临床护士对给药错误上报态度的现状调查分析

目的:调查分析临床护士对给药错误的上报态度及上报可能性。方法:采用自制调查表,对1家医院6个科室的89名护士进行调查。结果:护士给药错误上报率低,17.9%的护士认为所发生的给药错误全部被上报了,护士对不同类型给药错误的上报态度存在差异。结论:护士这种偏向于上报某几类给药错误,将给药错误告知医生的做法,应引起管理者重视,应加强培训、营造医院无责罚上报环境。     

Reported incidence, causes, and reporting of medication errors in teaching hospitals in Jordan: a comparative study

This research assessed the reported incidence, causes and reporting of medication errors in intensive care units (ICUs) and wards of Jordanian teaching hospitals. There are few studies about medication errors in Jordan. This survey was conducted in 2010 using a convenience sample of 212 nurses from four teaching hospitals. The response rate was 70.6% (212/300). The mean of the reported incidence of medication errors for the whole sample was 35%; 36.4% in ICUs and 33.8% in wards. An inaccurate rate of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was the scenario most commonly classified as a drug error; for this nurses would notify the physician, and complete an incident report. Poor quality or damaged medication labels were the most commonly reported causes of errors. Nurses failed to report medication errors because they were afraid that they might be subjected to disciplinary actions. There were some significant differences between ICUs and wards in assessment of clinical scenarios, causes of medication errors as well as their reporting. Reporting of medication errors should be encouraged. Immediate interventions should be initiated by all healthcare professionals in all clinical settings, especially in wards.     

护理给药错误事件的危险因素分析及预测模型的构建

目的快速筛查护理给药风险事件,提出全面而有针对性的防范措施,以期指导临床护理工作,确保患者用药安全,提升护理质量,为药物护理质量管理体系提供较为可靠的理论框架和依据。方法采用回顾性病例对照研究设计,选取2016年1月—2018年12月某三甲医院上报的688例护理给药错误事件作为病例组,以病例组例数的2倍数在同时期药物执行数据库中进行随机抽样,抽样1376例未发生给药错误的护理给药事件作为对照组。对给药错误事件发生的相关客观因素及人为因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨护理给药错误事件的潜在危险因素,构建护理给药错误事件的风险预测模型。结果单因素分析显示,护士职称、护龄、患者性别、患者文化程度、患者年龄、给药班次、交接班时段、工作时长、给药途径、药物执行的科室是护理给药错误事件的影响因素(P<0.05)。通过多因素Logistic回归分析将护龄、科室、给药途径、患者年龄、是否处于交接班时段纳入最终的护理给药错误事件风险预测模型(P<0.05)。绘制并计算ROC下面积(AUC)=0.765,AUC>0.7,显示该模型有较好的临床预测能力。结论护理给药错误预测模型的构建可为临床药物护理提供理论依据,对于保障医院药物护理管理体系更具针对性及实用性,能够保证护理安全。     

Prevalence of errors in a pediatric hospital medication system: implications for error proofing

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of errors in the medication system of a pediatric teaching hospital. Error was defined broadly to capture all deviations in the process from medication order through administration of the dose. The long-term goal was to provide direction to efforts to error-proof the system. The sample was 3,312 medication orders written during 669 patient-days for which a total of 11,978 doses were passed. Errors were categorized as intercepted errors (intercepted through the normal processes of the medication system) or administration errors (errors that involve the patient with or without adverse sequelae). Errors were also categorized as errors in primary activities (e.g., prescribing or preparing the medication for administration) or supporting activity (e.g., transferring the order to another record). A total of 784 errors were identified; 98% were intercepted and 2% were administration errors. More errors (71%) occurred in supporting activities than in primary activities. Medication systems are complex processes. Errors are imbedded in the medication system and are typically intercepted before patients are involved. Intercepting errors involves additional work that adds to an already cumbersome process. Error proofing will be different for errors in primary activities and for supporting activities.     

