见大小约8.0 cm×4 .0 cm肿块,切开见大小不等、青紫样物。病理诊断:左膝关节符合结核病。讨论　超声诊断膝关节积液并不困难。该患者膝关节内出现可移…     

类风湿关节炎跖趾关节病变的超声表现

目的 了解类风湿关节炎(RA)患者跖趾关节病变的超声表现.方法 RA患者65例,健康志愿者20例,分别利用高频超声检查跖趾关节,观察二维声像图及彩色多普勒血流显像情况.结果 RA患者跖趾关节病变的超声表现主要为:滑膜炎,部分可见血流信号;关节腔积液;骨质破坏;肌腱病变.结论 超声检查可以观察到RA患者跖趾关节的病理改变,且有明确的声像图表现,在判断病情变化和随访中有较高的应用价值.     

放射性核素骨关节显像在风湿性骨关节病中的临床评价

目的:本文分析了39例风湿性骨关节显像结果,显示39例患者骨显像均有不同程度的放射性浓集;18例类风湿关节炎(RA)患者骨显像总分与关节压痛指数,关节肿胀指数,ESR,CRP呈正相关;4例临床疑诊强直性脊柱炎(AS)而X线和/或CT表现正常者骨显像骶髂关节阳性。提示骨显像可反映RA病情活动性,同时对AS的早期诊断有一定的价值。     

肌骨超声半定量分级与类风湿性关节炎患者关节活动度的相关性研究

目的探究肌骨超声半定量分级与类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者关节活动度之间的关联性。方法回顾性选取2016年1月至2017年12月于陕西中医药大学第二附属医院进行就诊并确诊的RA患者58例为研究对象,使用28处关节疾病活动度(DAS28)评分对患者病情进行评估,并按照得分将患者区分为缓解期组(12例)、低活动期组(16例)、中活动期组(18例)及高活动期组(12例),而后使用彩色多普勒超声对所有患者的7个手足关节进行检测,依据超声半定量评分系统对患者的滑膜增生、滑膜内血流信号、骨侵蚀及关节积液4项指标进行评估,而后对所有患者的红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及类风湿因子(RF)进行测量对比,最后对患者膝关节活动度进行测量评估。结果随着患者病情的加重,其滑膜增生、滑膜内血流信号、骨侵蚀、关节积液评分呈上升趋势,ESR、CRP、RF水平呈现上升趋势,膝关节活动度呈下降趋势,组间对比差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。相关性分析发现,肌骨超声定量评分与ESR、CRP、RF水平呈正相关,与关节活动度呈负相关。结论肌骨超声半定量分级与RA患者关节活动度存在负相关,可以通过超声检测的方式对RA的病情进行预判。     

超声对类风湿性关节炎患者膝关节软组织病变及关节积液的诊断价值

目的探讨超声在诊断类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者膝关节软组织病变及关节积液的应用价值。方法 RA组患者57例,体检健康者57例为对照组,超声观测两组膝关节软组织病变及关节积液的情况。结果 RA组髌上囊液体深度(0.58±0.29)cm,滑膜厚度(0.41±0.32)cm,均大于对照组;股骨内、外侧髁软骨厚度为(0.76±0.25)mm和(1.12±0.23)mm,均小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。RA组中髌上囊积液检出率为84.2%,高于对照组(8.7%);RA组滑膜内血流检出率为80.7%,亦高于对照组(3.5%),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论超声对RA患者膝关节软组织病变及关节积液的诊断准确,具有无创、直观及重复性好等优点,值得推广。     

超声在膝关节骨性关节炎滑膜病变的临床应用

【目的】探讨超声、能量多普勒和彩色多普勒对膝关节骨性关节炎滑膜炎诊断的临床价值。【方法】83例 (118个膝关节 )膝关节骨性关节炎患者和 6 1例 (6 1个膝关节 )对照组均接受了临床、实验室、X线、超声和彩色多普勒以及能量多普勒的检查。【结果】①超声检出对照组和病例组在关节积液、滑膜厚度、血流信号存在显著差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;超声检测出 88.14 % (10 4 /10 8)关节积液 ,77.97% (92 /118)膝关节滑膜增厚 ,4 0 % (4 7/118)膝关节滑膜上增生血管的血流信号。②滑膜厚度与关节积液和滑膜上血管增生的程度呈显著正 相关 (P <0 .0 1)。【结论】①高频超声因可清晰地显示极少量的关节积液 ,可以作为检查关节积液非常敏感的方法 ;②能量 (彩色 )多普勒因对膝关节滑囊炎的检查既可定性又可半定量 ,所以能量 (彩色 )多普勒对诊断滑囊炎病变的程度有一定的价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.