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1.
目的 分析山东省HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的影响因素,为降低死亡风险及延长生存时间提供参考。方法 研究对象为2017-2021年山东省HIV感染者,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析艾滋病相关死亡及确证1年内死亡的影响因素。结果 2017-2021年山东省报告的14 700例HIV感染者中,发生艾滋病相关死亡351例,占2.4%(351/14 700)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的危险因素包括文化程度为初、高中/中专(aHR=1.37,95%CI:1.01~1.84)、样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.61,95%CI:1.22~2.12)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=9.86,95%CI:6.86~14.19)、未检测基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)(aHR=3.93,95%CI:2.69~5.75)、抗病毒治疗(ART)时间<6个月(aHR=3.46,95%CI:2.42~4.93)和未ART(aHR=1.45,95%CI:1.02~2.07)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=3.51,95%CI:2.18~5.65)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=10.58,95%CI:6.15~18.19)、末次病毒载量(VL)值为50~999拷贝数/ml、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=2.59,95%CI:1.07~6.26;aHR=9.50,95%CI:5.60~16.12;aHR=15.33,95%CI:8.91~26.36);HIV感染者确证1年内发生艾滋病相关死亡风险较高的因素包括样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.68,95%CI:1.19~2.36)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=10.60,95%CI:7.13~15.75)、基线CD4未检测(aHR=3.71,95%CI:2.34~5.90)、ART时间<6个月(aHR=4.30,95%CI:2.85~6.49)和未ART(aHR=2.05,95%CI:1.35~3.13)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=5.45,95%CI:2.04~14.60)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=20.95,95%CI:7.69~57.04)、末次VL值为50~999、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=15.21,95%CI:2.54~91.21;aHR=42.93,95%CI:9.64~191.20;aHR=61.35,95%CI:13.85~271.77)。结论 扩大检测覆盖面,促进早发现和早治疗,加强对HIV感染者的定期随访和检测,掌握病程进展并进行精准管理和治疗,对降低HIV感染者病死率和延长生存时间有重要作用。  相似文献   

2.
目的 分析1991-2017年四川省HIV/AIDS生存时间及其影响因素。方法 运用回顾性队列研究方法,对全国艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统中1991-2017年四川省新报告的143 988例HIV/AIDS的资料,采用寿命表法计算生存概率,用Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的影响因素。结果 143 988例HIV/AIDS中,30 420例死于艾滋病及相关疾病(21.1%),平均生存时间为11.51年(95% CI:11.39~11.64);多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,HIV/AIDS生存的相关影响因素包括性别(男比女:HR=1.35,95% CI:1.32~1.40)、文化程度(小学及以下比初中及以上:HR=1.15,95% CI:1.12~1.18)、民族(汉族比其他:HR=1.46,95% CI:1.41~1.52)、职业(农民比其他:HR=1.26,95% CI:1.22~1.29)、诊断时年龄(≥ 55岁比15~24岁:HR=3.18,95% CI:3.02~3.36)、诊断时疾病状态(艾滋病比HIV感染:HR=1.44,95% CI:1.39~1.48)、抗病毒治疗(ART)(接受ART者比未接受ART者:HR=0.20,95% CI:0.19~0.20)、首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)(>500个/μl比<200个/μl:HR=0.42,95% CI:0.40~0.45)。结论 1991-2017年四川省HIV/AIDS诊断后平均生存时间为11.51年。男性、小学及以下文化程度、汉族、农民、诊断时较大年龄、诊断时为艾滋病状态是HIV/AIDS生存的危险因素,接受ART、首次CD4水平高是HIV/AIDS生存的保护因素。  相似文献   