彩色标签对麻醉危机事件处理中用药差错与时间的影响

目的评价彩色标签对麻醉危机事件处理中用药差错发生率与用药时间的影响。方法采用二阶段交叉试验设计,选择20名麻醉科一线实习医生,年龄21~24岁,随机分为A组和B组,每组10人,分别使用彩色标签或传统标签标记药物对模拟人进行麻醉危机模拟事件演练;洗脱4周后,2组交换标签进行第二阶段模拟演练。在麻醉系模拟实验中心模拟真实手术室,采集演练视频,分析用药差错率及用药时间;演练结束后,针对发生用药差错的医生进行调查问卷,以了解用药差错的促成因素。结果使用彩色标签时,有12名(60%)一线实习医生至少发生一次用药差错;使用传统标签时,有16名(80%)一线实习医生至少发生一次用药差错(P>0.05)。本研究中共发生44次(8.40%)用药差错,主要为遗漏和用药剂量错误,分别为18次(40.9%)和15次(34.1%);使用彩色标签与传统标签时的平均用药差错率分别为7.2%(95%CI 4.0%~10.3%)和9.8%(95%CI 6.2%~13.5%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。用药差错促成因素分析,导致用药差错的最主要因素为匆忙(29.41%)、粗心大意(17.65%)和操作不规范(13.73%)。使用不同标签时的用药时间比较,彩色标签时的用药时间(18.4±1.3)s显著快于使用传统标签(26.3±1.6)s(P<0.05)。结论各种药品准备完善下,使用彩色标签可明显缩短麻醉危机事件处理中的用药时间,但未能降低一线医生的差错发生率。     

影响护理人员报告给药错误的相关因素分析

目的 描述护理人员给药错误的报告率;识别影响护理人员报告给药错误的因素.方法 运用描述性研究设计,自制"影响护理人员报告给药错误的因素"问卷,共23个条目,CVI为0.84,Cronbach's α为0.83.运用方便抽样的方法,对210护理人员进行问卷调查.结果 22.4%的护理人员认为,给药错误的报告率在60%以下.护理人员报告给药错误的主要障碍是害怕报告后带来不良后果、害怕医生的责备、害怕患者及家属的反应.护士长对于给药错误的处理方式是报告给药错误的预测因子.结论 鼓励护理人员报告给药错误的有效策略是营造不责备、无惩罚的工作环境,改进给药错误的报告流程和沟通方法,加强对护理人员有关意外事件报告流程及重要性的培训,建立一支能够发现和分析复杂系统问题的护理管理团队.     

Medication errors reported to U.S. Poison Control Centers, 2000–2012

Context. Previous studies of medication errors have largely focused on healthcare facilities and have not reported generalizable national trends among out-of-hospital medication errors. Objective. We sought to understand U.S. trends in medication errors, including the age-related risks, the involved medications, and the medical outcomes. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of National Poison Data System (NPDS) data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers for years 2000–2012. Medication error cases were analyzed by age, gender, pharmaceutical involved, substance rank, dosing error type, management site, level of healthcare received, and medical outcome. Trends in medication error rates were analyzed using Poisson regression. Results. From 2000 to 2012, the NPDS recorded 2,913,924 calls reporting unintentional pharmaceutical-related errors that met inclusion criteria. Non-healthcare facility calls comprised 99.2% calls related to unintentional therapeutic errors. Eighty-seven percent of medication errors were managed on site. The annual medication error rate for all callers per 10,000 U.S. population increased significantly (p < 0.0001) by 69.8% from 2000 (4.98 calls per 10,000 population) to 2012 (8.46 calls per 10,000 population). Among adults aged 20 years and older, age was positively correlating (r = 0.96) with the rate of medication error. Analgesics were the most frequent pharmaceutical class involved in medication errors for ages 6–49 (N = 221,061). Among ages 20–49 years, opioid-related medication errors decreased by 7.9% from 2010 to 2012. Cardiovascular drugs were the leading source of injury among all ages (N = 14,440) and also the leading pharmaceutical class involved in medication errors among adults 50 years and older (N = 187,760). Conclusion. Medication errors continue to be a source of preventable injury with increasing incidence across the out-of-hospital population.     

