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1.
目的 分析2014-2018年北京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的影响因素。方法 收集2014年4月至2018年3月北京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎聚集性事件及暴发资料,应用非条件logistic回归模型分析诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的影响因素。结果 北京市共报告由诺如病毒感染引起的急性胃肠炎事件765起,85.88%(657/765)为聚集性事件,14.12%(108/765)为暴发。在暴发中,70.37%(76/108)发生在2017年;84.26%(91/108)发生在冬、春季节;88.89%(96/108)发生在托幼机构及中小学;主要传播途径为人传人(81.48%,88/108);93.52%(101/108)为GⅡ组诺如病毒感染引起。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在近郊区及远郊区发生的事件,出现暴发的风险分别是城区的1.84倍(95% CI:1.13~3.02)及3.78倍(95% CI:1.62~8.82);在小学、中学及其他机构发生的事件,出现暴发的风险分别是幼儿园的6.26倍(95% CI:3.53~11.10)、14.98倍(95% CI:6.23~36.01)及8.71倍(95% CI:3.07~24.71);就诊率低于全部事件就诊率中位数的,发生暴发的风险是就诊率高的2.29倍(95% CI:1.42~3.68);传播途径为食源性的事件,发生暴发的风险为人传人传播的14.55倍(95% CI:3.15~67.07)。结论 加强郊区、中小学及其他机构诺如病毒暴发疫情的防控力度,急性胃肠炎患者积极就医,做好食源性疫情的防控及厨工的健康管理,有助于减少诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的暴发。  相似文献   

2.
目的 分析我国诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情流行病学特征,探讨暴发疫情规模的影响因素,为及早控制暴发疫情提供科学依据。方法 对突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统2007年1月1日至2021年12月31日全国诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情进行描述性流行病学分析,应用非条件logistic回归模型分析暴发疫情规模的影响因素。结果 2007-2021年共报告暴发诺如病毒急性胃肠炎疫情1 725起,报告疫情起数呈上升趋势。南方省份每年10月至次年3月为疫情高峰,北方省份疫情高峰为每年10-12月和次年3-6月。疫情报告地区从东南沿海省份逐步向中部、东北和西部省份扩散。疫情主要发生在学校和托幼机构(1 539起,89.22%),其次为企事业单位(67起,3.88%)和社区家庭(55起,3.19%)。人与人接触为主要传播途径1 262起(73.16%),GⅡ基因型为引起暴发疫情的主要病原型别(899起,81.58%)。首例病例发病至疫情报告时间间隔MQ1,Q3)为3(2,6)d,疫情规模MQ1,Q3)为38(28,62)例。近年来,疫情报告及时性提升,疫情规模随年份呈下降趋势,二者在不同发生场所之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。发生场所、传播途径、报告及时性和居住地类型是暴发疫情规模的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 2007-2021年我国诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情整体呈上升趋势,疫情波及地区范围不断扩大,但疫情发生规模整体呈下降趋势,疫情报告及时性提升,提高监测灵敏度和及早报告可有效控制疫情发生规模。  相似文献   