3.
目的 分析荆州市HIV/AIDS病死率及其影响因素。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统的艾滋病综合防治信息系统,选取现住址为荆州市、确诊时年龄≥15岁、确诊时间为1996-2021年的HIV/AIDS作为研究对象。采用乘积极限法绘制死亡曲线,Cox比例风险回归模型识别死亡的影响因素。结果 HIV/AIDS共3 304例,随访16 091.5人年,死亡893例,病死率为5.5/100人年。HIV/AIDS确诊后1、5和10年的累积死亡概率分别为15.4%、25.0%和34.6%,参加抗病毒治疗者1、5和10年的累积死亡概率为6.9%、14.4%和23.7%,未参加抗病毒治疗者1、5和10年的累积死亡概率为68.0%、90.1%和98.7%。Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,未参加抗病毒治疗者的死亡风险高于参加抗病毒治疗者(aHR=9.85,95%CI:8.19~11.85);参加抗病毒治疗者死亡的危险因素包括男性(aHR=1.64,95%CI:1.29~2.08)、确诊时年龄≥60岁(aHR=3.52,95%CI:2.38~5.20)、注射吸毒/其他途径感染(aHR=2.38,95%CI:1.30~4.34)、医疗机构发现(aHR=1.53,95%CI:1.11~2.11)和首次CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数<50个/μl(aHR=2.58,95%CI:1.87~3.58),死亡的保护因素是较高文化程度(高中/中专:aHR=0.64,95%CI:0.46~0.90;大专及以上:aHR=0.42,95%CI:0.24~0.73)。未参加抗病毒治疗者死亡的危险因素包括确诊时年龄较大(30~岁:aHR=2.32,95%CI:1.40~3.84;45~岁:aHR=2.61:95%CI:1.59~4.27;≥60岁:aHR=3.31,95%CI:2.01~5.47)、首次CD4计数较低(<50个/μl:aHR=10.47,95%CI:6.47~16.56;50~199个/μl:aHR=2.31,95%CI:1.08~4.94;200~349个/μl:aHR=2.35,95%CI:1.46~3.79)。结论 1996-2021年荆州市HIV/AIDS病死率较高,首次CD4计数、抗病毒治疗和确诊时年龄是影响HIV/AIDS死亡的主要因素,应进一步坚持扩大检测和“发现即治疗”政策,提升抗病毒治疗效果和HIV/AIDS生存率。  相似文献   

4.
目的 了解1995-2018年贵州省HIV/AIDS生存时间及影响因素。方法 采用回顾性队列研究的方法,从"艾滋病防治基本信息系统"中下载1995-2018年贵州省报告的所有现住址为贵州省的HIV/AIDS报告卡。进行统计分析,运用寿命表法计算生存率、Kaplan-Meier法计算生存时间、Cox比例风险模型分析HIV/AIDS生存时间的影响因素。结果 纳入研究对象HIV/AIDS 53 232例,死亡率为8.53/100人年(14 210/166 679.18);生存时间中位数为10.20(95%CI:9.91~10.48)年,第1、5、10、20年的累积生存概率分别为0.85、0.68、0.51、0.36、0.19;多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,男性(与女性相比,aHR=0.757,95%CI:0.727~0.788)、未接受过抗病毒治疗(与接受过抗病毒治疗相比,aHR=0.173,95%CI:0.165~0.181)、首次CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)<200个/μl(与首次CD4 ≥ 200个/μl者相比,aHR=0.410,95%CI:0.387~0.435)、≥ 45岁 (与<45岁者相比,aHR=1.506,95%CI:1.193~1.901)、文盲(与高中及以上学历者相比,aHR=0.904,95%CI:0.832~0.982)、未婚(与离异或丧偶者相比, aHR=0.896,95%CI:0.848~0.946)、异性性传播(与同性性传播者相比,aHR=0.555,95%CI:0.487~0.632)、苗族等少数民族(与汉族相比,aHR=1.185,95%CI:1.114~1.262)、农民/民工(与家政/待业者相比, aHR=0.874,95%CI:0.834~0.916)均是影响病例生存时间的因素。结论 贵州省HIV/AIDS死亡率较高,近年来并未出现明显的下降趋势,男性、≥ 45岁、文化程度较低、少数民族、首次CD4检测<200个/μl等是影响HIV/AIDS生存时间的因素。应该针对具有这些特征的病例加强治疗和随访管理,以提高其生存质量。  相似文献   

5.
目的 了解初始抗病毒治疗(ART)儿童HIV感染者死亡和脱失情况及其影响因素。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法,从我国艾滋病综合防治信息系统ART信息系统下载广西壮族自治区(广西)2004-2019年初始ART儿童HIV感染者数据库,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析其死亡和脱失情况。结果 共计943例儿童HIV感染者进入队列,总体病死率和脱失率分别为1.00/100人年和0.77/100人年。初始治疗后第1年病死率和脱失率分别为3.90/100人年和1.67/100人年。初始ART后第1、2、5、10年的累计生存率分别为96.14%、95.80%、93.68%、91.54%。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析显示:女性(aHR=2.00,95%CI:1.17~3.40)、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数<200个/μl(aHR=2.79,95%CI:1.54~5.06)、基线年龄别体重Z评分<-2(aHR=2.38,95%CI:1.32~4.26)、基线血红蛋白<80 g/L(aHR=2.47,95%CI:1.24~4.92)和初始ART方案含LPV/r(aHR=5.05,95%CI:1.15~22.12)是儿童HIV感染者死亡的关联性因素;女性(aHR=2.23,95%CI:1.22~4.07)和初始ART方案含LPV/r(aHR=2.02,95%CI:1.07~3.79)是儿童HIV感染者脱失的关联性因素。结论 广西儿童HIV感染者ART效果较好,但初始ART后第1年病死率和脱失率较高。需针对死亡和脱失的影响因素,加强医护人员培训和儿童HIV感染者及其父母的宣传教育以提高ART效果。  相似文献   

