山东省某蔬菜基地女性从业人员肌肉骨骼系统损伤情况及相关因素研究

目的 了解女性蔬菜大棚从业人员肌肉骨骼系统损伤的发生及其相关因素,为采取针对性的干预措施提供依据。方法 2015年采取问卷调查的方式对山东省某蔬菜种植基地851名女性从业人员进行面对面调查。结果 蔬菜大棚女性作业人员肌肉骨骼系统损伤发生率为82.79%。身体主要部位肌肉骨骼系统损伤发生率由高到低依次为下背部（65.82%）、膝部（49.10%）、颈部（25.75%）、肩部（23.47%）。多因素分析结果显示,年龄≥50岁（OR=2.098,95% CI：1.353～3.252）、工作年数≥20年（OR=1.703,95% CI：1.116～2.599）、每天重复性工作（OR=1.903,95% CI：1.183～3.061）、长时间站立工作（OR=2.902,95% CI：1.183～7.120）、经常稍微弯腰（OR=2.979,95% CI：1.823～4.867）为女性蔬菜大棚作业人员肌肉骨骼损伤发生的危险因素,工作中使用助力工具为女性蔬菜大棚作业人员肌肉骨骼损伤发生的保护因素（OR=0.400,95% CI：0.229～0.697）。结论 女性蔬菜大棚劳动者肌肉骨骼损伤发生率较高,亟待采取合理的预防和控制措施来减少其发生。     

应用交友软件调查大学生男男性行为者HIV检测现状及相关因素

目的 了解活跃于移动互联网的大学生MSM最近1年HIV检测现状及相关因素。方法 按照横断面调查设计,基于中国同性恋流行使用的一款同性恋社交软件Blued,按18~25岁大学生MSM的HIV检测率50%推算样本量为500人。于2016年9月开始手机端电子问卷调查,主要收集人口学特征、HIV检测行为、性行为等信息。采用 χ²检验和非条件logistic回归分析大学生MSM最近1年HIV检测的相关因素。结果 共调查1 384名大学生MSM,平均年龄（20.99±0.04）岁,最近1年HIV检测比例为47.1%（652/1 384）。多因素分析结果显示：听说过HIV检测（OR=6.37,95%CI：3.592~11.300）,愿意定期接受HIV检测（OR=2.64,95%CI：1.191~2.631）,部分了解（OR=3.58,95%CI：2.138~5.996）和完全不了解（OR=2.25,95%CI：1.479~3.422）固定性伴HIV感染状况皆使大学生MSM的HIV检测可能性增加;信任固定性伴无感染HIV风险（OR=0.65,95%CI：0.445~0.938）,最近1年固定性伴仅为1人（OR=0.37,95%CI：0.232~0.589）使大学生MSM的HIV检测可能性降低。结论 活跃于移动互联网的大学生MSM人群最近1年HIV检测比例较低,该群体性行为活跃,固定性伴间相互信任,或仅为1人的原因,反而使HIV检测比例更低,应予以重视。     

中国援外医疗队员一般心理健康现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解中国援外医疗队员一般心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法 采用自行开发的一般情况调查表和WHO推荐的GHQ-12问卷对2018年5月10日至6月10日正在国外执行援外医疗队任务的1 015名队员进行心理健康状况调查,使用非条件二分类logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果 共有808名队员完成调查,其中25.9%（209/808）疑似有心理健康问题（GHQ-12总得分≥3分）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,出国前家庭生活不顺心（OR=1.928,95% CI：1.162～3.197）、国内工作不顺心（OR=2.069,95% CI：1.210～3.538）、父亲健在（OR=1.703,95% CI：1.060～2.736）、有腹泻发热等症状（OR=2.087,95% CI：1.363～3.194）、担任队长职务（OR=1.996,95% CI：1.128～3.532）、未适应文化差异（OR=2.439,95% CI：1.621～3.671）等因素是心理健康的危险因素。年龄大（OR=0.736,95% CI：0.571～0.949）、文娱活动满意（OR=0.654,95% CI：0.490～0.872）等因素是心理健康的保护因素。此外,每天饮酒（OR=7.439,95% CI：1.290～42.900）、孤独感（OR=4.094,95% CI：2.438～6.875）、在医院受重视（OR=0.783,95% CI：0.610～1.004）等因素与心理健康状况相关。结论 援外医疗队员存在一定程度的心理健康问题,队长与年轻队员为重点人群,应采取针对性措施保护援外医疗队员的心理健康,保障援外医疗工作顺利开展。     

