颈段胸上段食管癌T形野三种照射技术的剂量学比较

目的：控讨颈段胸上段食管癌T形野照射的最佳放疗模式。方法：26例颈段胸上段食管癌T形野照射的患者采用瓦里安Eclipse三维治疗计划系统（3D—TPS）对3种照射技术即：调强放疗（IMRT）、三维适形放疗（3D—CRT）和常规放疗（Con—RT）进行放射治疗计划设计。规定处方剂量54Gy，95％等剂量线涵盖95％PTV（计划靶体积）。Con—RT利用3D．TPS模拟X线模拟机定位设计，等中心照射，前后T形野36Gy，双侧水平野18Gy，均用剂量体积直方图（DVH）分析PTV靶区各项参数和肺及脊髓受照体积和剂量。结果：（1）PTV靶区等剂量线、剂量不均匀指数（Ⅲ）和适形指数（CI）3种照射技术比较IMRT优于3D—CRT。3D—CRT优于Con-RT（P=0．000）（2）肺和脊髓受照体积和剂量3种照射技术比较IMRT优于Con—RT和3D—CRT虽然某些参数Con—RT稍优于3D—CRT，但大部分参数比较差异无统计学差异。（3）调强技术野数的参数比较．PTV、肺和脊髓的各项参数中，5野，7野和9野大部分参数优于3野．7野与9野比较差异均尢统计学意义（P=0244～0．947）。结论：IMRT技术是颈段胸上段食管癌T形野照射最佳选择，它与其他照射技术相比具有明显剂量学优势，以7野和9野IMRT较适宜。     

胸中段食管癌根治性放疗三维适形放疗与调强放疗剂量学比较

目的：比较食管癌根治性放疗三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）与调强放射治疗（IMRT）的剂量分布,探讨IMRT在胸中段食管癌放疗的价值。方法：对10例胸中段食管癌病例分别行3D-CRT和IMRT计划设计,应用剂量体积直方图（DVH）比较两种计划靶区剂量、适形度指数（CI）、不均匀度指数（HI）及正常器官受量。结果：在食管癌根治放疗中,IMRT在靶区剂量分布上与3D-CRT各有优劣;IMRT在正常器官的保护上优势明显;肺V5、V10、V20以及全肺平均剂量IMRT均明显优于3D-CRT;心脏V30IMRT低于3D-CRT;脊髓剂量没差别。结论：食管癌根治放疗中IMRT计划在靶区剂量分布上没有明显优势。但可更好保护正常组织。     

简化调强技术应用于直肠癌术后放疗的剂量学比较

目的：探讨简化调强放疗技术（sIMRT）在直肠癌术后放疗中的应用价值,为临床治疗的技术选择提供依据。方法：对5例接受腹前切除术（Dixon手术1后同步放化疗的Ⅱ—Ⅲ期直肠癌患者分别设计3野3DCRT计划、5野IMRT计划、5野slMRT计划。处方剂量为50Gy,2Gy／次。利用剂量体积直方图评价三种计划的靶区平均剂量、适形度指数和危及器官：膀胱、小肠、股骨头的最大剂量,V40,V50。通过测量治疗实施时间比较不同照射技术的治疗时间。结果：三种计划的靶区平均剂量相差不大。靶区的适形程度IMRT〉sIMRT〉3DCRT;危及器官：对于膀胱,最大剂量差异不大。V40：IMRT〈slMRT〈3DCRT。V50：sIMRT计划明显优于3DCRT计划,且与IMRT计划相似;对于小肠,最大剂量无明显差异。V40：三者相差不大。V50：sIMRT与IMRT计划均优于3DCRT计划;对于左、右股骨头,最大剂量的P值〉0．05,无统计学意义。V40：sIMRT计划优于3DCRT计划,稍逊于IMRT计划。V50三个计划无差异。机器跳数：sIMRT〈3DCRT〈IMRT;子野个数：slMRT计划小于IMRT计划．约只为IMRT计划的三分之一：治疗时间：sIMRT计划大约只有IMRT计划的二分之一,与3DCRT计划相差很小。结论：sIMRT技术为直肠癌术后放疗提供了一个性价比高的治疗方案,值得在临床实际应用中推广。     

鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗计划与传统计划的比较

目的：对局部晚期鼻咽癌的调强适形放射治疗计划与传统计划进行比较。材料和方法：用计算机治疗计划系统对局部晚期的鼻咽癌患者分别制定调强适形放射治疗（IMRT），三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）和双侧对穿野计划，根据剂量适形度，DVH曲线，危及器官所受剂量来对这些计划进行比较。结果：IMRT计划的靶区剂量分布适形度好于其它计划，在CTV覆盖剂量相近的情况下，例如规定大于95%的CTV体积接受60Gy剂量，IMRT计划较好地保护了危及器官，与此同时，IMRT能够给予GTV较高的单次剂量，使95%的GTV体积受到至少68Gy剂量。结论：在局部晚期鼻咽癌的治疗中，与传统方法比，IMRT方法在改善肿瘤靶区高剂量覆盖的同时，也明显地改进了对危及器官的保护，并提高了治疗效率。应该进一步研究规范鼻咽癌的IMRT计划和治疗方法，以便充分发挥这种新技术的临床优势。     

20例胸中段食管癌根治性放射治疗IMRT与TOMO剂量学比较

目的:对比固定野静态调强放射治疗（IMRT）与螺旋断层放射治疗（TOMO）两种方案治疗胸中段食管癌的剂量学特点,指导临床治疗方案选择。 方法:采用IMRT与TOMO两种技术,处方剂量计划靶区（PTV）:DT 54 Gy/30 F,肿瘤靶区（PGTV）:DT 66 Gy/30 F,主要比较两种方案的靶区剂量学差异。 结果:TOMO组的PTV最大剂量（D2）、中位剂量（D50）以及均匀性指数均低于IMRT组,最小剂量（D98）、适形度指数明显高于IMRT组,以上差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两者的PGTV除D98的差异无明显统计学意义外,其余各指标均与PTV保持一致,有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论:胸中段食管癌根治性放射治疗TOMO计划靶区剂量分布及适形度明显优于IMRT计划,危及器官各评级指标显示前者亦优于后者。     

左侧乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗三种技术的比较

目的：从剂量学上比较三维适形（3DCRT）、适形调强（IMRT）和容积弧形动态调强（VMAT）3种放疗技术在左侧乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗的优劣。方法：对10个病例统一标准勾画临床肿瘤靶区（CTV）、危及器官（OAR）、计划靶区（PTV）并做计划,比较3种技术间参数的差异,p〈0．05有统计学意义。结果：1MRT和VMAT计划的PTV剂量覆盖均较3DCRT改善（p〈0．05）,而前两者间的PTV剂量覆盖、热点区域和不均匀指数（HI）均无显著差异（p〉0．05）。IMRT和3DCRT的心、左肺平均剂量无显著差异（p〉0．05）。VMAT的心脏和左肺放射暴露明显高于其它2种技术（P〈O．05）。结论：在左侧乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗中,IMRT较3DCRT和VMAT有明显剂量学优势。CTV位移界定对胸部靶区和危及器官放射暴露影响显著,需对其进行个体化定量与最小化。     

卵巢癌腹膜后淋巴结转移的特点及其临床意义

目的：研究卵巢上皮性癌淋巴结转移的解剖学和生物学特点及临床合理治疗。方法：40例Ⅰ期卵巢癌根据清除淋巴结与否分成A、B两组；40例Ⅲ-Ⅳ卵巢癌清除淋巴结20例为C组、不清除淋巴结20例为D组，C、D两组减瘤术后残余癌灶均2cm。化疗方法，药物及其剂量基本相同。结果：A组3例腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移者合并盆腔淋巴结转移2例，单纯盆腔淋巴结转移1者，共4例淋巴结转移，转移率20％。A、B两组5年生存率各为95％与80％。C组腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移10例中合并盆腔淋巴结转移9例，单独盆腔淋巴结转移2例，转移率为60％（12／20）。C、D两组5年生存率各为55％与15％。5年生存率A、B两组差异有显著意义（P〈0．05），C、D两组差异有极显著意义（P〈0．001）。结论：卵巢癌淋巴结转移率，随期别而升高，腹主动脉旁与盆腔淋巴结转移率几乎相等，但腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移是主要路线。恰当清除淋巴结可以提高生存率。     