6.
目的 分析2006-2019年台州市HIV/AIDS立即抗病毒治疗(ART)的影响因素,探讨不同ART策略与免疫学效果随时间变化的关联。方法 采用回顾性队列研究和logistic回归模型分析立即ART影响因素,采用t检验和χ2检验比较不同ART策略的免疫学效果差异,采用Kaplan-Meier(K-M)法绘制生存曲线。结果 2006-2019年台州市2 971例HIV/AIDS中,立即ART组1 786例(占60.1%),其中2016-2019年立即ART的比例为77.8%(1 170/1 504)。2006-2019年立即ART组的成功率(87.4%,1 561/1 786)高于延迟ART组(84.4%,1 000/1 185)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,HIV/AIDS立即ART的影响因素中,男性(aOR=1.28,95% CI:1.03~1.59)、已婚(aOR=1.71,95% CI:1.33~2.19)、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数≤200个/μl(aOR=1.60,95% CI:1.27~2.02)与立即ART呈正相关;31~40岁(aOR=0.63,95% CI:0.48~0.84)、感染途径为异性性传播(aOR=0.60,95% CI:0.49~0.74)、确证时间为2015年及以前(aOR=0.20,95% CI:0.17~0.23)与立即ART呈负相关。立即ART组各年份CD4/CD8比值的增幅和ART累积成功率均大于延迟ART组(P<0.05)。结论 2006-2019年台州市HIV/AIDS立即ART策略落实较好,立即ART比例超过60.0%,立即ART组的ART免疫学效果较好。针对HIV/AIDS中31~40岁、女性、未婚和异性性传播者,需加强立即ART的健康教育工作,进一步提高ART效果。  相似文献   

7.
目的 了解2017-2019年北京市经报告机构转介的HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗(ART)情况,并探讨其影响因素。方法 利用我国艾滋病防治基本信息系统中2017-2019年北京市4 917例HIV/AIDS报告卡数据及ART机构数据,无ART记录者记为ART转介失败,确证报告至启动ART的日期间隔>15 d记为ART延迟,分析ART情况及其影响因素。结果 4 917例HIV/AIDS中,16.53%(813/4 917)未成功接受ART;接受ART的4 104例HIV/AIDS中,30.63%(1 257/4 104)发生ART延迟,启动时间中位数为27(P25~P75:19~42)d。多因素logistic回归分析显示,由综合性医院报告(相比于ART机构,OR=1.65,95% CI:1.30~2.08)、病程阶段为HIV(相比于AIDS,OR=1.68,95% CI:1.34~2.11)、初中及以下文化程度(相比于大专及以上,OR=1.42,95% CI:1.13~1.79)、无业(相比于干部职员,OR=1.32,95% CI:1.02~1.70)、异性性传播(相比于同性性传播,OR=1.40,95% CI:1.15~1.72)、来源于专题调查和无偿献血(相比于检测咨询,OR=1.87,95% CI:1.34~2.60;OR=3.52,95% CI:1.79~6.92)者ART转介失败比例较高;由CDC(相比于ART机构,OR=1.43,95% CI:1.07~1.92)或综合性医院报告(相比于ART机构,OR=1.62,95% CI:1.32~1.98)、报告机构在郊区(相比于城区,OR=1.24,95% CI:1.01~1.52)、病程阶段为HIV(相比于AIDS,OR=1.42,95% CI:1.19~1.70)、外省户籍(相比于北京市户籍,OR=1.26,95% CI:1.07~1.48)、来源于无偿献血(相比于性病门诊,OR=2.74,95% CI:1.21~6.22)者延迟比例较高。结论 不同特征HIV/AIDS的ART转介失败及延迟比例不同,需采取有效措施进一步推进ART工作,减少ART转介失败及延迟。  相似文献   

