老年居民抑郁与情绪调节策略的相关性研究

目的 探讨银川市老年居民抑郁与情绪调节策略的现况及两者的关系。方法 2016年3-5月选择银川市5所养老机构505名老年人及5个社区的538名老年人,共1 043名。抑郁调查采用老年抑郁量表（GDS）,情绪调节策略调查采用Gross情绪调节问卷和反刍思维量表。结果 银川市老年居民抑郁发生率为32.0%,其中社区老年人为35.5%,养老机构老年人为28.3%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.187,P<0.05）。经倾向值匹配分析法分析,社区老年人和养老机构老年人抑郁发生率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.066,P=0.798）。1 043名老年居民GDS得分为（9.1±5.7）分,老年人认知重评得分为（26.7±8.0）分,表达抑制得分为（16.3±6.6）分,反刍思维得分为（34.5±11.7）分。不同性别、兴趣爱好、体育锻炼的老年人认知重评得分差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;不同文化程度、经济收入的老年人表达抑制得分差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;不同年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、兴趣爱好的老年人反刍思维得分差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。抑郁得分与认知重评负相关（r=-0.400,P<0.01）、与反刍思维呈正相关（r=0.652,P<0.01）。结论 银川市老年居民抑郁发生率较高,老年人抑郁与情绪调节策略有关。     

我国农村老年人抑郁倾向与认知功能变化轨迹关系研究

目的 探索我国农村老年人抑郁倾向与认知功能变化轨迹的关系。方法 基于中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查（CLHLS）中2011-2018年农村≥65岁老年人的数据,分别构建无条件和条件潜变量增长曲线模型,分析我国农村老年人简易精神状态评价量表（MMSE）得分变化轨迹及与抑郁倾向的关系。结果 最终纳入了1 788名2011/2012年开始调查的农村老年人,其中有抑郁倾向者占19.1%;有、无抑郁倾向者基线MMSE得分别为26.62±3.54和27.59±3.17。无条件和条件潜变量增长曲线模型结果显示：MMSE得分下降率为0.52分（P<0.05）;纳入协变量前后,有抑郁倾向者MMSE初始得分比无抑郁倾向者分别低0.84分（P<0.05）和0.81分（P<0.05）,有抑郁倾向者MMSE得分下降速度比无抑郁倾向者分别慢0.33分（P<0.05）和0.40分（P<0.05）。结论 我国农村老年人抑郁倾向与认知功能变化轨迹有关,有抑郁倾向者处于更低水平轨迹,提示应积极关注我国农村老年人的心理健康并及时干预,以延缓或防止老年痴呆的发生发展。     

北京市社区老年人群日常活动能力状况及城乡比较

目的 探讨北京市社区老年人群日常活动能力（ADL）状况及主要影响因素,并对城乡老年人群的差异进行比较。方法 2010－2014年在北京市海淀区万寿路地区和密云县巨各庄镇对社区≥60岁的老年人群进行两阶段分层整群随机抽样。结果 共纳入4 499名（其中男性1 815名,女性2 684名）社区老年人,年龄60～95（70.3±6.7）岁。相对于城市老年人,农村老年人文化程度较低（小学及以下85.2%）、吸烟（22.8%）、饮酒（43.1%）比例较高。共有87.9%的老年人生活完全自理,ADL受损（含不同程度功能障碍）情况农村（12.4%）高于城市（11.8%）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.039）。不同年龄组比较,ADL受损随年龄增加而显著增加（P<0.05）。多因素分析结果显示,除了城乡差异（P=0.031）,年龄（P=0.013）、文化程度（P=0.015）、体育锻炼（P=0.001）、患有脑卒中（P<0.001）等均是影响ADL受损的重要因素。结论 北京市社区老年人群ADL受损率相对较低,农村高于城市,年龄、文化程度、体育锻炼、患有脑卒中等均与ADL受损有关。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者焦虑和抑郁状况研究

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎患者焦虑、抑郁现况，探索新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的护理干预模式。方法 选取解放军总医院第五医学中心2020年1月23日—2月10日收治的新型冠状病毒肺炎患者为研究对象。运用焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）统计患者焦虑和抑郁得分情况。制定相应护理干预措施并评估疗效。结果 共收治40例新冠肺炎患者。10例（25.00%）患者出现焦虑，SAS平均得分（42.94±8.33）分。14例（35.00%）患者出现抑郁，SDS平均得分（46.41±13.37）分。患者焦虑与抑郁得分均高于常模，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。女性患者焦虑得分高于男性，差异有统计学意义（P=0.02）。不同年龄、文化程度组患者焦虑和抑郁得分比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。护理干预后，SAS量表平均得分（37.94±5.67）分，SDS量表平均得分（39.93±8.55）分，均较干预前降低，差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论 新型冠状病毒肺炎患者焦虑和抑郁高于普通人群，通过有效的护理干预可降低患者的焦虑和抑郁，长期的护理干预需要持续进行。     