简化调强技术在脑转移瘤外照射中应用的剂量学研究

目的：通过比较脑转移瘤三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）、调强放疗（IMRT）和简化调强放疗（sIMRT）技术靶区剂量分布均匀性、适形度,危及器官受照体积、剂量,以及实施治疗的机器跳数,对比三者放疗技术的剂量学差异,探讨sIMRT应用于脑转移瘤治疗的可行性。方法：针对10例脑转移瘤患者分别设计3种放疗计划：三维适形放疗、调强放疗和简化调强放疗。保证靶区和危及器官满足临床要求前提下,分别比较3种计划的靶区剂量分布、靶区均匀指数和适形指数、危及器官受照剂量、机器跳数（MU）等,探讨其剂量学差异。结果：3种照射技术均满足临床要求,靶区（PGTV）均匀指数三者没有差异。靶区（PTV）均匀指数sIMRT逊于IMRT,但与3D-CRT无差异。靶区（PGTV、PTV）适形指数sIMRT逊于IMRT而强于3D-CRT。危及器官的保护例如左、右晶体和脑干,sIMRT优于3D-CRT但与IMRT无区别,对左、右视神经和视交叉的保护,IMRT最好,sIMRT和3D-CRT差异不大。机器跳数（MU）以IMRT最多,sIMRT居中,3D-CRT最少,但3D-CRT二程计划增加照射次数,提示实际治疗时间以sIMRT最优。结论：sIMRT可减轻工作人员劳动强度,缩短治疗时间,节省资源,是一种性价比较高的放疗技术,适用于脑转移瘤放疗。     

宫颈癌术后不同射野数调强放射治疗与四野三维适形放射治疗的剂量学比较

目的:利用三维治疗计划系统对宫颈癌术后不同射野数调强放射治疗(IMRT)与三维适形放射治疗(3DCRT)的计划作剂量学比较,评价其剂量分布特点,试图根据不同情况选择最佳的治疗方案。方法:选择20例宫颈癌术后患者,利用三维治疗计划系统对每个病例分别模拟三野、五野、七野IMRT计划与四野3DCRT计划。在剂量体积直方图上,比较靶区和正常组织器官照射剂量、靶区内剂量分布均匀性和适形指数。结果:无论三野、五野、七野IMRT的靶区剂量覆盖和适形指数皆优于四野3DCRT,均匀性比较无显著差异。较四野3DCRT,IMRT能减少膀胱、直肠、小肠等正常器官的照射剂量。结论:IMRT技术在保证肿瘤放射剂量的同时可减少并发症的发生,应该更广泛地应用于临床,同时对于经济条件受限的患者采用三野IMRT较四野3DCRT受益。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗靶区剂量学研究及近期疗效观察

目的:分析鼻咽癌调强放疗和常规放疗中靶区和周围组织器官的剂量分布,观察鼻咽癌调强放疗的效果和副作用.方法:对63例初治鼻咽癌采用CT模拟定位,为每例患者制定2套放疗计划,即调强放疗计划和半开准直器常规放疗计划.63例患者非随机分为2组,调强组28例进行调强放射治疗,常规组35例进行常规放射治疗.结果:在IMRT和常规计划中,对肿瘤区(GTV)的靶区覆盖率(V95)分别为99.55%和98.41%,差异无显著性(P>0.05);对于临床靶区(CTV1)的靶区覆盖率(V95)分别为98.51%和87.26%,差异有显著性(P<0.05);颈淋巴结靶区的靶区(CTV2)覆盖率(V95)分别为98.71%和77.63%,差异有显著性(P<0.05),临床靶区(CTV1)和颈淋巴结靶区(CTV2)IMRT的V95优于常规放疗.对串联器官IMRT计划和常规计划均能比较好的保护脊髓、脑干和视交叉,对并联器官IMRT计划中腮腺和下颌骨受照剂量显著低于常规计划.调强组与常规组近期有效率分别为96.4%和97.1%,差异无显著性(P>0.05),放疗6个月后调强组口干症状明显轻于常规组.结论:调强放疗可以使各个靶区得到足够、均匀的剂量分布,周围正常组织得到较好的保护.     

