一例低位直肠癌的循证治疗

目的为一例确诊的低位直肠癌患者制定循证治疗方案。方法针对低位直肠癌的治疗问题,提出问题,检索Cochrane Library（2009年第2期）、PubMed（1966～2009．5）、TRIPDatabase、SUMsearch、中国生物医学文献数据库（1989～2009．5）、中国科技期刊数据库（1989～2009．5）、中国期刊全文数据库（1994～2009．5）,收集相关证据,对所获证据进行评价,并结合医生的经验及患者的愿望制定治疗方案。结果共纳入24篇系统评价／Meta分析和1个临床指南。结果显示：术前化放疗能降低直肠癌术后的局部复发率和病死率。与单纯术前放疗相比,术前化放疗联合可提高Ⅱ和Ⅲ期直肠癌疾病病理学反应和局部病变的控制,减低局部复发的风险;与术后放化疗相比,术前化放疗能降低局部复发的风险;与单纯手术相比,术后放疗并不能提高Ⅱ和Ⅲ期直肠癌患者的生存率,而术后化疗或术后放化疗却能提高患者术后的生存率;与传统的直肠癌外科根治术相比,全直肠系膜切除术（TME）能降低直肠癌术后局部复发率,从而提高患者的生存率和生活质量;经腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术和开腹全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌在病死率和复发率方面无差异：根据以上证据结合患者意愿,对该例患者术前采用5-Fu＋LV方案化疗并联合放疗1月,后行开腹直肠癌根治术：术后半月患者恢复良好出院,出院后继续采用5-Fu＋LV方案化疗6次。术后2年至今未见复发。结论术前化放疗、术后化疗和术后放化疗能使直肠癌患者受益,TME是直肠癌的标准手术方式,但远期预后尚需要更长时间的随访观察：     

直肠癌的术前单独放疗与联合放疗、化疗的疗效比较

目的:分析直肠癌的临床病理变化特征,对术前放疗和联合放疗、化疗的疗效进行评价。方法:146例直肠癌患者分为术前放疗组(组1)31例,放、化疗组(组2)115例。放疗总剂量为45 Gy,每周5次,每次1.8 Gy。全身化疗共2个疗程,四氢叶酸静脉滴入,随后静脉给予5-氟尿嘧啶。辅助治疗完成后4～6周采取手术治疗。结果:治疗中出现的并发症,除了组2的皮肤红斑症较多以外,其它并发症无显著差异。术后并发症最多的是切口延迟愈合,其次为肠梗阻,两组患者术后并发症没有显著差异。腔内B超和CT显示肿瘤大小的减少在组1为45.1%,组2为75.6%。术后病理显示,淋巴结减少在两组中均有明显效果。总复发率在组1为35.4%,组2为20%,且两组患者都表现出远处转移的发生率比局部复发率高。结论:术前放、化疗与单独放疗相比较,治疗中和术后并发症无显著差异;而病理学治疗效果,前者明显优于后者。     

三维适形放射治疗食管癌放疗后复发的研究

目的探讨三维适形放射治疗在根治性食管癌放疗后复发的治疗效果。方法 60例食管癌常规根治性放疗后复发病例行三维适形放射治疗,评价近期疗效、生存率及急性放射反应。结果 60例患者均顺利完成放射治疗,肿瘤的完全缓解率为58.33%(35/60),部分缓解率为20.00%(12/60),无变化率为13.33%(8/60),恶化率为8.33%(5/60);6个月生存率为65.00%(39/60),1年生存率为51.67%(31/60),2年生存率为33.33%(20/60),3年生存率为16.67%(10/60)。急性放疗反应均可以耐受。结论三维适形放射治疗可以作为食管癌根治性放疗后局部复发患者的一种有效治疗手段,且患者的耐受性好。     

Transanal Excision with Radiation Therapy for Rectal Adenocarcinoma

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of transanal excision (TAE) combined with radiotherapy for rectal adenocarcinoma, assess the ability of pretreatment endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to predict failures, and determine the prognostic value of downstaging and complete pathological response.

Design

Retrospective outcomes study.

Setting

Radiation oncology clinic.

Participants

Thirty-eight patients with rectal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

The medical records of patients treated with radiotherapy from 1998 to 2008 and followed for a median of 5.9 years were reviewed.