3.
目的 分析2013-2017年广东省115起由GⅡ.2、GⅡ.17和GⅡ.4/Sydney 3种基因型引起的诺如病毒感染暴发的流行特征,为诺如病毒感染疫情的防控提供科学依据。方法 通过“突发公共卫生事件报告管理信息系统”收集2013年1月1日至2017年11月30日广东省报告的诺如病毒感染暴发疫情,采用RT-PCR方法对每起疫情的病例标本进行诺如病毒核酸检测,经基因测序后确定病毒基因型,对GⅡ.2、GⅡ.17和GⅡ.4/Sydney 3种基因型暴发疫情特点进行分析,采用直接标准化法计算病例呕吐和腹泻的比例。结果 广东省2013年1月1日至2017年11月30日共报告诺如病毒感染暴发疫情167起,GⅡ.2、GⅡ.17和GⅡ.4/Sydney 3种基因型引起115起。暴发场所中,GⅡ.2型为小学占39.68%(25/63)、托幼机构占28.57%(18/63)、中学占25.40%(16/63)、大学占6.35%(4/63);GⅡ.17型为中学占41.03%(16/39)、其他社会单位占20.51%(8/39)、小学占15.38%(6/39)、大学占12.82%(5/39)、社区和托幼机构各占5.13%(2/39);GⅡ.4/Sydney型为大学占53.85%(7/13)、托幼机构和其他社会单位各占15.38%(2/13)、小学和中学各占7.69%(1/13)。传播途径中,GⅡ.2型为接触传播占77.78%(49/63)、食源性传播占17.46%(11/63);GⅡ.17型为食源性传播占53.85%(21/39)、接触传播占15.38%(6/39)、水源性传播占12.82%(5/39);GⅡ.4/Sydney型为食源性传播占53.85%(7/13)、接触传播占38.46%(5/13)。临床表现中,GⅡ.2型的标准化呕吐比例为73.76%、腹泻比例为42.85%;GⅡ.17型的标准化呕吐比例为76.37%、腹泻比例为51.40%;GⅡ.4/Sydney型的标准化呕吐比例为54.10%、腹泻比例为55.95%。结论 GⅡ.2型主要涉及小学、托幼机构和中学,以接触传播为主;GⅡ.17型主要涉及中学和其他社会单位,以食源性传播为主;GⅡ.4/Sydney型主要涉及大学,食源性传播比例最高,接触传播也有较高比例。  相似文献   

4.
广东省2008-2015年诺如病毒感染暴发的危险因素分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
目的 研究2008-2015年广东省诺如病毒感染暴发疫情的危险因素,为诺如病毒感染的预防控制工作提供参考依据。方法 通过"突发公共卫生事件报告管理信息系统"收集2008年1月1日至2015年12月31日广东省报告的诺如病毒感染暴发疫情资料,并进行流行病学分析。采用RT-PCR 方法对2012-2015年73起诺如病毒感染暴发疫情的372份阳性标本进行基因测序亚型分析。结果 2008-2015年广东省共报告96起诺如病毒感染暴发疫情,其中2013-2015年共报告80起(占83.3%,80/96)。暴发地点在学校的占全部疫情的85.4%(82/96);传播途径为食源性传播占40.6%(39/96),接触传播占24.0%(23/96),水源性传播占7.3%(8/96)。基因测序亚型分析显示, 2012-2013年的暴发主要由GⅡ.4/Sydney2012型诺如病毒感染引起(占30.0%,6/20),2014-2015年的暴发主要由GⅡ.17型诺如病毒感染引起(占62.3%,33/53)。结论 食源性和接触传播及新出现的2种诺如病毒变异株GⅡ.4/Sydney2012变异株和GⅡ.17是引起广东省诺如病毒感染暴发的主要原因。  相似文献   

5.
目的 分析江苏省无锡、常州、连云港3个城市2012-2015年手足口病聚集性和暴发疫情的流行病学特征及其影响因素,为全省手足口病的防控提供科学依据。方法 依据《手足口病聚集性和暴发疫情处置工作规范(2012版)》,主动收集3个城市2012-2015年手足口病聚集性和暴发疫情资料,实验室确认试验采用荧光定量RT-PCR 方法,分析描述疫情的时间、地区、场所分布及其规模,采用logistic回归模型分析疫情罹患率和持续时间的影响因素。结果 2012-2015年3个城市共报告手足口病疫情1 425起(其中聚集性疫情1 314起,暴发疫情111起)。发病时间主要集中在每年3-6月和9-12月,分别占58.18%(829/1 425)和33.68%(480/1 425);无锡市报告的疫情较多,占59.30%(845/1 425);疫情场所主要在托幼机构,占68.63%(978/1 425)。931起聚集性和暴发疫情经实验室确认试验显示,2012年、2014年以肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Cox A16)两种病毒株主导流行,2013年、2015年分别以单一病毒株EV71和Cox A16为优势毒株。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,疫情的罹患率与周围环境卫生状况有关,卫生状况越好,罹患率越小(中 vs. 差:OR=0.150,95%CI:0.034~0.667;好 vs. 差:OR=0.072,95%CI:0.016~0.317);疫情持续时间与报告的及时性有关,报告时间越晚,疫情的持续时间越长(4~7 d vs. 1~3 d:OR=3.452,95%CI:2.293~5.198;8 d vs. 1~3 d:OR=12.108,95%CI:7.767~18.763)。结论 江苏省3个城市手足口病聚集性和暴发疫情的时间特征呈现双峰分布,病毒型别存在年份差异,托幼机构是疫情主要场所,疫情报告的及时性对控制疫情起关键作用。  相似文献   