宫颈癌调强放疗和三维适形放疗剂量对比研究

目的:研究宫颈癌调强放疗(IMRT)和三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)时靶区及其周围正常组织受照剂量的差异.材料方法:用拓能公司生产的WiMRT三维适形调强放疗计划系统分别进行6～9个照射角度的3D-CRT和IMRT计划设计,肿瘤量45Gy,计算出正常组织和靶区的剂量—体积直方图以及所需照射的总跳数.用Siemens生产的Primart电子直线加速器(X射线能量6MV,MLC叶片29对)实施放疗计划,测量出10 cm×10cm射野外漏射线和散射线剂量率,估算放疗时正常组织所受辐射剂量随距离的变化关系.结果:照射野数和照射角度一致,IMRT时膀胱、直肠、阴道所受平均剂量分别只有3D-CRT时的19.5％(29.3/150.3)、64.5％(538.0/833.0)和61.0％(1553.6/2546.3),靶区平均受照剂量略高于3D-CRT.IMRT病人正常组织所受散射线和漏射线剂量约为3D-CRT病人的1.5倍.结论:宫颈癌IMRT剂量分布优于3D-CRT.     

Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy Versus Para-aortic Field Radiotherapy to Treat Para-aortic Lymph Node Metastasis in Cervical Cancer: Prospective Study

Aim

To compare dosimetry, efficacy, and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with para-aortic field radiotherapy in patients with para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastasis of cervical cancer.

Methods

This prospective study examined 60 patients with cervical cancer with PALN metastasis who underwent whole-pelvis radiotherapy followed by brachytherapy between November 1, 2004 and May 31, 2008. After 3 cycles of chemotherapy, patients were serially allocated into two groups and treated with IMRT or para-aortic field RT at doses of 58-68 Gy and 45-50 Gy, respectively. Treatment response was evaluated and toxicities were assessed. Patients in the IMRT group were treated with both para-aortic field RT and IMRT in order to compare the exposure dose of organs at risk.

Results

In the IMRT group, the mean dose delivered to the planning target volume was 67.5 Gy. At least 99% of the gross tumor volume received effective coverage and radical dose (median, 63.5 Gy; range, 54.5-66) during treatment. IMRT plans yielded better dose conformity to the target and better sparing of the spinal cord and small intestine than para-aortic field RT. The IMRT patients experienced less acute and chronic toxicities. The IMRT group also had higher 2- and 3-year survival rates than the para-aortic RT group (2-year, 58.8% vs 25.0%, P = 0.019; 3-year, 36.4% vs 15.6%, P = 0.016). However, no significant difference was found in 1-year survival (67.7% vs 51.3%, P =0.201). The median survival in the IMRT group was 25 months (range, 3 to 37 months). The actuarial overall survival, disease-free survival, and locoregional control rates at 2 years were 67%, 77%, and 88%, respectively.

Conclusions

IMRT provides better clinical outcomes than para-aortic field radiotherapy in patients with PALN metastasis. However, cervical local and distal recurrence remain a problem. Long-term follow-up and studies involving more patients are needed to confirm our results.Cervical cancer can metastasize to para-aortic lymph nodes (PALN), which are not covered in the conventional exposure field (1,2). According to Fletcher (3), some patients with positive PALNs show better long-term survival when treated with radiation therapy (RT) of the abdominal para-aortic lymph nodes in a procedure known as para-aortic field RT. However, this technique features an excessively high incidence of complications in the digestive tract.Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a novel approach to planning and delivery of radiation therapy. Numerous investigators have demonstrated the benefits of IMRT for a variety of tumor sites in terms of normal tissue sparing (4,5) and delivery of radiation doses higher than conventional doses (6,7). IMRT can provide almost ideal dose distribution to the clinical target volume (CTV) while reducing the dose to normal tissue, thereby enhancing the effects and decreasing complications (8-10). Another advantage of IMRT is its ability to deliver differentiated doses to various structures during the same fraction dose irradiation, thus allowing delivery of a higher dose to gross tumor and lower dose to subclinical disease during the same treatment session.The aim of the current study was to compare the therapeutic response and toxicity of IMRT and para-aortic field RT in patients with cervical cancer with PALN metastasis following conventional RT or surgery in order to develop an optimal treatment modality for this recurrent disease.     