Results

Kaplan-Meier estimates of freedom from selected endpoints at 5 years after treatment were: overall survival, 79%; cause-specific survival, 91%; local control, 90%; and freedom from distant metastasis, 76%. Seven patients (21%) had eventual abdominoperineal resection or lower anterior resection, four patients had local recurrence, and three patients had incomplete treatment or poor margins. T3 lesions clinically staged by EUS were a predictor of local failure (P=0.0110), but not distant metastasis (P=0.35). Patients with either a pathological or clinical T3 lesion did not have a significantly greater rate of metastasis (P=0.096). Patients who were downstaged did not have a significantly different rate of local recurrence or metastasis. Patients who experienced a complete pathological response did not have a significantly different rate of local control or distant metastasis.

Conclusion

Patients with early-stage rectal lesions who undergo preoperative or postoperative radiation and TAE have similar outcomes to those who undergo abdominoperineal resection; local recurrence was higher for patients with T3 lesions when both were compared. Abdominal surgery should be considered for these patients. TAE is reasonable when patients are unwilling or unable to tolerate the morbidity of traditional transabdominal surgery.     

中低位局部进展期直肠癌术前采用新辅助放化疗和全程新辅助治疗的近期疗效与安全性

目的观察中低位局部进展期直肠癌术前采用新辅助放化疗(nCRT)与全程新辅助治疗(TNT)的近期疗效及安全性。方法前瞻性选取2016年12月至2018年10月河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的100例中低位局部进展期直肠癌患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为nCRT组(放疗期予以口服卡培他滨治疗)和TNT组(放疗前予以奥沙利铂+卡培他滨Cape OX治疗),每组各50例,2组治疗后均予以全直肠系膜切除术治疗。比较2组患者的近期疗效、并发症、局部复发与转移率、术后生存率等。结果TNT组治疗4个月的总有效率(72.00%)明显高于nCRT组(42.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后2组并发症发生率(12.00%vs.10.00%)以及局部复发率(8.00%vs.10.00%)相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);TNT组患者术后2年的临床转移率(10.00%)明显低于nCRT组(30.00%),而总生存率(94.00%)则显著高于对照组(78.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相对于nCRT,术前予以TNT模式治疗中低位局部进展期直肠癌的近期疗效较高,并发症未见增加,安全性与总生存率较高,在应用及推广方面具有较大的优势。     

直肠癌手术前后放化疗疗效的研究

目的比较术前和术后放化疗对直肠癌病人疗效的影响。方法选取确诊的158例中晚期直肠癌患者,随机分为两组,78例接受直肠癌手术前放化疗联合治疗（术前放化疗组）,80例接受直肠癌手术后放化疗联合治疗（术后放化疗组）,随访6年,比较两组患者手术保肛率、生存率、放化疗急性反应发生率与严重程度、局部复发率、远处转移率等指标。结果术前放化疗组的保肛率（93．15％）大于术后放化疗组的保肛率（68．42％）,局部复发率（16．44％）高于术后放化疗组的局部复发率（3．95％）,差异均有统计学意义（X2分别=14．53、6．42,P均〈O．05）;两组患者肿瘤远处转移率、生存率比较,差异均无统计学意义（X2分别=0．74、0．05,P均〉0．05）;两组均没有出现4级以上毒副反应情况,两组的患者皮肤放射反应、胃肠道反应、膀胱放射反应和骨髓抑制反应比较,差异亦均无统计学意义（U分别=0．15、0．72、0．56、0．82,PN〉0．05）。结论术前放化疗和术后放化疗患者的毒副作用基本相似,但是术前放化疗患者的手术保肛率要高,术后放化疗患者的局部复发率要低于术前。     

Role of simple mastectomy in treating patients with breast cancer.

From 1945 to 1971, 473 patients had simple mastectomies as the primary treatment for their breast cancer (421 had either a simple mastectomy alone [26%], a simple mastectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy [64%], or preoperative irradiation followed by simple mastectomy [10%]). More than one half of these patients were "inoperable" by standard surgical criteria. The local recurrence rate was 24%, which compares favorably with the reported 48% local recurrence rate for "inoperable" patients treated by radical mastectomy. These recurrences were on the chest wall in two thirds of the patients and in the regional lymph nodes of the other third. No statistical differences in survival or recurrence rate could be correlated with the site of the primary cancers in the breasts or among the three treatment groups.     

Early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx managed with radiation therapy.

Between January 1975 and December 1985, 45 patients with carcinoma in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx received radiation therapy at the Mayo Clinic. Local control in the entire group of 45 patients was 84% (in 6 of 6 with carcinoma in situ and in 32 of 39 with invasive cancers). Three of seven patients (43%) with local recurrences underwent successful larynx-preserving surgical procedures; thus, the rate of laryngeal preservation was 91%. In our study of several treatment factors, including the duration of treatment, type of treatment (continuous course versus split course), photon energy (60Co versus 4-MV photons versus 6-MV photons), total dose, and dose per fraction, we found that only total dose of 6,300 cGy or more was associated with significantly improved local control (in 35 of 38 patients [92%]). Two patients (4%) died of uncontrolled delayed nodal metastases, one of which was preceded by a local recurrence. Severe laryngeal edema developed in two patients, associated with recurrent glottic carcinoma in one of them. No larynx was lost because of complications. In our current treatment recommendations, patients receive a total dose of 6,300 cGy in 28 fractions of 225 cGy each, administered in a continuous course with use of 6-MV photons.     

奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨在局部进展期直肠癌术前同步放化疗中的应用

目的对奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨的术前同步化疗方案在高危局部进展期直肠癌中的安全性和有效性进行分析评价。 方法对2018年3月至2019年2月，病理诊断明确，分期为T3~4或N+M0（距肛缘≤10 cm），于北京大学肿瘤医院行术前放疗的高危局部进展期直肠腺癌患者进行回顾性分析。纳入分析的患者至少具有以下高危因素之一：极低位，临床T分期为T4b，治疗前盆腔MRI提示直肠系膜筋膜受累或肠壁外静脉浸润阳性，侧方淋巴结受累。术前放疗采用同步加量调强放疗技术，处方剂量：95%计划肿瘤靶体积50.6 Gy/95%计划靶体积41.8 Gy，22f，30 d，每天1次。同步化疗为奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨双周方案，具体：每2周静脉滴注奥沙利铂85 mg/m²＋放疗日每日2次口服卡培他滨825 mg/m²。主要观察指标为肿瘤完全缓解（病理完全缓解＋临床完全缓解）率，次要观察指标包括：放化疗不良反应及术后并发症发生率，手术R0切除率、保肛率，肿瘤消退率、降期率，复发转移率等。 结果共63例患者纳入分析，63例（100%）完成全部放疗剂量，50例（79.37%）完成全部3周期化疗。未观察到4级放化疗急性不良反应，5例（7.94%）发生3级不良反应。46例患者接受根治性手术，R0切除率为100%，手术保肛率为73.91%（36/46）。肿瘤完全缓解率为34.92%（22/63）。T、N降期率分别为82.61%（38/46）、95.65%（44/46）；肿瘤消退分级0、1、2级分别为30.43%（14/46）、45.65%（21/46）、23.91%（11/46）。6例出现术后并发症，均经保守治疗好转。中位随访时间7.2个月，随访过程中未出现患者死亡及局部复发，4例（6.35%，4/63）出现远处转移。 结论对于高危局部进展期直肠癌患者，奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨的双药同步放化疗方案具有良好的近期疗效和可接受的不良反应，可能是更佳的新辅助治疗选择。     

术前放疗和化疗联合手术治疗老年中晚期食管癌的疗效观察

目的分析术前放、化疗联合手术治疗老年中晚期食管癌的临床疗效。方法将60例老年食管癌患者随机分为术前放、化疗联合手术治疗组（联合治疗组）和单纯手术组,每组各30例。联合治疗组术前予以辅助放、化疗,放、化疗结束3～5周后行手术切除治疗;单纯手术组仅实施手术治疗。结果联合治疗组总有效率为76．67％,明显优于单纯手术组的30．00％（P〈0．05）,且联合治疗组患者术后骨髓抑制、恶心呕吐及放射性食管炎发生率均低于单纯手术组（P〈0．05）。患者总随访率为96．67％,随访结果显示联合治疗组总复发率低于单纯手术组,且除1年局部控制率两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）外,联合治疗组的肿瘤局部控制率、生存率均明显优于单纯手术组（P〈0．05）。结论术前辅助放、化疗能提高老年中、晚期食管癌手术疗效,提高肿瘤局部控制率和生存率,减少肿瘤复发和转移。     

手术加放疗对直肠癌术后局部复发病人生存的影响

目的探讨手术加放射性粒子近距离放疗对直肠癌术后局部复发病人生存的影响。方法回顾性分析43例直肠癌局部复发病人,其中32例行手术加放射性粒子近距离放疗,11例行姑息性放疗、化疗,对比两组病人的生存情况。结果直肠癌病人在术后30个月内复发率迅速上升,中位复发时间11个月。经充分术前评估后,手术切除率为27/32,其中根治性切除17例、姑息性切除10例、未切除5例,同时在术中植入放射性125I粒子进行近距离放疗,该组病人术后平均生存时间（27.7±8.9）个月,5年生存率34.4%,对照组分别为（13.4±5.6）个月和9.1%。结论直肠癌局部复发病人采取手术同时术中植入放射性125I粒子进行近距离放疗可明显改善病人生存状况。     