四川省彭州市糖尿病患病率及相关因素分析

目的 了解四川省彭州市糖尿病流行及治疗管理状况,探讨糖尿病患病相关危险因素,为糖尿病三级预防提供参考依据。方法 利用中英合作项目“中国慢病前瞻性研究”四川省基线调查人群数据,分析彭州市不同特征人群糖尿病患病情况及知晓、治疗及控制情况;利用logistic回归分析糖尿病患病的影响因素。结果 彭州市30～79岁人群糖尿病患病率为3.7%,知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为45.2%、36.6%、17.6%。高年龄组、高教育程度、高收入、非农民职业人群的患病率、知晓率、控制率高于其他人群。年龄大（OR=5.50,95% CI：4.77～6.34）、教育程度低（OR=0.43,95% CI：0.38～0.49）、家庭年收入低（OR=0.86,95% CI：0.82～0.90）、糖尿病家族史（OR=3.15,95% CI：2.72～3.65）、患高血压（OR=2.94,95% CI：2.70～3.21）、吸烟（OR=2.11,95% CI：1.84～2.42）、水果摄入频率低（OR=3.62,95% CI：3.23～4.07）、静坐时间长（OR=1.28,95% CI：1.16～1.41）、体力活动少（OR=2.11,95% CI：1.89～2.35）、超重或肥胖（OR=2.33,95% CI：2.04～2.65）等是糖尿病患病的影响因素。结论 彭州市糖尿病知晓率、治疗率和控制率低,应加强全人群健康教育,倡导健康生活方式,重视老年人群糖尿病治疗和控制,规范糖尿病患者管理。     

中学生健康素养和手机依赖行为的交互作用与意外伤害的关联

目的 探讨中学生健康素养和手机依赖行为的交互作用与意外伤害的关联,为青少年意外伤害的防控提供参考。方法 2015年11月至2016年1月采用分层整群抽样方法,在辽宁省沈阳市、安徽省蚌埠市、河南省新乡市、内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市、重庆市和广东省阳江市抽取22 628名中学生进行问卷调查。采用《中国青少年互动性健康素养问卷》、《青少年手机使用依赖自评问卷》和《意外伤害评定量表》分析评估中学生健康素养状况、手机依赖行为及意外伤害情况。结果 中学生手机依赖行为和意外伤害的总检出率分别为25.4%和46.7%。有、无手机依赖行为和低、中、高健康素养的中学生意外伤害分别为53.6%、44.4%和48.8%、48.1%、41.7%,有手机依赖行为及低、中健康素养的中学生意外伤害检出率更高（均P<0.001）;中学生手机依赖行为（OR=1.452,95% CI：1.380~1.527）和中、低水平健康素养（OR=1.196,95% CI：1.118~1.278;OR=1.364,95% CI：1.289~1.444）均与意外伤害呈正向关联,并且健康素养和手机依赖行为对意外伤害存在相乘交互作用（OR=1.217,95% CI：1.041~1.422）。结论 意外伤害在中学生中的发生率较高;健康素养和手机依赖行为与意外伤害正向关联,并对意外伤害存在交互作用。     

西安市2010-2013年活产单胎巨大儿现况及其影响因素分析

目的 分析西安市活产单胎巨大儿发生率及其影响因素。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,以问卷调查方式收集2010-2013年西安市怀孕结局明确的育龄妇女及其子女的相关信息,运用logistic回归分析巨大儿的影响因素。结果 共调查4 970名育龄妇女及其子女,活产单胎巨大儿总发生率为9.7%。2010-2013年各年度巨大儿发生率分别为8.9%、8.1%、10.0%和10.1%,主城区和城乡结合区巨大儿发生率分别为10.5%和8.6%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。logistic回归分析显示,男婴（OR=1.717,95% CI：1.402～2.102）、孕期饮酒（OR=2.174,95% CI：1.042～4.533）、妊娠期糖尿病（OR=1.680,95% CI：1.100～2.568）、孕周≥42周（与孕周37～41周比较,OR=2.565,95% CI：1.306～5.039）、经产妇（OR=1.874,95% CI：1.492～2.354）是发生巨大儿的危险因素。结论 2010-2013年西安市活产单胎巨大儿发生率高于全国平均水平,且主城区的发生率高于城乡结合区;男婴、胎儿过期产、孕期饮酒、妊娠期糖尿病、经产妇等因素有可能增加巨大儿的罹患风险。     

河北省胎盘早剥流行病学特点和危险因素分析

目的 了解胎盘早剥的危险因素和流行病学特点。方法 采用横断面研究方法,收集2013年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间河北省22所监测医院入院分娩的218 880例孕产妇资料。分析胎盘早剥的流行病学特征、时间分布、人口分布、地域分布和胎盘早剥的危险因素。结果 218 880例孕产妇中诊断为胎盘早剥者669例（0.31%）;不同地区发生率整体趋势符合南高北低、区域性经济中心高于周边地区;省市级医院患病率高于县乡级,医院等级越高发生率越高;发病年龄（27.87±4.50）岁,孕妇年龄的发生率呈"J"型分布,多因素回归分析显示：妊娠合并高血压（OR=1.65,95% CI：1.09~2.50）,轻度子痫前期（OR=3.65,95% CI：2.40~5.56）,重度子痫前期（OR=4.72,95% CI：3.86~5.76）和贫血（OR=2.41,95% CI：2.05~2.83）是胎盘早剥的独立危险因素。结论 胎盘早剥患病率在<20岁和≥ 35岁都较高,建议适度孕育,针对不同地区,尤其是高危人群采取预防措施,加强监测,对改善围产结局具有重要意义。     