颈段及胸上段食管癌调强放射治疗计划的比较

目的：射野数目的多少在调强放射计划中直接影响着靶区的适形性（conformity）,均匀度（uniformity）以及对周围危及器官（organs at risk,OAR）的保护。本文就颈段及胸上段食管癌,对不同射野数目进行调强放射治疗计划的比较。方法：回顾继往颈段及胸上段食管癌病例,从中挑选5位患者,运用5,7,9个射野的调强放射治疗计划,同时对IMRT的靶区运用200 cGy/fx,30fx总共60 Gy剂量,比较在这个给定相同的剂量的条件下,通过剂量体积直方图（dose volumehistograms,DVH）,等剂量曲线分布（iso-dose distributions）以及靶区的适形指数（conformity index,CI）等来比较各个计划中计划靶区（planning target volume,PTV）,以及危及器官（OARs）的剂量学差异。结果：随着射野数目的增加靶区适形度以及等剂量线分布越来越好。7、9个射野对肺的损伤也不像想象中那么大。甚至7、9野的IMRT在肺的V20更低。结论：相比5个射野的IMRT计划,7个射野能提供更好的适形度和均匀性,以及对肺组织的保护;而相比9野计划,7个射野能运用更短的治疗时间和更少的加速器跳数（monitor unite,MU）,减少器官运动对靶区剂量的影响。     

鼻咽癌调强常用布野方案剂量学比较

目的:分析在鼻咽癌逆向调强(IMRT)中两组鼻咽癌患者,用均匀9野、7野及7野非共面调强在相同条件下的剂量学差异。方法:选取28例鼻咽癌病例,分成两组,其中9野调强14例,7野调强14例,对其分别采用各自组中相同的物理调强参数,在TPS上计算需对比的设野方案计划,然后试图探讨相同计划下不同设野对靶区和重要器官的影响。结果:两组病患调强结果显示,非共面7野的靶区的最高剂量要稍大于9野,最小剂量要低于9野,7野的适形度要略差于9野,但两者差异几乎不明显,对于危及器官,9野与7野没有明显差异,在统计意义上没有显著意义。结论:对于鼻咽癌肿瘤病人,9野和7野调强在各自的条件约束下都能完成较好的计划,靶区适形度和靶区覆盖率也相差不大,综合考虑物理及生物效应,对于靶区较大的病患建议使用9野调强,对于需要特别保护晶体,7野非共面计划比较合理,对于较小肿瘤用7野照射计划相对效益更高,但总的来说照射野角度的不同对计划的影响并没有想象中那么明显,物理优化条件的好坏几乎决定了计划本身的质量。     

容积旋转调强与固定野调强在宫颈癌术后放疗中的剂量学比较

目的：比较容积旋转调强（vMAT,美国瓦里安公司商品名为RapidArc）与9野固定野调强（IMRT）两种放射治疗技术在宫颈癌术后放疗中的剂量学差异。方法：采用两种治疗技术对10例宫颈癌术后患者设计计划,处方剂量设置为46ay／23次．危及器官限量参考临床常规要求,靶区接受标准为95％处方剂量要包绕97％以上靶区体积。比较两种技术的剂量体积直方图、治疗时间、机器跳数、靶区和危及器官剂量分布差异。结果：RapidArc技术靶区平均剂量略高于9IMRT技术．且具有统计学意义,靶区均匀性、适形度、危及器官受量相比9IMRT技术,虽然都没有统计学意义,但是RapidArc技术机器跳数较9IMRT减少63．6％,平均治疗时间节省70％。结论：RapidArc技术在剂量学分布上与9IMRT技术相当或略有优势,治疗时间及机器跳数大大减少。     

