浙江省2015年HIV分子亚型特征及其传播关系研究

目的 了解浙江省现阶段HIV毒株亚型流行分布特征和分子网络传播关系。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法抽取浙江省2015年4-6月新发现HIV感染者302例进行横断面调查,运用RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因成功获得276份序列,结合流行病学调查数据开展测序及系统进化树分析。结果 276例HIV感染者毒株亚型构成：CRF07_BC 122例（44.2%）,CRF01_AE 103例（37.3%）,CRF08_BC 17例（6.1%）,B亚型9例（3.2%）,CRF55_01B 6例（2.2%）,C亚型5例（1.8%）,CRF59_01B 1例（0.4%）,CRF67_01B 1例（0.4%）,A1亚型1例（0.4%）,URFs 11例（4.0%）。CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE毒株亚型在进化树上已形成明显的分簇现象,传播簇主要集中分布在MSM人群（76.5%）。MSM人群的成簇比例高于其他人群,且不同传播途径感染人群存在传播联系。结论 2015年浙江省HIV主要流行毒株以CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE为主,亚型构成有复杂化趋势,应加强对HIV毒株亚型和流行簇的监控和预警,开展分类管理,针对高风险人群和传播链开展有效防控。     

浙江省义乌市2016年新报告HIV/AIDS的HIV-1亚型和传播簇分析

目的 了解浙江省义乌市HIV亚型分布和传播簇特征，为HIV流行趋势分析和疫情防治提供依据。方法 对该地区2016年新报告HIV/AIDS开展分子流行病学横断面研究，从168例血浆中提取RNA，通过RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因并测序。构建系统进化树分析亚型和传播簇，通过CPR 6.0在线软件工具分析耐药突变位点。结果 研究对象年龄（39.1±13.4）岁，男性为主（86.3%，145/168），外省户籍居多（66.7%，112/168），感染途径为同性传播（51.2%，86/168）和异性传播（48.8%，82/168）。HIV序列成功获得率为89.9%（151/168），优势亚型为CRF01_AE 74例（49.0%）和CRF07_BC 64例（42.4%），其他亚型包括CRF08_BC 5例（3.3%），CRF55_01B 3例（2.0%），B、CRF45_cpx、CRF59_01B、CRF85_BC和URF （B/C）各1例。CRF45_cpx和CRF85_BC在浙江省首次发现。共发现26个传播簇（含65个病例），总成簇比例43.0%（65/151），CRF01_AE成簇比例54.1%（40/74），高于CRF07_BC的32.8%（21/64）；各传播簇平均大小为2.5例/簇，CRF01_AE中异性传播的传播簇最大（3.5例/簇）。传播性耐药率为4.6%（7/151），7例检出监测性耐药突变，包括M46L 5例，F77L和Y181C各1例。结论 义乌市HIV亚型复杂多样，多种传播簇并存且特征多样，应继续加强亚型监测，重点对传播簇病例开展专题调查，实施针对性有效干预。     

台州市2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药及亚型流行特征分析

目的 了解台州市新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗（ART）前HIV-1耐药情况及亚型流行特点。方法 于2016年1月至2018年12月在台州市开展新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药的横断面调查,RT-PCR扩增获得HIV-1 pol基因片段并测序,提交序列至斯坦福大学耐药数据库,根据2014年WHO耐药监测指南的推荐标准,确定耐药突变位点以及HIV-1毒株对抗病毒药物的敏感性。结果 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS中成功获得HIV-1 pol基因区序列的研究对象806例,ART前HIV-1耐药率为2.9%（23/806）,其中,非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）耐药率分别为1.9%（15/806）、0.6%（5/806）和0.0%。2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率依次分别为1.6%、1.8%和4.8%。NNRTIs和NRTIs耐药突变位点以K103 N（0.7%）和M184I/V（0.5%）为主。HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（42.7%,344/806）、CRF07_BC（28.9%,233/806）和CRF08_BC（11.2%,90/806）为主。同性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（53.3%,136/255）和CRF07_BC（32.2%,82/255）为主;异性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（37.7%,203/539）、CRF07_BC（27.5%,148/539）和CRF08_BC（16.1%,87/539）为主。结论 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率处于低流行状态,但存在上升趋势,需加强对HIV-1耐药型毒株的监测工作。     