安徽省成年居民慢性肾病患病流行现状及相关因素研究

目的 利用2018年安徽省中国成人慢性病与营养监测数据,比较不同特征成年居民慢性肾病（CKD）患病率,并分析其相关因素。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,选取≥18岁居民进行询问调查、身体测量和实验室检测。使用复杂加权方法估算不同特征居民的CKD患病率,CKD患病及其相关因素的多因素分析采用复杂抽样数据logistic回归模型。结果 共纳入7 181人,成年居民CKD患病率为11.06%,女性CKD患病率（12.49%）高于男性（9.59%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。居民CKD进展的中、高和极高风险程度比例分别为8.66%、2.02%和0.38%。多因素分析结果显示,年龄（OR=1.03,95%CI：1.00~1.05）和BMI（OR=1.05,95%CI：1.01~1.09）增加、女性（OR=1.38,95%CI：1.22~1.55）、高血压（OR=2.50,95%CI：1.76~3.56）、糖尿病（OR=2.28,95%CI：1.51~3.43）、血脂异常（OR=1.26,95%CI：1.11~1.43）和高尿酸血症（OR=2.16,95%CI：1.68~2.78）均为CKD的危险因素。结论 安徽省成年居民CKD患病率较高,CKD与年龄、性别、BMI、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症相关,应当注重相关危险因素的管控,包括超重/肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症,预防CKD及其并发症。     

甘肃省强制戒毒者复方地芬诺酯滥用现状及相关因素分析

目的 了解甘肃省强制戒毒者复方地芬诺酯滥用现状,探讨影响该人群滥用复方地芬诺酯的相关因素。方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷,抽取甘肃省强制隔离戒毒所2 108例戒毒者,开展横断面流行病学调查,了解戒毒者复方地芬诺酯的滥用现状;采用病例对照研究方法探讨影响该人群滥用复方地芬诺酯的相关因素。结果 复方地芬诺酯在戒毒者中的滥用率为19.8%（406/2 046）,居该人群医疗用药物滥用首位。多因素logistic回归分析显示,滥用原因为缓解戒断症状（OR=2.08,95% CI：1.01～4.32）、获得途径（其他途径：OR=1.00;正规诊所：OR=27.67,95% CI：2.64～289.82;朋友：OR=0.01,95% CI：0.01～0.03）、欣快感程度（高：OR=1.00;中：OR=3.36,95% CI：1.18～9.55;低：OR=26.16,95% CI：10.30～66.42）、滥用年限（<5年：OR=1.00;10～15年：OR=2.48,95% CI：1.02～6.04）、滥用场所为自家或朋友家（OR=3.04,95% CI：1.08～8.68）、滥用场所为车内（OR=0.05,95% CI：0.00～0.68）和第一次脱毒（OR=0.61,95% CI：0.43～0.86）可能为复方地芬诺酯滥用的相关影响因素。结论 甘肃省强制戒毒者复方地芬诺酯滥用率较高,滥用原因、获得途径、周围是否有同伴、欣快感程度、滥用年限、滥用场所和脱毒次数与该人群滥用复方地芬诺酯相关。     

孕期父母环境危险因素暴露与儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病风险关系分析

目的 探讨孕期父母接触可能引起儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）的环境危险因素。方法 选取2015年在天津市血液病医院就诊的179例ALL儿童为病例,同时选取136例正常儿童作为对照,进行病例对照研究;设计ALL发病的危险因素调查表,对所得的资料进行单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果 单因素非条件logistic回归分析发现,儿童ALL发病与性别（OR=1.934,95% CI：1.225～3.054,P=0.005）、母亲既往流产史（OR=2.378,95% CI：1.437～3.934,P=0.001）、孕期二手烟暴露史（OR=1.837,95% CI：1.098～3.071,P=0.020）、患感冒（OR=1.728,95% CI：1.082～2.762,P=0.022）、服用解热镇痛药（OR=4.858,95% CI：1.824～12.944,P=0.002）、接触空气净化剂（OR=1.731,95% CI：0.972～3.082,P=0.043）、父亲职业性接触石油类产品（OR=2.007,95% CI：1.110～3.629,P=0.021）、怀孕期间居所装修（OR=2.506,95% CI：1.414～4.439,P=0.002）有关;多因素非条件logistic回归分析,ALL发病与性别（OR=2.037,95% CI：1.254～3.308,P=0.004）、母亲既往流产史（OR=2.078,95% CI：1.232～3.503,P=0.006）、怀孕期间居所装修（OR=1.689,95% CI：1.046～2.726,P=0.032）、母亲孕期感冒（OR=1.677,95% CI：1.018～2.764,P=0.043）、父亲职业性接触石油类产品（OR=1.988,95% CI：1.069～3.696,P=0.030）有关。结论 性别、母亲孕前流产史、怀孕期间装修史、母亲孕期感冒史、父亲职业性石油类产品接触史5项指标可能为引起儿童ALL的危险因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.