6.
目的 探讨北京地区急性胃肠炎患者诺如病毒分子流行病学特征.方法 采用RT-PCR扩增核酸和测序分型方法.结果 共收集腹泻标本685份,检测诺如病毒阻性66份,阳性率为9.6%.检出率在患者性别、年龄、住院和门诊间的差异均无统计学意义;诺如病毒胃肠炎患者时间分布也无明显季节性.66份阳性标本采用ORF2区测序分型,其中43份可分型.GⅠ组占22.7%,包括GⅠ.3型2份、G Ⅰ.4型1份、GⅠ.5型4份、GⅠ.7型3份;GⅡ组占77.3%,其中以GⅡ.4型为主(60.6%),其他包括GⅡ.2型1份、GⅡ.3型1份,GⅡ.5型1份、GⅡ.6型2份、GⅡ.7型1份、GⅡ.12型7份.6例出现GⅠ组和GⅡ组混合感染,其中可分型的有G Ⅰ.3/GⅡ.7、GⅠ.5/GⅡ.5、G Ⅰ.4/GⅡ.4.结论 北京地区急性胃肠炎患者诺如病毒呈现基因多样性,且以GⅡ组为主,其中GⅡ.4/2006a和2006b是主要的流行变种,存在GⅠ和GⅡ组混合感染现象.  相似文献   

7.
目的 分析2016-2020年中国麻疹暴发疫情流行病学特征、开展的调查及处置措施。方法 整理2016-2020年麻疹监测系统报告的中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)麻疹暴发疫情信息、调查及处置情况,根据麻疹暴发定义在同期麻疹散发病例中侦测疑似麻疹暴发并进行分析。结果 2016-2020年中国报告麻疹暴发疫情344起,共涉及麻疹病例1 886例,暴发首例病例发病距暴发疫情报告时间M范围为4~10 d,涉及病例M范围为2~3人,疫情持续天数M范围为8~13 d,2016-2020年每年最长疫情持续时间分别为65、44、28、63、13 d;报告暴发数位于前三的省(直辖市)为甘肃、北京、山东;在居民小区/村发生共115起,所占比例最高;2016年暴发病例基因型鉴定结果100.00%为H1基因型,此后H1基因型占比逐年下降,2017年H1基因型所占比例为88.57%(31/35),2018年为85.00%(17/20),2019年为15.79%(3/19),2020年无H1基因型报告,4株均为D8基因型;313起暴发对当地医疗机构开展了病例主动搜索,266起暴发开展了含麻疹成分疫苗接种率调查。2016-2020年中国共发现疑似麻疹暴发919起,涉及麻疹病例4 212例;疑似麻疹暴发位于前三的省(自治区)为新疆、甘肃、四川;疑似麻疹暴发场所同样以居民小区/村为主(493起)。结论 麻疹暴发疫情数量、规模和持续时间逐渐下降,社区水平的麻疹暴发不容忽视,本土H1基因型有逐渐被其他基因型替代的趋势。麻疹暴发监测报告的敏感性有待进一步提高,继续提高含麻疹成分疫苗覆盖率、对疫情进行及时有效的处置,是我国消除麻疹工作的重点。  相似文献   