Inoperable endobronchial obstructing lung carcinoma treated with combined endobronchial and external beam irradiation

Thirty patients with symptomatic inoperable endobronchial obstructing lung cancer received combined external beam radiotherapy and temporary endobronchial iridium Ir 192 implants. External beam irradiation doses ranged from 5700 to 6600 cGy. Patients were given two to four temporary iridium Ir 192 implants for endobronchial radiotherapy. Individual implant doses ranged from 500 to 1500 cGy. Total implant doses ranged from 1125 to 3000 cGy. Total treatment doses ranged from 7080 cGy to 10,000 cGy. Seventy-seven percent of patients had a complete local endobronchial response to treatment, and 13% had a partial response. Ninety percent of patients experienced an improvement in their performance status using an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale. Survival from the end of treatment was 39% at 1 year and 21% at 2 years, with the median survival at 10 months. The data from this study indicate that this form of treatment of inoperable endobronchial obstructing lung cancer is feasible and leads to a high percentage of local tumor response, improvement in patient performance status, and possibly improved survival.     

Ⅰ-Ⅱa期宫颈癌患者术后近期复发相关因素研究

目的探讨Ⅰ-Ⅱa期宫颈癌患者术后近期复发相关因素。方法选取手术治疗的Ⅰ-Ⅱa期(FIGO分期)宫颈癌患者430例。其中180例有完整病史资料和随访资料的患者的预后因素进行了回顾性分析。结果单因素生存分析结果显示:临床分期、肿瘤≥4 cm、>2/3宫颈纤维肌壁浸润、淋巴结阳性和脉管癌栓患者预后较差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。化疗组、放疗组和同期化放疗+化疗2年复发率分别为23.1%、26.4%和78.2%,显著高于无辅助治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同期化放疗组2年复发率13.1%,与无辅助治疗组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);辅助治疗四组中,同期化放疗组2年复发率最低,但是远处转移率高于局部复发率。结论 >2/3宫颈纤维肌壁浸润、腹主动脉旁或者髂总淋巴结转移是Ⅰ-Ⅱa期宫颈癌术后近期复发的最重要因素。术后辅以同期化放疗可有效降低局部复发率,但减少远处转移需进一步改进。     

放疗联合Vm-26加顺铂治疗肺癌脑转移近期疗效

目的　观察放疗联合Vm 2 6加顺铂综合治疗肺癌脑转移的近期疗效及其毒性。方法　 18例肺癌脑转移患者为研究对象 ,全脑两侧野对穿照射 ,DT 量 4 0 0 0cGy/ 4周 ,对单发转移瘤再缩野局部追加照射DT15 0 0cGy/ 1 5周 ;Vm 2 6用量每日 6 0mg/m2 ,连用 3～ 4d ,顺铂用量每日 30mg/m2 ,连用 3d。结果　CR6例 ,PR 9例 ,有效率 83 3% ,主要毒性为骨髓抑制。结论　肺癌脑转移全脑放疗联合Vm 2 6加顺铂治疗近期疗效好 ,值得临床推广     

腰椎放疗后急性期微循环改变的磁共振灌注成像

背景:采用磁共振灌注成像来研究腰椎放疗后短期内微循环改变的情况,对于研究腰椎微循环特点、制定放疗计划、判断疾病预后等具有重要意义。目的:采用磁共振灌注成像的方法,观察兔腰椎放疗后的急性期微循环改变。方法:将15只家兔随机等分为3组,分别进行腰椎动态对比增强磁共振扫描,24h后进行腰椎局部放疗。在3组家兔腰椎部分分别进行500cGy,1000cGy和1500cGy不同剂量的放疗。放疗7d后,对3组家兔再次进行腰椎动态对比增强磁共振扫描。运用时间-强度曲线分析最大增强值、峰值增强率和增强斜率的变化。结果与结论:500cGy组放疗后最大增强值增加(P<0.05);1000cGy组最大增强值和增强斜率增加(P<0.05);1500cGy组最大增强值、峰值增强率及增强斜率均增加(P<0.05)。结果证实,采用动态对比增强磁共振灌注成像可观察到放疗后家兔腰椎急性期微循环灌注增加,呈剂量依赖性。     