非小细胞肺癌三维适形计划和调强计划剂量学比较与分析

目的：通过比较分析非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）三维适形治疗计划（3DCRT）和调强治疗计划（IMRT）,评价不同计划方案在剂量学上的差异性,确定患者选择合适的放射治疗方式。方法：对20例非小细胞肺癌患者分别制定三维适形治疗计划和调强计划,对它们计划的靶区剂量分布和危及器官的保护进行评估。结果：IMRT治疗计划的以下指标优于相应的3DCRT计划：（1）差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：PTV参数（Dmean、Dmin、Dnex）适形指数（CI）;异质性指数（HI）;平均肺剂量（MLD）、肺V10-V30及肺正常组织并发症发生率（NTCP）;食管Dmean、V55及食管的早晚期正常组织并发症发生概率（NTCP）;心脏V40。（2）差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）：肺V5;食管V35;心脏的Dmean及NTCP;脊髓的Dmex及NTCP。结论：和三维适形治疗计划相比,调强计划能有效降低危及器官的高剂量区,尤其对靶区形状极不规则的肿瘤有了解决的方案,在保护正常组织器官方面显示出较明显的优势。为靶区剂量提升创造了空间。     

A feasibility study of using conventional jaws to deliver IMRT plans in the treatment of prostate cancer

The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using conventional jaws to deliver inverse planned intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans for patients with prostate cancer. For ten patients, each had one three-dimensional conformal plan (3D plan) and seven inverse IMRT plans using direct aperture optimization. For IMRT plans using conventional jaws (JO plans), the number of apertures per beam angle was set from two to seven while three apertures per beam angle were set for the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) plans. To evaluate each planning method, we compared average dose volume histograms (DVH), the conformal index (COIN), total number of segments and total number of monitor units. Among the JO plans with the number of apertures per beam angle varying from two to seven, no difference was observed in the average DVHs, and the plan conformal index became saturated after four apertures per beam angle. Subsequently, JO plans with four apertures per beam angle (JO-4A) were compared with 3D and MLC plans. Based on the average DVHs, no difference was found among 3D, JO-4A and MLC plans with regard to the planning target volume and rectum, but the DVHs for the bladder and penile bulb were significantly better with inverse IMRT plans than those with 3D plans. When compared with the plan conformity, the average COIN values for 3D, JO-4A and MLC plans were 0.61 +/- 0.07, 0.73 +/- 0.05 and 0.83 +/- 0.05, respectively. In conclusion, inverse IMRT plans using conventional jaws are clinically feasible, achieving better plan quality than 3D-CRT plans.     

Energy modulated electron therapy using a few leaf electron collimator in combination with IMRT and 3D-CRT: Monte Carlo-based planning and dosimetric evaluation

Energy modulated electron therapy (EMET) based on Monte Carlo dose calculation is a promising technique that enhances the treatment planning and delivery of superficially located tumors. This study investigated the application of EMET using a novel few-leaf electron collimator (FLEC) in head and neck and breast sites in comparison with three-dimensional conventional radiation therapy (3D-CRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques. Treatment planning was performed for two parotid cases and one breast case. Four plans were compared for each case: 3D-CRT, IMRT, 3D-CRT in conjunction with EMET (EMET-CRT), and IMRT in conjunction with EMET (EMET-IMRT), all of which were performed and calculated with Monte Carlo techniques. For all patients, dose volume histograms (DVHs) were obtained for all organs of interest and the DVHs were used as a means of comparing the plans. Homogeneity and conformity of dose distributions were calculated, as well as a sparing index that compares the effect of the low isodose lines. In addition, the whole-body dose equivalent (WBDE) was estimated for each plan. Adding EMET delivered with the FLEC to 3D-CRT improves sparing of normal tissues. For the two head and neck cases, the mean dose to the contralateral parotid and brain stem was reduced relative to IMRT by 43% and 84%, and by 57% and 71%, respectively. Improved normal tissue sparing was quantified as an increase in sparing index of 47% and 30% for the head and neck and the breast cases, respectively. Adding EMET to either 3D-CRT or IMRT results in preservation of target conformity and dose homogeneity. When adding EMET to the treatment plan, the WBDE was reduced by between 6% and 19% for 3D-CRT and by between 21% and 33% for IMRT, while WBDE for EMET-CRT was reduced by up to 72% when compared with IMRT. FLEC offers a practical means of delivering modulated electron therapy. Although adding EMET delivered using the FLEC results in perturbation of target conformity when compared to IMRT, it significantly improves normal tissue sparing while offering enhanced target conformity to the 3D-CRT planning. The addition of EMET systematically leads to a reduction in WBDE especially when compared with IMRT.