8.
目的 了解2012-2016年广东省柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Cox A16)感染手足口病病例流行特征。方法 在广东省8个城市共选取8家哨点医院开展手足口病普通病例Cox A16感染监测,结合手足口病个案及暴发数据,估算Cox A16感染手足口病发病情况并分析人群和时间分布特征。结果 ①广东省Cox A16感染手足口病估算发病率以2014年(113.0/10万)最高,其次为2016年(86.4/10万)、2012年(79.1/10万);2015年(29.0/10万)和2013年(28.8/10万)较低。②暴发以Cox A16感染(54.6%,89/163)为主,高流行年份年均暴发数(28起)是低流行年份(2.5起)的11.2倍。③估算发病率随年龄升高呈下降趋势(趋势χ2=853 905.63,P<0.01),高发年龄组依次为1~(1 449.2/10万)、3~(1 097.0/10万)、2~(1 083.5/10万)、4~(687.8/10万)和0~岁(604.9/10万);随月龄增加呈上升趋势(趋势χ2=5 541.77,P<0.01),高发月龄依次是11~(2 105.1/10万)、10~(1 448.6/10万)、9~(938.3/10万)、8~(703.3/10万)和6~月龄(664.6/10万)。④高发月份是5月(143.9/10万)和6月(131.5/10万)。结论 2012-2016年广东省Cox A16感染手足口病在各年份流行强度不同;Cox A16感染水平高时,暴发疫情增多,主要发生在托幼机构,5-6月常见,0~4岁儿童是Cox A16感染手足口病高危人群,6~11月龄为高发月龄。  相似文献   

9.
目的 了解北京市海淀区某学校诺如病毒感染暴发的流行特征,为学校诺如病毒感染疫情防控策略提供科学依据。方法 收集疫情发生学校基本情况及患者发病基本资料,并对其进行描述性分析,采集患者和厨师的粪便及肛拭子标本及环境标本进行实验室检查。结果 海淀区某学校7日内累计发现患者119例,临床症状以呕吐(94.1%,112/119)、腹痛(46.2%,55/119)为主,无住院病例,无重症和死亡病例。学生病例平均年龄6.38岁,最小年龄5岁,最大年龄11岁。患者分布在22个班级,主要分布在一年级某班,共35人(占30.17%)。共采集粪便及肛拭子标本134份,检出病例诺如病毒阳性7份,病例札如病毒阳性1份,餐饮从业人员札如病毒阳性5份。剩余食品、桶装水、饮水机入水及出水口涂抹标本未检出沙门菌、志贺菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌及副溶血性弧菌,病例集中的班级及宿舍水卫生学指标异常;住宿、教室位于阴面、水卫生学指标异常与发病有关(P<0.05)。结论 该起疫情是由诺如病毒引起的以呕吐、腹痛为主要临床症状的、胃肠炎暴发疫情,并达到突发公共卫生事件(Ⅳ级)报告标准;首发病例发现和隔离不及时,呕吐物消毒不规范是导致传染源出现由点及面的接触传播、病例集中出现的主要原因,但不排除水传播的可能;应加强托幼机构、学校等重点场所疫情监测和学生吐泻物的消毒处理,防止类似疫情的发生。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析江苏省一起胃肠炎暴发疫情中分离的诺如病毒基因特征。方法 对2016年12月16-27日江苏省一起急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中病例的肛拭子标本进行核酸提取,利用诺如病毒特异性引物对部分RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶序列及完整衣壳蛋白序列(VP1)进行RT-PCR扩增,扩增产物测序后进行基因特征分析。结果 序列比对结果显示,PCR产物在诺如病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶区与GⅡ.g型别的西班牙株及芬兰株处于同一分支,同源性为98.7%,在VP1区与GⅡ.1型别的美国株同源性更高(99.4%),初步推断为重组病毒。进一步通过重组分析软件Simplot分析,其可能重组位点在VP1的5 106位点,定位在ORF1/2交叠区。VP1氨基酸变异位点分析显示,其假定的抗原表位及受体结合表位均未出现变异,仅在132位氨基酸位点由N突变为S。结论 江苏省胃肠炎暴发疫情中分离的诺如病毒为GⅡ.g-GⅡ.1重组变异株。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

13.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

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15.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

16.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

17.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

18.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

19.
Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.  相似文献   

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