8.
目的 探讨沈阳市学生HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗(ART)的影响因素。方法 横断面调查获得2007-2015年沈阳市艾滋病治疗定点医院(中国医科大学附属第一医院)15~30岁学生HIV/AIDS患者ART相关信息,多因素logistic回归模型探讨ART的影响因素。结果 2007-2015年该医院共收治15~30岁学生HIV/AIDS患者146例,占累计治疗HIV/AIDS患者的6.1%(146/2 379)。患者均为男性,男男性行为传播途径占93.2%(136/146),HIV延迟诊断率[诊断时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)≤ 350个/μl]为52.7%(77/146),患者中ART的构成比为67.1%(98/146)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,HIV诊断年份(aOR=1.21,95%CI:1.02~1.44)、年龄24~30岁(aOR=8.15,95%CI:1.46~45.52)和延迟诊断(aOR=2.22,95%CI:1.05~4.71)是学生HIV/AIDS患者ART的独立影响因素。结论 HIV诊断时间越晚、年龄越大及延迟诊断可能增加学生HIV/AIDS患者的ART比例。。  相似文献   

9.
目的 了解山东省抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的生存状况及影响因素。方法 运用Kaplan-Meier(K-M)法及累积发生函数(CIF)估算2003-2015年山东省抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的艾滋病相关死亡发生率、部分分布比例风险回归模型(F-G模型)分析生存状况及影响因素。结果 竞争风险存在时,K-M法计算艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率高于CIF。CIF估算5 593例治疗HIV/AIDS随访1、3、5、10年艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率分别为3.08%、4.21%、5.37%和7.59%。大专及以上文化程度(HR=0.40,95% CI:0.24~0.65)HIV/AIDS的艾滋病相关死亡发生危险较低,现住址在鲁西地区(HR=1.33,95% CI:1.01~1.89)、医疗机构检测发现(HR=1.39,95% CI:1.06~1.80)、治疗基线方案含NVP(HR=1.36,95% CI:1.03~1.88)、治疗基线临床症状Ⅲ/Ⅳ期(HR=2.61,95% CI:1.94~3.53)、诊断1年后接受随访(HR=2.02,95% CI:1.30~3.15)、诊断基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)≤ 200个/μl(HR=3.41,95% CI:2.59~4.59)、治疗基线CD4 ≤ 350个/μl(HR=5.48,95% CI:2.32~12.72)的HIV/AIDS发生艾滋病相关死亡风险高。结论 竞争风险存在时,K-M法高估艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率,优选竞争风险模型进行生存分析;早诊断、及时随访、早治疗可降低HIV/AIDS艾滋病相关死亡。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析1995-2015年北京市HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)诊断后生存时间及影响因素。方法 运用回顾性队列研究方法,对1995-2015年中国艾滋病综合防治信息系统中报告的12 874例HIV/AIDS的数据资料进行分析,应用寿命表法计算生存率,采用Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的相关因素。结果 12 874例HIV/AIDS中,303例(2.4%)死于艾滋病及相关疾病,接受抗病毒治疗9 346例(72.6%)。平均生存时间为226.5个月(95% CI:223.0~230.1),1、5、10、15年生存率分别为98.2%、96.4%、93.2%、91.9%。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,艾滋病死亡风险较高的因素包括诊断时为艾滋病患者(比HIV感染者,HR=1.439,95% CI:1.041~1.989);异性传播(比同性传播,HR=1.646,95% CI:1.184~2.289);现有或曾有配偶(比未婚,HR=2.186,95% CI:1.510~3.164);诊断时年龄≥ 60岁(比≤ 30岁,HR=6.608,95% CI:3.546~12.316);诊断后首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)<350个/μl(比≥ 350个/μl,HR=8.711,95% CI:5.757~13.181);未抗病毒治疗(比抗病毒治疗,HR=18.223,95% CI:13.317~24.937)。结论 1995-2015年北京市HIV/AIDS诊断后的平均生存时间为226.5个月。诊断为HIV感染、同性传播、未婚、≤ 30岁、首次CD4 ≥ 350个/μl、接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS生存时间较长。相反,诊断为AIDS、异性传播、现有或曾有配偶、年龄≥ 60岁、CD4<350个/μl、未抗病毒治疗的死亡风险较高。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

13.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

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15.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

16.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

17.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

18.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

19.
Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.  相似文献   

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