食管癌三维适形大分割放疗的可行性分析

目的 评价三维适形大分割放疗在食管癌放射治疗中的近期疗效和放射反应。方法 食管癌患者160例,设为适形放疗组69例、常规放疗组91例,分别采用三维适形大分割放疗和常规放疗进行治疗。适形放疗组处方剂量3000～4500 cGy,分割剂量300 cGy,1次/d,5次/周,照射剂量参考线为90％等剂量曲线。常规放疗组处方剂量4000 ～6600 cGy,分割剂量180～200 cGy,1次/d,5次/周。比较2组的近期疗效、生存期,以及放射治疗的副反应。结果 适形放疗组完全缓解(CR)为42.0％ (29/69),部分缓解(PR) 49.3％ (34/69),近期有效率91.3％;常规放疗组CR为35.2％(32/91),PR 59.3％ (54/91),近期有效率94.5％,2组比较差异无统计学意义(x2=1.033,P＞0.05)。1年期生存率分别是82.6％ (57/69)与84.6％ (77/91),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。急性放射性食管炎三维适形放疗组发生率为66.7％ (46/69),高于常规放疗组64.8％(59/91),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 三维适形大分割放疗用于食管癌治疗是可行的。     

N_0期食管鳞癌三野根治术后放疗价值的临床研究

目的评价N0期食管鳞癌三野根治术后放疗价值及预后因素分析。方法分析1993年1月至2006年11月我院食管癌患者行下颈、右胸、上腹三野淋巴结清扫根治术,术后病理诊断证实均为鳞癌,无淋巴结转移及远处转移N0期患者756例,其中单纯手术665例,术后放疗91例。术后3~4周开始放疗,照射中位总剂量50 Gy,分25次,2 Gy/次,5次/周,5周完成。结果全组1、3、5、10年生存率分别为93.7%、82.2%、74.1%和65.4%,5年生存率手术组和术后放疗组分别为73.7%和76.8%(χ2=0.134,P=0.714)。分层分析术后放疗较单纯手术可提高pT4期的5年生存率,分别为81.6%对50.4%(χ2=3.919,P=0.048),并能降低pT4期瘤床复发率;而对于病变长度≤5 cm患者5年生存率反而降低,分别为69.5%和74.3%(χ2=4.336,P=0.037);多因素分析显示年龄和pT分期是影响预后的独立因素。结论术后预防性放疗可明显提高pT4期的生存率和降低pT4期瘤床复发率,年龄和pT分期是影响预后的独立因素。     

三维适形放射治疗9例颅底脊索瘤的临床分析

目的评估三维适形放射治疗对颅底脊索瘤的疗效。方法对9例颅底脊索瘤患者进行三维适形放射治疗,3例单纯放疗,6例术后放疗,放疗剂量65～70 cGy/次,32～35 F,61 Gg/2～7周。结果对病例全部随访,至少4年,最长9年,有效率为77.8%(7/9),复发率44.4%(4/9),3年生存率77.8%(7/9),5年生存率55.6%(5/9)。近、远期均未见不良反应,结论单纯三维适形放射治疗或手术后三维适形放射治疗对颅底脊索瘤均有效,术后放疗效果可能更好。     

进展型宫颈癌术前介入治疗的意义

目的探讨进展型宫颈癌术前介入治疗的意义。方法51例进展型宫颈癌,术前采用1～2次子宫动脉插管化疗加栓塞后行宫颈癌根治手术,随访近远期疗效及复发率。结果51例经介入治疗后完全有效,其中术后病灶完全缓解(CR)32例,CR率62.7%;部分缓解19例(PR),PR率27.3%。术后随访46例,失访5例,随访率90.4%;局部复发4例,局部复发率8.9%,远处转移6例,远处转移率13.3%。结论进展型宫颈癌术前辅助介入治疗能减少复发率,提高手术治疗的效果。     

CT imaging of early local recurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma following pancreaticoduodenectomy

Purpose

The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe the characteristics and topography of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its early local recurrence after pancreaticoduodenectomy and identify predictive factors of local early recurrence by imaging computed tomography (CT).

Methods

The institutional review board approved the study and did require additional informed consent for reviewing the patients’ medical records and images. Patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma, a preoperative CT scan, and adequate postoperative CT were included. After postoperative imaging, correlations among clinical and histological characteristics and preoperative imaging were evaluated.

Results

Among the 123 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, 48 patients had sufficient follow-up imaging and were included in this study. A total of 33 patients experienced local early recurrence (Group 1), and 15 exhibited no local recurrence (Group 2). Local recurrence consisted of two types of anomalies: tissue nodules on surgical clips (94 %) and peri-arterial encasement (82 %). On preoperative imaging, the tumor diameter (p = 0.02) and the presence of a venous borderline resectable tumor (p < 0.0001) were predictive of local recurrence.

Conclusions

Tissue nodules on surgical clips and arterial encasement characterize early local recurrence, and nodules and encasement should not be considered common post-operative infiltration. The role of the radiologist is essential to assess the predictive factors of recurrence and to identify early local recurrence.