广州市2008－2015年注射吸毒人群HIV-1亚型分布特征及变化趋势

目的 了解2008-2015年广州市注射吸毒人群HIV感染者（IDU感染者）HIV-1亚型分布特征及变化趋势。方法 研究对象为2008-2015年确证的HIV-1感染者、注射吸毒途径感染、现住址为广州市。收集血清样本提取HIV-1 RNA,采用巢式PCR法扩增HIV-1 pol区基因片段,测序后构建系统进化树,确定HIV-1亚型,比较不同年份和不同特征样本的HIV-1亚型分布。结果 从517份血清样本中成功获得437份样本的pol区基因片段。437份样本的年龄（37.37±8.17）岁;外省户籍者占51.5%（225/437）,以广西壮族自治区户籍（广西籍）居多（54.2%,122/225）。HIV-1亚型分布以CRF07_BC（46.5%）、CRF01_AE（24.3%）和CRF08_BC（23.3%）为主。CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC在2008-2015年各年份构成比的差异有统计学意义（CRF07_BC：趋势χ²=19.703,P=0.006;CRF08_BC：趋势χ²=25.718,P=0.001）,其中CRF07_BC的构成比呈下降趋势（趋势χ²=15.139,P=0.000）,CRF08_BC的构成比呈上升趋势（趋势χ²=22.577,P=0.000）。广西籍IDU感染者中CRF08_BC亚型的构成比较高（蒙特卡罗模拟精确概率P=0.000,99% CI：0.000~0.000）。结论 2008-2015年广州市IDU感染者HIV-1亚型分布以CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE和CRF08_BC为主、多个亚型共存,CRF08_BC亚型的构成比呈上升趋势的特点。提示广西籍IDU感染者是广州市艾滋病防治重点人群,应加强干预。     

浙江省2013-2015年学生男男性行为人群HIV-1亚型与分子传播簇特征分析

目的 了解浙江省12～30岁学生MSM HIV-1亚型及传播簇的特征。方法 以2013-2015年浙江省新确诊290例经男男性行为感染的学生HIV感染者（学生MSM感染者）为研究对象，开展HIV分子流行病学研究。收集流行病学相关信息，从采集的血浆中提取RNA，运用RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增HIV-1的pol区基因，进行系统进化和分子传播簇分析。结果 290例学生MSM感染者中，杭州市确诊的占50.3%，大专及以上文化程度占81.0%。成功获取178例序列，有10种亚型，以CRF01_AE（49.4%，88/178）和CRF07_BC（39.3%，70/178）亚型为主。共形成18个分子传播簇（簇大小：2～4例/簇），成簇比例为23.6%（42/178），簇内学生MSM感染者所在学校为同一县（区、市）的占61.9%（26/42），其性伴类型为学生和非学生并存。中学生MSM感染者的成簇比例为38.2%（13/34），高于大学生MSM感染者的成簇比例20.1%（29/144）（χ²=4.996，P<0.05）。结论 2013-2015年浙江省学生MSM感染者的HIV-1亚型多样，提示HIV-1感染来源的多样化，HIV-1分子传播簇内的毒株呈现地理的相对聚集性，应加强性伴追踪和针对性干预，有效遏制艾滋病的传播。     

广西壮族自治区2008 - 2009年HIV-1流行毒株基因型及其分布

目的了解广西地区目前HIV-1流行毒株的基因型及其分布。方法收集广西地区13个市294名2008-2009年新诊断的HIV感染者血浆标本和背景信息,感染途径主要为异性性传播(86.1%)。采用RT PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag,pol全长基因(分别为1584 by和3147 by)及enu:基因的C2V3片段(558 bp),序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.031具确定病毒的基因型,用Simplot和Recombinant HIV-1 Drawing Tool软件进行病毒基因的重组分析。结果获得全长gag基因序列270条、全长pol基因序列246条、。enu>基因C2V3区序列223条,确定272例标本的基因型。CRFO1_AE占的比例最高(77.6% ),其次为CRF08_BC(10.7%)和CRF07_BC ( 7.4% ),有4例B(B'')亚型,1例G亚型,还有7例未知重组型。性别、民族间病毒基因型分布的差异无统计学意义。7株新型重组毒株有6株以CRF01_AE为母株,嵌人B和/(或)C的片段,还有1株为CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC的二代重组。结论广西地区目前流行的HIV-1毒株以CRFO1_AE为主,并出现以CRFO1_AE为母株嵌人其他毒株基因片段的新型重组毒株,呈现基因组结构复杂化趋势。     

柳州市1998－2012年新发现HIV基因亚型变化及HIV感染者首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数比较

