国产替米沙坦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定18名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80 mg后血浆替米沙坦浓度.用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价.结果:两种替米沙坦片的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数为:Cmax分别为(931.0±367.7)μg·L-1和(894.2±421.7)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(1.0±0.6)h和(1.4±0.8)h;T1/2β分别为(28.1±14.1)h和(27.0±10.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(4 085±2 313)μg·L-1·h和(3 920±2 199)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(4 751±2 742)μg·L-1·h和(4 352±2 569)μg·L-1·h.国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度F0-t为(97.5±15.6)%,F0-∞为(96.5±15.8)%.结论:方差分析和双单侧t检验证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产替米沙坦分散片与进口替米沙坦片在健康志愿者中的生物等效性研究

目的在24名男性健康受试者中比较国产替米沙坦分散片与原研进口替米沙坦片的生物等效性。方法筛选24名健康男性志愿者,采用随机交叉试验设计,应用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中替米沙坦的浓度,根据测定结果计算主要药动学参数,并以进口替米沙坦片为参比制剂,评估替米沙坦分散片的生物等效性。结果经DAS2.1.1数据统计软件计算药动学参数,受试制剂A的t1/2:(27.94±9.94)h、Cmax:(757.9±238.3)ng/mL、Tmax:(1.18±0.49)h、AUC0-t:(4423±2645)ng/(h·mL)、AUC0-∞:(4804±3146)ng/(h·mL);受试制剂B的t1/2:(25.58±8.56)h、Cmax:(763.4±283.3)ng/mL、Tmax:(1.22±0.52)h、AUC0-t:(4195±1988)ng/(h·mL)、AUC0-∞:(4437±2122)ng/(h·mL);参比制剂的t1/2:(28.98±11.66)h、Cmax:(755.6±268.2)ng/mL、Tmax:(1.15±0.51)h、AUC0-t:(4327±2039)ng/(h·mL)、AUC0-∞:(4622±2201)ng/(h·mL)。以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比受试制剂A、受试制剂B中替米沙坦的相对生物利用度分别为(99.2±26.8)%、(98.3±26.4)%。结论国产替米沙坦分散片与原研进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

替米沙坦片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究两种替米沙坦片的人体生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性受试者按照两制剂两周期的随机交叉试验设计,分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂80mg,用HPLC-荧光法测定血浆中替米沙坦的浓度,用DAS1.0软件对所得药动学参数进行统计分析.结果:受试制剂和参比制剂在受试者体内的药动学参数如下:cmax分别为(0.92±0.62)和(1.04±0.61)μg/ml;tmax分别为(0.97±0.61)和(1.03±0.65)h;AUG0-96h分别为(4.32±2.86)和(4.41±2.51)μg·h·ml-1;AUG0-∞分别为(4.60±3.08)和(4.59±2.64)μg·h·ml-1;t1/2分别为(24.38±10.50)和(21.31±6.81)h.tmax、cmax、AUC0-96h、AUG0-∞在两制剂间均元显著性差异,双单侧t检验结果表明受试制剂cmax的90%置信区间落在参比制剂70%～143%之间,受试制剂AUG的90%置信区间落在参比制剂80%～125%之间;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(109.2±31.9)%.结论:两制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的 评价国产盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊和进口盐酸曲美他嗪包衣片的人体生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者按两制剂两周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服20 mg的参比制剂和受试制剂后,采用LE-MS法测定血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析.结果 参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(55.9±9.2)和(56.4±12.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.5±0.8)和(2.7±0.9)h;AUC0→24h分别为(493.8±82.8)和(489.8±108.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(513.7±88.6)和(510.1±116.8)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.8±0.4)和(4.7±0.4)h.双单侧t检验结果显示受试制剂的ρmax、AUC0→24h的90%置信区间分别为参比制剂相应参数的92.0%～108.4%和91.5%～105.3%,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.6±16.5)%(以AUC0→24h计算).结论 国产盐酸曲美他啶胶囊与其进口包衣片具有生物等效性.     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中氨氯地平浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的研究氨氯地平片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及其生物等效性。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计,18名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂5 mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:AUC0→t分别为(152.73±44.50)和(147.02±40.65)μg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(167.92±50.71)和(161.56±46.56)μg.h.L-1;ρmax分别为(3.93±0.75)和(3.87±0.91)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(6.6±2.3)和(6.0±1.4)h;t12分别为(34.34±6.43)和(34.11±4.62)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.0±11.3)%。结论氨氯地平片的受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