中国3省60岁及以上老年人抑郁情况及其影响因素研究

目的 调查了解我国社区≥60岁老年人抑郁情况,并探索其影响因素。方法 调查对象来自“老年期重点疾病预防和干预”项目,该项目采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法于2019年在辽宁、河南和广东3省16个县（区）共完成14 335名≥60岁老年人的抑郁筛查。通过问卷调查研究对象人口学特征、是否与家人居住、是否与邻居有交往、日常锻炼、认知功能和日常生活活动能力（ADL）等信息,使用PHQ-9抑郁筛查量表评估老年人近半个月内的抑郁情况。采用二元logistic回归分析老年人抑郁的影响因素。结果 辽宁省、河南省、广东省老年人抑郁症状检出率为15.45%,3省分别为18.17%、18.87%、9.93%。不同地域间老年人抑郁症状检出率存在城乡差异,其中河南省为17.09% vs. 20.61%,广东省为7.99% vs. 11.03%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,老年女性抑郁症状检出率高于男性（OR=1.76,95%CI：1.58~1.96）,离异/分居（OR=2.08,95%CI：1.01~4.30）、认知功能异常（OR=1.78,95%CI：1.59~1.98）、基础性日常生活活动能力（BADL）受损（OR=1.74,95%CI：1.23~2.46）、工具性日常生活活动能力（IADL）受损（OR=2.23,95%CI：1.97~2.54）是老年人抑郁的危险因素（P<0.05）,且IADL受损对老年人抑郁的影响高于BADL受损（2.23 vs. 1.74）;≥80岁（OR=0.82,95%CI：0.68~0.99）、与家人居住（OR=0.67,95%CI：0.57~0.80）、与邻居有交往（OR=0.86,95%CI：0.76~0.98）、每周锻炼多次（OR=0.82,95%CI：0.69~0.96）、几乎每天锻炼（OR=0.63,95%CI：0.56~0.70）是老年人抑郁的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论 我国社区≥60岁老年人抑郁症状检出率较高,性别、婚姻状况、社会交往、体育锻炼、认知功能、ADL均是老年人抑郁的影响因素,老年卫生保健部门应开展重点人群心理预防和干预工作。     

生活方式与抑郁症状的关联性研究：TCLSIH研究

目的 选取2013－2016年天津慢性低度炎症与健康（TCLSIH）队列人群为研究对象,探讨生活方式各因素与抑郁症状的关系,为开展生活方式干预和防治抑郁症提供参考依据。方法 采用横断面研究,对24 256名研究对象进行抑郁自评量表（SDS）评估抑郁症状、生活方式调查问卷以及体格检查。采用SAS 9.3软件,将SDS评分按总分<45和≥45分为无抑郁症状组和抑郁症状组,分析生活方式各因素与抑郁症状的关系。结果 研究对象中SDS≥45分占16.59%。基线调查显示：与无抑郁症状组人群相比,抑郁症状组人群有较高中性粒细胞计数与淋巴细胞计数比（NLR）水平（P<0.01）、有较低的BMI、总能量摄入和身体活动量（P<0.000 1）;并倾向于少吃植物性膳食模式、较多的食用动物性食物膳食模式及甜食和水果膳食模式（P<0.000 1）。抑郁症状组人群中吸烟者的比例较高、偶尔饮酒者比例较低（P<0.01）;有较多的女性、独居者、文化程度低、家庭月总收入低;每日室外时间>5 h者比例较高;而管理人员、已婚者和喜欢与亲友来往者比例较低。logistic回归多因素分析结果显示：男性、年龄、NLR、吸烟（OR=1.14,95% CI：1.03~1.26）、已戒酒状态、动物性食物膳食模式（OR=1.41,95% CI：1.35~1.46）、甜食和水果膳食模式（OR=1.17,95% CI：1.13~1.22）、睡眠时间>7.5 h/d、室外活动时长3~5 h/d、室外活动时长>5 h/d与抑郁症状呈正相关（P<0.05）;而BMI（OR=0.98,95% CI：0.97~0.99）、文化程度（OR=0.76,95% CI：0.70~0.82）、管理人员、家庭月总收入（OR=0.63,95% CI：0.58~0.68）、总能量摄入、身体活动量（OR=0.86,95% CI：0.84~0.89）、已婚状态、喜欢与亲友来往与抑郁症状呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论 生活方式各因素与抑郁症状密切相关,开展生活方式干预抑郁症将成为抑郁症防治的新途径。     

中国7个城市老年人失能现状调查

目的 分析中国城乡失能老年人现状以及失能的人口学特征。方法 采用按类分层分阶段随机整群抽样方法,在不同地区（南方、北方）的7个城市调查城乡社区≥60岁老年人6 864人。采用统一问卷,入户调查社区老年人的基本信息及与失能相关信息,采用 χ²检验分析不同特征老年群体之间失能率的差异。结果 共完成6 864名城乡社区老年人健康调查及失能评估,平均失能率为7.0%（加权值）,其中女性（7.9%）高于男性（6.0%）（P<0.01）。农村老年人失能率（10.9%）高于城区（4.7%）（P<0.01）;北方地区老年人失能率（7.6%）高于南方（5.4%）（P<0.01）;在北京、重庆、哈尔滨、成都、西安、长沙、上海7个城市的城区老年人失能率分别为5.7%、5.3%、4.5%、3.9%、3.0%、2.3%、1.2%（P<0.01）。老年人失能率随年龄增加而增高,在60～、65～、70～、75～、≥80岁5个年龄段的平均失能率分别为2.5%、4.0%、5.3%、9.9%、25.1%（P<0.01）。结论 中国城乡老年人平均失能率为7.0%（加权值）,女性失能率高于男性;农村老年人失能率高于城区;北方地区老年人失能率高于南方;随年龄增加失能率增高。     