Medication errors in university-affiliated teaching hospitals as compared to non-university-affiliated teaching hospitals in Jordan

BACKGROUND. “Medication errors” is a serious underreported practice issue. This is the first study in Jordan and other countries that compare medication errors between university‐affiliated teaching hospitals (UATHs) and non‐university‐affiliated teaching hospitals (NUATHs). DESIGN AND SAMPLE. Survey method was used to collect data of the current study. A convenience sample of 171 nurses was recruited from two UATHs and a sample of 98 nurses from two NUATHs. RESULTS. There were significant differences between the two types of hospitals in terms of causes, percentage, and reporting of medication errors. More medication errors are committed in NUATHs, thus immediate interventions are needed. Nurses in NUATHs should be encouraged to report medication errors; those nurses were more subjected to disciplinary actions or at the risk of losing their jobs. CONCLUSIONS. Medication errors are escalating, and is a matter that requires immediate interventions in all types of hospitals, especially in NUATHs. More reporting methods should be established in NUATHs.     

Improving medication safety and patient care in the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: Medication errors are well documented in medical literature and the lay press. Through participation in a nationwide institute for healthcare improvement initiative, our emergency department performance improvement group focused on human and system factors that contributed to potential medication errors. METHODS: A survey conducted of ED staff examined barriers to reporting medication errors and potential "near misses." members of the emergency department performance improvement group examined contents of the ed Pyxis machines, assessing medications that physically resembled one another, similar sounding medications located in close proximity, and medications available in differing doses. RESULTS: Fifty-eight members participated in a 4-question survey. Half reported they would be likely to self-report a "near miss" if the patient was not harmed. About half would report the medication error of a colleague under certain circumstances. Fifty-one percent believed there would be repercussions for reporting medication error, but most believed they would receive support from supervisors for addressing other safety problems. Nearly one quarter of the 278 medications identified in the Pyxis survey were similar in appearance or name or existed in multidose formulations. DISCUSSION: Measures to decrease the potential of medication errors include: (1) a workplace environment that promotes reporting of medication errors or "close calls" by staff, with counseling events utilized as learning opportunities versus punitive incidents; (2) increased frequency of medication safety in-service sessions; and (3) periodic monitoring of Pyxis machine inventories to survey contents for optimum patient safety.     

护士发生给药错误的特点及原因分析

目的分析护士给药错误发生的特点和原因,探讨如何预防给药错误的发生。方法回顾性分析某三级甲等医院2010年至2012年自愿非惩罚报告系统中上报的给药错误137例,分析护士给药错误的类别、特点及原因。结果给药错误主要发生在综合科室占31.39%,外科占24.82%;患者身份识别错误、药物遗漏、给药技术性错误是给药错误的主要类别;发生给药错误的药物种类,占前2位的分别是抗生素和心血管系统用药;在发生给药错误的原因中,操作过程中没有认真执行查对制度占48.91%。结论护理管理者应根据给药错误的特点制订相应的管理措施,加强护士药物知识的培训,严格执行查对制度,降低给药错误的发生。     