目的 分析柳州市1998－2012年新发现HIV基因亚型变化,比较HIV感染者首次CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数（CD₄）,为艾滋病防治提供参考依据。方法 选取我国艾滋病综合防治信息系统中1998－2012年柳州市新发现HIV感染者,对其血浆进行RNA提取、扩增、测序和分型。采用Coharan-Armitage趋势检验法分析HIV基因亚型变化的趋势,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验法分析比较HIV感染者的首次CD₄。结果 研究对象共有1 877例HIV感染者。1998－2012年,CRF01_AE、CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）和CRF07_BC亚型构成比分别从78.4%（76/97）上升至91.5%（1 441/1 574）、63.9%（62/97）上升至74.0%（1 164/1 574）和17.5%（17/97）下降至4.6%（72/1 574）,趋势性检验差异均有统计学意义（Z=4.632,P<0.001;Z=2.455,P=0.014;Z=-5.943,P<0.001）。CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）、CRF01_AE（Cluster 2）、CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC亚型HIV感染者首次CD₄的中位数及四分位数间距分别是230（83～375）、215（48～351）、365（254～503）和334（206～479）个/μl。CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）和CRF01_AE（Cluster 2）亚型HIV感染者的首次CD₄均Z=-4.795,P<0.001;Z=-4.238,P<0.001）。结论 1998－2012年柳州市新发现HIV感染者以CRF01_AE亚型为主并呈上升趋势,其首次CD₄较低,且新发现CRF01_AE亚簇的种类在增加,其亚簇构成比存在变化趋势。     

天津市2015年HIV流行和传播的分子流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2015年天津市HIV流行株的亚型分布和传播特点。方法 从77例新报告未治疗且CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数≥200个/μl的HIV-1感染者,提取血浆中RNA,应用反转录和巢式PCR扩增HIV的pol和env区,并测序进行相关分子生物学分析。结果 共获得63例样本的HIV毒株序列结果,亚型依次为CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、B、CRF55_01B和其他独特型二代重组毒株,分别占46.03%（29/63）、30.16%（19/63）、11.11%（7/63）、4.76%（3/63）和7.94%（5/63）;感染者以性传播为主,其中又以CRF01_AE和CRF07_BC重组亚型为主,除异性传播无B和CRF55_01B亚型外,同性和异性传播者的亚型分布无明显差别。重组毒株的构成比为88.89%（56/63）,并首次发现的二代重组亚型8例,包括3例CRF55_01B、2例AE/BC、1例AE/B和1例新型的AE/B/C重组均为男男同性传播;1例AE/BC重组为异性传播。HIV感染者中传播耐药率为5.3%,均为NNRTI类监测性耐药突变L100I;进化分析中3对pol区Bootstrap值均≥98%,env区Bootstrap值均≥80%,调查显示3对样本来源确认有性伴传播关系。结论 天津市HIV感染者中重组毒株不断增加并广泛流行,性传播者中HIV新型二代重组和耐药毒株不断产生并在不同人群和不同地区间传播,应引起高度重视。     

福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株基因亚型及其流行特征分析

目的 了解福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株的亚型分布和流行特征。方法 随机抽取福建省2011－2012 年使用BED捕获酶免疫试验检出的104 例新近感染者血样标本,采用反转录巢式PCR扩增,gag、pol 和env 基因片段,并测定和分析核酸序列。结果 目标人群中存在B亚型和01_AE、07_BC、08_BC、55_01B 四种流行重组型,其中以01_AE 和07_BC 流行重组型为主,分别占45.68%和35.80%。基因亚型的流行特征分析显示,亚型分布中01_AE 所占比例下降,07_BC 所占比例上升;性传播是主要感染途径,其中同性传播比例明显上升。结论 福建省HIV-1 流行毒株亚型分布众多,随着时间推移,亚型构成和传播途径已发生改变,应加强对HIV-1感染的分子流行病学趋势动态监测。     

北京地区2006 - 2010年女性HIV-1感染者流行毒株分子特征研究

目的分析北京地区女性HIV-1感染者流行毒株分子特征。方法随机采集2006 - 2010年北京地区新发现女性HIV-1感染者的抗凝全血标本100份,分离血浆,提取病毒RNA,用反转录藻式聚合酶链反应扩增病毒gag基因,并进行序列测定和亚型分析。结果系统进化分析确定北京地区女性HIV-1感染者存在A1(1),A2(1),B(3),B''(23),C(8),G(2),H(1),CRF01_AE(18),CRF02_AG(3),CRF06_cpx(1),CRF07_ BC(4),CRF08_BC(4)和B''/C (3) 13种亚型,其比例分别为1.22%,1.22%, 3.66%, 28.05%, 9.76%, 2.44%,1.22%, 21.95%, 3.66%,1.22%,17.07%, 4.88%和3.66%, B'', CRFO1_AE和CRF07_BC为主要亚型,6种少见亚型(A1,A2,G,H,CRF02_AG和CRF06_cpx)合计占1.0%。结论北京地区女性HIV-1感染者流行毒株遗传多样性高于男性,B’亚型比例高,少见亚型比例也较高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.