中国7城市老年人高尿酸血症患病率调查

目的 分析中国城乡老年人高尿酸血症（HUA）患病情况及人口学特征。方法 采用按类分层分阶段整群抽样方法,在南北方7个城市调查城乡社区≥60岁老年人,共5 376人。入户采用统一调查问卷和体格检查获得样本基本信息及健康状况,并抽血测定血尿酸（UA）水平。采用χ²检验分析不同特征老年群体之间HUA患病率的差异。结果 共完成5 351例城乡社区老年人健康调查,UA平均水平为302.8 μmol/L。其中男性329.5 μmol/L,女性282.7 μmol/L;农村272.4 μmol/L,城市315.5 μmol/L;HUA总患病率达13.1%（加权值）,女性（14.1%）高于男性（12.0%）（P<0.05）;城市（15.8%）高于农村（6.9%）（P<0.01）;南方（16.0%）高于北方（11.6%）（P<0.01）;≥60岁UA平均水平及HUA患病率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,在60～、65～、70～、75～、80～岁5个年龄段的HUA患病率及UA平均水平（μmol/L）分别为9.5%（287.7）、11.9%（295.9）、14.5%（308.1）、16.4%（311.6）、21.9%（323.3）（P<0.01）。结论 中国城乡老年人HUA患病率女性高于男性,城市高于农村,南方高于北方,且随年龄增加患病率呈增长趋势。     

上海市城乡老年人跌倒的流行病学特征

目的 了解老年人跌倒的流行病学特征及城乡差异，为有针对性的老年人跌倒预防和干预提供证据支持。方法 2017年1－3月先后对上海市7个城市社区和6个农村社区方便抽取的≥60岁常住老年人进行问卷调查，了解老年人跌倒现状、流行病学特征，分析老年人跌倒的性别和城乡差异。结果 共调查城市老年人3 386人，其中441人（13.0%）发生跌倒，261人（7.7%）发生跌伤；共调查农村老年人2 826人，其中320人（11.3%）发生跌倒，169人（6.0%）发生跌伤；城市和农村老年女性的跌倒风险均较男性高，OR值（95% CI）分别为1.62（1.42～1.86）、1.16（1.38～1.98），而跌伤风险差异无统计学意义。与城市相比，农村老年人的跌倒和跌伤风险合计均较低，OR值（95% CI）分别为0.86（0.73～0.99）、0.74（0.56～0.99），其中男性老年人跌倒风险较低、女性老年人跌伤风险较低，OR值（95% CI）分别为0.68（0.51～0.90）、0.66（0.47～0.93）。老年人的跌倒地点主要为家中，城市老年人跌倒发生在上下楼梯时的比例较高，农村则在干农活过程中的比例较高，>60%的老年人跌倒发生时有环境因素，以地面较滑和地面不平为主，跌伤中骨折的发生比例较高，城市骨折发生89人次（28.2%），农村为64人次（36.1%）。结论 上海市老年人跌倒风险存在性别和城乡差异，宜根据老年人跌倒发生特征开展有针对性的干预。     

黑龙江省大庆市社区老年人社会隔离与认知功能关联的研究

目的 探讨老年人社会隔离与认知功能间的关联。方法 采用横断面调查对黑龙江省大庆市社区981位≥60岁社区居民采用结构化问卷进行调查。用LSNS-6量表筛查老年人的社会隔离情况、蒙特利尔认知评估量表汉化长沙版评估认知功能。采用多元线性回归分析社会支持网络与认知功能的关系；采用累积比数logit模型分析社会支持网络与不同认知维度的关系。结果 调查对象平均年龄71岁；LSNS-6量表筛查出10.60%（104/981）的老年人存在社会隔离情况；9.48%（93/981）的老年人存在家庭联系疏松；13.97%（137/981）的老年人存在朋友联系疏松。LSNS-6量表得分与认知功能得分存在相关关系，与社会联系越紧密的老年人，认知功能得分越高，偏回归系数为0.10（P< 0.01）。存在社会隔离的老年人认知功能得分为20.38±5.54，而社会联系正常的老年人认知功能得分为22.10±5.01，两者差异有统计学意义（P< 0.01）；与无社会隔离相比，社会隔离与视空间/执行能力（P=0.02）、命名（P=0.03）、语言（P=0.01）和延迟记忆（P< 0.01）等认知维度有关联，而与注意力（P=0.33）、抽象（P=0.49）和定向（P=0.27）方面无明显关联。结论 社会隔离与认知功能密切相关，朋友联系疏松是老年人社会隔离的主要来源。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.