硝呋太尔片在健康人体内的药动学研究

目的考察单剂量经口给予硝呋太尔片后健康人体内硝呋太尔的药动学特征,比较国内外制剂间的生物等效性。方法健康男性志愿者18名,采用双周期自身交叉对照法经口给予硝呋太尔片受试制剂(国内制剂)与参比制剂(国外原研制剂)。观察不良事件;LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中硝呋太尔的质量浓度,计算药动学参数。结果 18例健康志愿者分别经口给予硝呋太尔片受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中硝呋太尔的tmax分别为(2.42±0.67)h和(2.42±0.75)h;ρmax分别为(12.39±7.10)μg·L-1和(12.43±8.07)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.19±0.42)h和(1.28±0.44)h;AUC0-t分别为(33.68±17.09)μg·h·L-1和(33.54±18.37)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(34.03±17.26)μg·h·L-1和(33.84±18.43)μg·h·L-1。以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比,受试制剂中硝呋太尔的相对生物利用度为(102.4±17.0)%。结论硝呋太尔在人体内的个体差异性较大,药动学特征符合二室模型,国产的硝呋太尔片与国外原研制剂具有人体生物等效性。     

阿莫西林脉冲释放片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的研究阿莫西林脉冲释放片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法将10只比格犬随机分成两组,采用自身对照交叉给药设计,分别单次灌胃给予775 mg自行研制制剂(受试制剂)和国外上市的阿莫西林脉冲释放片(参比制剂),于不同时间点采集血样,采用液相色谱-二级质谱联用法测定比格犬体内阿莫西林的血药浓度,计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(26.25±10.24)μg·mL-1和(28.06±7.37)μg·mL-1;AUC0-12 h分别为(80.21±35.41)μg·h·mL-1和(72.08±24.48)μg·h·mL-1;t1/2分别为(2.35±1.89)h和(2.75±2.23)h;tmax分别为(2.35±0.67)h和(2.40±0.50)h。受试制剂相对参比制剂的生物利用度为(96.4±15.4)%。结论以AUC0-12 h和ρmax为等效性评价指标,结果显示自行研制的阿莫西林脉冲释放片与国外上市的参比制剂在比格犬体内生物等效。     

国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸沙格雷酯片(抗血栓药)的相对生物利用度,评价2者的生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身交叉试验设计,单剂量口服给药.24名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂,血浆样品采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测.结果 受试制剂及参比制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(710.25±305.79),(653.33±311.06)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.39±0.23),(0.38±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(0.72±0.10),(0.67±0.10)h;AUC0-tn分别为(473.80±216.83),(440.17±440.17)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(479.88±224.77),(443.79±144.70)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂盐酸沙格雷酯片的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(110.24±38.24)%,(110.64±39.07)%.结论 受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

氟罗沙星片的人体生物等效性

目的:研究氟罗沙星片的人体相对生物利用度,评价受试制剂与参比制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者采用随机交叉给药方案,单次口服400mg国产氟罗沙星片受试制剂和参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)定量测定血浆氟罗沙星浓度,用DAS1.0程序计算两者生物利用度参数,并作出生物等效性评价。结果:单次口服400mg氟罗沙星受试制剂和参比制剂的主要生物利用度参数AUC0→t分别为(76 245.4±9 991.0)μg.h.L-1和(78 295.9±10 566.8)μg.h.L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(79 792.1±10 599.3)μg.h.L-1和(81 037.9±10 807.6)μg.h.L-1;Cmax分别为(5 218.8±1 493.8)μg.L-1和(4 983.9±910.7)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(1.8±1.0)h和(2.0±1.0)h。AUC0→t、AUC0→∞和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验以及tmax经秩和检验表明两制剂的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性,以AUC0→t计算受试制剂相对生物利用度为(98.4±13.4)%。     

HPLC-MS法研究替米沙坦人体药动学和生物等效性

目的:建立准确、灵敏的 HPLC-MS 法测定替米沙坦在血浆中的浓度,以研究替米沙坦在健康受试者中的药动学和生物等效性。方法:20例健康受试者单次口服40mg 替米沙坦受试或参比制剂,按规定时间采集肘静脉血,乙腈沉淀处理血样。采用 Zorbax-SB-ODS 柱,乙腈-0.02mol·L~(-1)醋酸胺缓冲液(28∶72)为流动相,HPLC-MS 内标(坎地沙坦,m/z=423.3)法选择性正离子检测法测定替米沙坦(替米沙坦,m/z=515.3)血浆浓度。结果:HPLC-MS 法测定血浆中替米沙坦的最低检测限为0.5ng·mL~(-1),在2-500ng-mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好;血药浓度测定日内、日间 RSD 均小于10%。测得替米沙坦受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数 C_(max)(μg·L~(-1))分别为220.70±95.80和233.11±105.52,AUC_(0-96)(μg·h·L~(-1))分别为1908.54±650.43和1986.26±553.24,t_(1/2)(h)分别为24.1±4.2和24.8±3.8;T_(max)(h)分别为1.8±0.6和1.7±0.7。相对生物利用度 F 为95.6%±6.4%。结论:建立的 HPLC-MS 法灵敏、准确,统计分析表明替米沙坦受试和参比制剂生物等效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.