Tenfold medication dose prescribing errors

BACKGROUND: Tenfold errors in medication dosing continue to occur despite being a well-recognized risk, particularly to pediatric patients. Few systematic evaluations of the characteristics and causes of tenfold medication dosage prescribing errors have been performed. OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the characteristics of tenfold medication dosage prescribing errors. DESIGN: Evaluation of 200 consecutively detected medication orders with tenfold errors in dosing in a 631-bed tertiary-care teaching hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Type, frequency, characteristics, causes, enabling factors, and potential for adverse effects of tenfold medication dosage prescribing errors. RESULTS: Two hundred cases of tenfold prescribing errors were detected over an 18-month period. Overdoses were prescribed in 61% of the cases and underdoses in 39% of the cases. Ninety (45%) of the errors were rated as potentially serious or severe; 19.5% of the errors ocurred in pediatric patients. Levothyroxine accounted for 19% of all errors. As a class, antimicrobials, cardiovascular agents, and central nervous system agents each accounted for > or =15% of errors. Errors were associated with multiple zeroes in the dose (45%), use of equations or calculations to determine dose (27% total cases, 92.3% of pediatric cases), dose amount less than 1 (25%), and expression of measure conversion (23%). The tenfold errors were produced by a misplaced decimal point in 87 cases (43.5%), adding an extra zero in 63 cases (31.5%), and omitting a zero in 50 cases (25%). Factors identified as enabling a tenfold error to be carried out as ordered were a wide dose range for the drug (76.5%), medication ordered and able to be given by injection (42%), ability to give ordered dose as < or =5 solid oral dosage forms (36%), and availability of an oral liquid dose form (15%). CONCLUSIONS: Prescribing of tenfold medication dose errors is common and is associated with identifiable risk factors. Implementing commonly recommended medication safety processes are likely to reduce risk to patients from such errors. This information should be considered in the development of strategies to prevent adverse patient outcomes resulting from such errors.     

THE EFFECT OF COUNSELLING BY A PHARMACIST ON DRUG COMPLIANCE IN ELDERLY PATIENTS

The effect of counselling by a pharmacist on medication errors was assessed in fifty-three patients aged 65 years and over attending a day hospital. Despite random allocation to either the counselled or the uncounselled (‘control’) group, patients in the counselled group were making fewer errors than those in the control group even before they received instruction from the pharmacist. There was no evidence that those in the counselled group made fewer errors or complied better with their treatment as a result of counselling.     

品质管理活动在病房用药安全质量管理中的应用

目的 探讨品质管理活动对病房用药安全的影响,提高安全护理质量.方法 成立品质管理活动小组,设制用药错误查检表,对现况问题进行要因分析,确立并落实了5项质量改进措施.结果 用药临界差错由活动前的17.75件/周减少到4.5件/周,使病房用药安全得到了持续的质量改进.结论 品质管理活动有效地提高了病房用药安全.     

National study on the frequency, types, causes, and consequences of voluntarily reported emergency department medication errors

Background: Medication errors contribute to significant morbidity, mortality, and costs to the health system. Little is known about the characteristics of Emergency Department (ED) medication errors. Study Objective: To examine the frequency, types, causes, and consequences of voluntarily reported ED medication errors in the United States. Methods: A cross-sectional study of all ED errors reported to the MEDMARX system between 2000 and 2004. MEDMARX is an anonymous, confidential, de-identified, Internet-accessible medication error-reporting program designed to allow hospitals to report, track, and share error data in a standardized format. Results: There were 13,932 medication errors from 496 EDs analyzed. The error rate was 78 reports per 100,000 visits. Physicians were responsible for 24% of errors, nurses for 54%. Errors most commonly occurred in the administration phase (36%). The most common type of error was improper dose/quantity (18%). Leading causes were not following procedure/protocol (17%), and poor communication (11%), whereas contributing factors were distractions (7.5%), emergency situations (4.1%), and workload increase (3.4%). Computerized provider order entry caused 2.5% of errors. Harm resulted in 3% of errors. Actions taken as a result of the error included informing the staff member who committed the error (26%), enhancing communication (26%), and providing additional training (12%). Patients or family members were notified about medication errors 2.7% of the time. Conclusion: ED medication errors may be a result of the acute, crowded, and fast-paced nature of care. Further research is needed to identify interventions to reduce these risks and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.     

Use of dimensional analysis to reduce medication errors

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether using dimensional analysis as the method of mathematical computation could reduce nursing medication calculation errors. The sample for this study consisted of second-year baccalaureate nursing students in a required clinical skills course. Students in the control group were taught medication calculations using the traditional math method during one semester, whereas students in the experimental group were taught the same material using dimensional analysis during the next semester. Analysis of the collected data from a medication dosage calculation examination revealed the dimensional analysis group scored with greater accuracy than the traditional math group.